@misc{benkort_how_do_2024, 
author={Benkort, D.,Christiansen, N.,Ho-Hagemann, H.,Daewel, U.,Gilles, A.},
title={How Do Offshore Wind Farms Affect the Ocean?},
year={2024},
howpublished = {journal article},
doi = {https://doi.org/10.3389/frym.2024.1336535},
abstract = {Wind has been used for centuries as a powerful source of energy. Today, it holds a central place in clean, renewable electricity production. Giant wind turbines are being installed in the ocean to harness the wind and generate more energy. Numbers of these turbines are growing worldwide, especially in Chinese and European seas. However, wind turbines can affect the environment by changing the conditions of the ocean and atmosphere. These changes have consequences for ocean life, which are not yet well understood. In this article, we explain some effects of offshore wind turbines on the marine environment. We show how wind turbines slow down the wind and disturb the seawater and the associated marine life. We also discuss why it is important that scientists work together with companies and policymakers to find ways to reduce potential negative impacts and maximize positive ones.},
note = {Online available at: \url{https://doi.org/10.3389/frym.2024.1336535} (DOI). Benkort, D.; Christiansen, N.; Ho-Hagemann, H.; Daewel, U.; Gilles, A.: How Do Offshore Wind Farms Affect the Ocean?. Frontiers for Young Minds. 2024. vol. 12, 1336535. DOI: 10.3389/frym.2024.1336535}}
@misc{krieger_improving_seasonal_2024, 
author={Krieger, D.,Brune, S.,Baehr, J.,Weisse, R.},
title={Improving seasonal predictions of German Bight storm activity},
year={2024},
howpublished = {journal article},
doi = {https://doi.org/10.5194/nhess-24-1539-2024},
abstract = {Extratropical storms are one of the major coastal hazards along the coastline of the German Bight, the southeastern part of the North Sea, and a major driver of coastal protection efforts. However, the predictability of these regional extreme events on a seasonal scale is still limited. We therefore improve the seasonal prediction skill of the Max Planck Institute Earth System Model (MPI-ESM) large-ensemble decadal hindcast system for German Bight storm activity (GBSA) in winter. We define GBSA as the 95th percentiles of three-hourly geostrophic wind speeds in winter, which we derive from mean sea-level pressure (MSLP) data. The hindcast system consists of an ensemble of 64 members, which are initialized annually in November and cover the winters of 1960/61–2017/18. We consider both deterministic and probabilistic predictions of GBSA, for both of which the full ensemble produces poor predictions in the first winter. To improve the skill, we observe the state of two physical predictors of GBSA, namely 70 hPa temperature anomalies in September, as well as 500 hPa geopotential height anomalies in November, in areas where these two predictors are correlated with winter GBSA. We translate the state of these predictors into a first guess of GBSA and remove ensemble members with a GBSA prediction too far away from this first guess. The resulting subselected ensemble exhibits a significantly improved skill in both deterministic and probabilistic predictions of winter GBSA. We also show how this skill increase is associated with better predictability of large-scale atmospheric patterns.},
note = {Online available at: \url{https://doi.org/10.5194/nhess-24-1539-2024} (DOI). Krieger, D.; Brune, S.; Baehr, J.; Weisse, R.: Improving seasonal predictions of German Bight storm activity. Natural Hazards and Earth System Sciences. 2024. vol. 24, no. 4, 1539-1554. DOI: 10.5194/nhess-24-1539-2024}}
@misc{ma_physical_mechanisms_2024, 
author={Ma, M.,Porz, L.,Schrum, C.,Zhang, W.},
title={Physical mechanisms, dynamics and interconnections of multiple estuarine turbidity maximum in the Pearl River estuary},
year={2024},
howpublished = {journal article},
doi = {https://doi.org/10.3389/fmars.2024.1385382},
abstract = {The formation and dynamics of individual estuarine turbidity maximum (ETM) in the Pearl River estuary (PRE) have been investigated but the temporal variability of the ETMs and interconnections among them remain poorly understood. To address these open questions, the distribution and transport of suspended particulate matter (SPM) in the PRE for the period of 2017–2020 are investigated by numerical modeling. The simulated sediment transport flux is decomposed into several major components associated with specific physical processes. Then, the relative contribution of each component to the formation of the ETMs is evaluated. Results suggest the coexistence of three prominent ETMs in the Lingding Bay of the PRE. They are formed by different physical mechanisms and characterized by remarkable seasonality in the spatial extension. In the two ETMs located at the west shoal and middle shoal, advection dominates the sediment transport flux, whilst tidal pumping plays a crucial role in maintaining the ETMs. A sharp bathymetric gradient leads to an entrapment of sediment flux within the bottom layer in the west channel ETM, a phenomenon referred to as topographical trapping. The interconnection analysis shows that the sediment transport between the ETMs varies with seasons, which is attributed to the variation of stratification driven by the monsoon-mediated river runoff. Our results provide new insights into the physical dynamics and interconnections of the ETMs in the PRE, which can serve as scientific base for estuarine sediment management and engineering.},
note = {Online available at: \url{https://doi.org/10.3389/fmars.2024.1385382} (DOI). Ma, M.; Porz, L.; Schrum, C.; Zhang, W.: Physical mechanisms, dynamics and interconnections of multiple estuarine turbidity maximum in the Pearl River estuary. Frontiers in Marine Science. 2024. vol. 11, 1385382. DOI: 10.3389/fmars.2024.1385382}}
@misc{teutsch_brief_communication_2024, 
author={Teutsch, I.,Weisse, R.,Wahls, S.},
title={Brief communication: Implications of outstanding solitons for the occurrence of rogue waves at two additional sites in the North Sea},
year={2024},
howpublished = {journal article},
doi = {https://doi.org/10.5194/nhess-24-2065-2024},
abstract = {We investigate rogue waves in buoy and radar measurement data from shallow depths in the southern North Sea. We analyze the role of solitons for the occurrence of rogue waves by computing discrete soliton spectra using the nonlinear Fourier transform for the Korteweg–de Vries equation with vanishing boundary conditions. In a previous study, data from a single measurement site were considered. The comparison of soliton spectra from time series with and without rogue waves suggested a connection between the shape of the soliton spectrum and the occurrence of rogue waves. In this study, results for two additional sites are reported.},
note = {Online available at: \url{https://doi.org/10.5194/nhess-24-2065-2024} (DOI). Teutsch, I.; Weisse, R.; Wahls, S.: Brief communication: Implications of outstanding solitons for the occurrence of rogue waves at two additional sites in the North Sea. Natural Hazards and Earth System Sciences. 2024. vol. 24, no. 6, 2065-2069. DOI: 10.5194/nhess-24-2065-2024}}
@misc{arnold_efficient_and_2024, 
author={Arnold, C.,Sharma, S.,Weigel, T.,Greenberg, D.S.},
title={Efficient and stable coupling of the SuperdropNet deep-learning-based cloud microphysics (v0.1.0) with the ICON climate and weather model (v2.6.5)},
year={2024},
howpublished = {journal article},
doi = {https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-17-4017-2024},
abstract = {Machine learning (ML) algorithms can be used in Earth system models (ESMs) to emulate sub-grid-scale processes. Due to the statistical nature of ML algorithms and the high complexity of ESMs, these hybrid ML ESMs require careful validation. Simulation stability needs to be monitored in fully coupled simulations, and the plausibility of results needs to be evaluated in suitable experiments. We present the coupling of SuperdropNet, a machine learning model for emulating warm-rain processes in cloud microphysics, with ICON (Icosahedral Nonhydrostatic) model v2.6.5. SuperdropNet is trained on computationally expensive droplet-based simulations and can serve as an inexpensive proxy within weather prediction models. SuperdropNet emulates the collision–coalescence of rain and cloud droplets in a warm-rain scenario and replaces the collision–coalescence process in the two-moment cloud microphysics scheme. We address the technical challenge of integrating SuperdropNet, developed in Python and PyTorch, into ICON, written in Fortran, by implementing three different coupling strategies: embedded Python via the C foreign function interface (CFFI), pipes, and coupling of program components via Yet Another Coupler (YAC). We validate the emulator in the warm-bubble scenario and find that SuperdropNet runs stably within the experiment. By comparing experiment outcomes of the two-moment bulk scheme with SuperdropNet, we find that the results are physically consistent and discuss differences that are observed in several diagnostic variables. In addition, we provide a quantitative and qualitative computational benchmark for three different coupling strategies – embedded Python, coupler YAC, and pipes – and find that embedded Python is a useful software tool for validating hybrid ML ESMs.},
note = {Online available at: \url{https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-17-4017-2024} (DOI). Arnold, C.; Sharma, S.; Weigel, T.; Greenberg, D.: Efficient and stable coupling of the SuperdropNet deep-learning-based cloud microphysics (v0.1.0) with the ICON climate and weather model (v2.6.5). Geoscientific Model Development. 2024. vol. 17, no. 9, 4017-4029. DOI: 10.5194/gmd-17-4017-2024}}
@misc{ricker_the_operational_2024, 
author={Ricker, M.,Behrens, A.,Staneva, J.},
title={The operational CMEMS wind wave forecasting system of the Black Sea},
year={2024},
howpublished = {journal article},
doi = {https://doi.org/10.1080/1755876X.2024.2364974},
abstract = {Accurate wind wave data is essential for ship navigation, safety at sea, and offshore energy production. Access to real-time and forecast wave data, with quality metrics, is vital for operational services. The Copernicus Marine Environment Monitoring Service (CMEMS) operational wave forecasting system of the Black Sea relies on the third-generation WAve Model (WAM). It offers a 1-day hindcast and 10-day forecast at 2.5 km spatial and 1-hour temporal resolutions. The model is driven by ECMWF IFS010 winds as well as surface currents and sea surface heights from a hydrodynamic model. The model's validation against satellite and buoy data indicates good overall performance. For two-year satellite significant wave heights, error statistics include a root mean square difference (RMSD) of 27 cm, a bias of – 16 cm, a scatter index of 0.22, and a correlation coefficient of 0.93. Wave buoy comparisons show a RMSD of 1.09 s for the TM02 period and a 30.5° standard deviation of the mean direction. The model performs well during storm events and provides reliable wave forecasts for up to four days, despite slightly underestimating the significant wave height. The driving wind fields generally perform well, but assessments reveal shortcomings along the coasts.},
note = {Online available at: \url{https://doi.org/10.1080/1755876X.2024.2364974} (DOI). Ricker, M.; Behrens, A.; Staneva, J.: The operational CMEMS wind wave forecasting system of the Black Sea. Journal of Operational Oceanography. 2024. DOI: 10.1080/1755876X.2024.2364974}}
@misc{mai_middeep_circulation_2024, 
author={Mai, H.,Wang, D.,Chen, H.,Qiu, C.,Xu, H.,Shang, X.,Zhang, W.},
title={Mid-deep Circulation in the Western South China Sea and the Impacts of the Central Depression Belt and Complex Topography},
year={2024},
howpublished = {journal article},
doi = {https://doi.org/10.3390/jmse12050700},
abstract = {As a key component of meridional overturning circulation, mid-deep circulation plays a crucial role in the vertical and meridional distribution of heat. However, due to a lack of observation data, current knowledge of the dynamics of mid-deep circulation currents moving through basin boundaries and complicated seabed topographies is severely limited. In this study, we combined oceanic observation data, bathymetric data, and numerical modeling of the northwest continental margin of the South China Sea to investigate (i) the main features of mid-deep circulation currents traveling through the central depression belt and (ii) how atmospheric-forcing (winds) mesoscale oceanic processes such as eddies and current–topography interactions modulate the mid-deep circulation patterns. Comprehensive results suggest that the convergence of different water masses and current–topography interactions take primary responsibility for the generation of instability and enhanced mixing within the central depression belt. By contrast, winds and mesoscale eddies have limited influence on the development of local circulation patterns at mid-deep depths (>400 m). This study emphasizes that the intensification and bifurcation of mid-deep circulation; specifically, those induced by a large depression belt morphology determine the local material cycle (temperature, salinity, etc.) and energy distribution. These findings provide insights for a better understanding of mid-deep circulation structures on the western boundary of ocean basins such as the South China Sea.},
note = {Online available at: \url{https://doi.org/10.3390/jmse12050700} (DOI). Mai, H.; Wang, D.; Chen, H.; Qiu, C.; Xu, H.; Shang, X.; Zhang, W.: Mid-deep Circulation in the Western South China Sea and the Impacts of the Central Depression Belt and Complex Topography. Journal of Marine Science and Engineering. 2024. vol. 12, no. 5, 700. DOI: 10.3390/jmse12050700}}
@misc{hosseini_transitions_between_2024, 
author={Hosseini, S.T.,Siadatmousavi, S.M.,Stanev, E.,Pein, J.,Schrum, C.},
title={Transitions Between Different Estuarine States in a Low-inflow Estuary of Arid Coasts (Mond Estuary, Persian Gulf) with a Focus on Freshwater Lenses},
year={2024},
howpublished = {journal article},
doi = {https://doi.org/10.1016/j.rsma.2024.103525},
abstract = {This study shows that the Mond Estuary, Persian Gulf experiences notable time-dependent longitudinal salinity variations. Monthly-seasonal variability in salinity changes from a positive estuarine system in wintertime to inverse and salt-plug estuaries during summertime. A highly unsteady state (time scale of hours-days) occurs in the wintertime named the freshwater lens estuary (FLE), in which a low-salinity water mass (lens) is confined by both marine and riverine saltwater sources. Here, FLE dynamics is investigated using realistic and idealized numerical models and two 25-hour data sets collected immediately before a hypersaline runoff (weak FLE condition) and during another one (strong FLE condition). The Péclet Number (Pe) reveals a much stronger advective transports than diffusive one (Pe > 5.7) throughout the estuary. An exception from this behavior (stronger mixing with Pe = 0.8) is observed at the estuary downstream, where a significant amount of freshwater mixes with seawater during the weak FLE conditions. Also, the minimum hypersaline runoff of ∼400 m3/s estimated by the numerical model can dampen tidal waves at the head of the estuary. In an idealized basin, the model shows that FLE longitudinal flows form two cells of positive estuarine circulation separated by a maximum mixing zone (the potential energy anomaly <0.75 J/m3). In the Mond Estuary, a sea-level rise of 20 cm increases salinity in the FLE state and the positive estuary during winter. Conversely, it decreases salinity in the inverse and salt-plug estuaries in summer.},
note = {Online available at: \url{https://doi.org/10.1016/j.rsma.2024.103525} (DOI). Hosseini, S.; Siadatmousavi, S.; Stanev, E.; Pein, J.; Schrum, C.: Transitions Between Different Estuarine States in a Low-inflow Estuary of Arid Coasts (Mond Estuary, Persian Gulf) with a Focus on Freshwater Lenses. Regional Studies in Marine Science. 2024. vol. 74, 103525. DOI: 10.1016/j.rsma.2024.103525}}
@misc{nguyen_impacts_of_2024, 
author={Nguyen, T.T.,Staneva, J.,Grayek, S.,Bonaduce, A.,Hagemann, S.,Pham, N.T.,Kumar, R.,Rakovec, O.},
title={Impacts of Extreme River Discharge on Coastal Dynamics and Environment: Insights from High-Resolution Modeling in the German Bight},
year={2024},
howpublished = {journal article},
doi = {https://doi.org/10.1016/j.rsma.2024.103476},
abstract = {The intricate relationship between extreme river discharge and its consequential effects on coastal basins’ environment and dynamics remains a subject of profound significance. The impact of extreme river discharge on coastal basin dynamics and environment is a complex phenomenon, particularly relevant in the context of the German Bight. The inflow of freshwater from rivers into the German Bight plays a crucial role in driving the complex thermohaline circulation. Addressing the challenges posed by local hydro-meteorological extremes, compounded by strong wind waves, currents and tides is vital for comprehensive impact assessment. Utilizing the Geesthacht Coupled cOAstal model SysTem (GCOAST) with high-resolution configuration, we investigate the sensitivity of the thermohaline properties to the river forcings. By incorporating river discharge as lateral land forcing in a coupled hydrodynamic and wave model, we conducted five sensitivity experiments. Our findings reveal that the simulated temperatures closely match measurements in all experiments. The salinity, however, is remarkably sensitive to the variation of freshwater from the rivers Elbe and Ems in the German Bight, causing the haline stratification. The statistical evaluation, as demonstrated by the Taylor diagram at the Marnet DB station, underscores the skill of the Mesoscale Hydrologic Model (mHM) in generating the freshwater discharge that drives the thermohaline characteristics of the German Bight, especially during events like the June 2013 flooding. Significantly, the use of climatological runoff proves to be ineffective in simulating stratification during extreme flooding events. In essence, this investigation enhances our understanding of the pivotal role played by high-frequency river freshwater buoyancy. It emerges as a driving force behind salinity fluctuations during extreme floods, providing valuable insights into coastal dynamics within the German Bight.},
note = {Online available at: \url{https://doi.org/10.1016/j.rsma.2024.103476} (DOI). Nguyen, T.; Staneva, J.; Grayek, S.; Bonaduce, A.; Hagemann, S.; Pham, N.; Kumar, R.; Rakovec, O.: Impacts of Extreme River Discharge on Coastal Dynamics and Environment: Insights from High-Resolution Modeling in the German Bight. Regional Studies in Marine Science. 2024. vol. 73, 103476. DOI: 10.1016/j.rsma.2024.103476}}
@misc{arlinghaus_benthos_as_2024, 
author={Arlinghaus, P.,Schrum, C.,Kröncke, I.,Zhang, W.},
title={Benthos as a key driver of morphological change in coastal regions},
year={2024},
howpublished = {journal article},
doi = {https://doi.org/10.5194/esurf-12-537-2024},
abstract = {Benthos has long been recognized as an important factor influencing local sediment stability, deposition, and erosion rates. However, its role in long-term (annual to decadal scale) and large-scale coastal morphological change remains largely speculative. This study aims to derive a quantitative understanding of the importance of benthos in the morphological development of a tidal embayment (Jade Bay) as representative of tidal coastal regions. To achieve this, we first applied a machine-learning-aided species abundance model to derive a complete map of benthos (functional groups, abundance, and biomass) in the study area, based on abundance and biomass measurements. The derived data were used to parameterize the benthos effect on sediment stability, erosion rates and deposition rates, erosion and hydrodynamics in a 3-dimensional hydro-eco-morphodynamic model, which was then applied to Jade Bay to hindcast the morphological and sediment change for 2000–2009. Simulation results indicate significantly improved performance with the benthos effect included. Simulations including benthos show consistency with measurements regarding morphological and sediment changes, while abiotic drivers (tides, storm surges) alone result in a reversed pattern in terms of erosion and deposition contrary to measurement. Based on comparisons among scenarios with various combinations of abiotic and biotic factors, we further investigated the level of complexity of the hydro-eco-morphodynamic models that is needed to capture long-term and large-scale coastal morphological development. The accuracy in the parameterization data was crucial for increasing model complexity. When the parameterization uncertainties were high, the increased model complexity decreased the model performance.},
note = {Online available at: \url{https://doi.org/10.5194/esurf-12-537-2024} (DOI). Arlinghaus, P.; Schrum, C.; Kröncke, I.; Zhang, W.: Benthos as a key driver of morphological change in coastal regions. Earth Surface Dynamics. 2024. vol. 12, 537-558. DOI: 10.5194/esurf-12-537-2024}}
@misc{ren_on_frequently_2024, 
author={Ren, G.,von Storch, H.},
title={On frequently used terms related to climate change},
year={2024},
howpublished = {journal article},
doi = {https://doi.org/10.1093/acrefore/9780190228620.013.957},
abstract = {Using terms with the same meaning is a precondition of academic exchange and coordinated international actions to cope with the global climate issue. However, the understanding and usage of some terms in the climate change field are incompatible among researchers, policymakers, and publics. In particular, the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) and the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change have used significantly different definitions of climate change, which may result in unforeseen problems in coping with the global climate issue. Also, when referring to future changes, the terms climate change projection and climate prediction are frequently used inconsistently. Other terms not always used with the same meaning are global warming, global change, global climate change, abrupt climate change, climate change monitoring, climate change detection, and climate change attribution. With respect to the term climate change, it is suggested that it be defined in academic circles as a change in any key climate variables or climate extremes on timescales of multidecades or longer periods caused by any drivers (natural or human and external or internal), whereas the term climate variability should be used to refer to variations on all the spectrums of frequency provoked by natural internal drivers or on high-frequency spectrums caused by natural external drivers. Following the IPCC terminology, it is suggested that climate change projection be defined as estimating possible evolutions of the climate state in the future on scales of decades or longer, based on development scenarios and climate models, with the estimate considered possible, internally consistent, but not necessarily probable. It is also suggested that the term anthropogenic climate change be used to express large-scale climate change caused by various human activities, especially global warming caused by greenhouse gas emissions from human activities and the corresponding changes in other components of the climate system as noted in the IPCC reports and international climate negotiations.},
note = {Online available at: \url{https://doi.org/10.1093/acrefore/9780190228620.013.957} (DOI). Ren, G.; von Storch, H.: On frequently used terms related to climate change. Oxford Research Encyclopedia of Climate Science. 2024. DOI: 10.1093/acrefore/9780190228620.013.957}}
@misc{goulart_compound_flood_2024, 
author={Goulart, H.M.D:,Benito Lazaro, I.,van Garderen, L.,van der Wiel, K.,Le Bars, D.,Koks, E.,van den Hurk, B.},
title={Compound flood impacts from Hurricane Sandy on New York City in climate-driven storylines},
year={2024},
howpublished = {journal article},
doi = {https://doi.org/10.5194/nhess-24-29-2024},
abstract = {High impact events like Hurricane Sandy (2012) significantly affect society and decision-making around weather/climate adaptation. Our understanding of the potential effects of such events is limited to their rare historical occurrences. Climate change might alter these events to an extent that current adaptation responses become insufficient. Furthermore, internal climate variability in the current climate might also lead to slightly different events with possible larger societal impacts. Therefore, exploring high impact events under different conditions becomes important for (future) impact assessment. In this study, we create storylines of Sandy to assess compound coastal flooding on critical infrastructure in New York City under different scenarios, including climate change effects (on the storm and through sea level rise) and internal variability (variations in the storm's intensity and location). We find that 1 m of sea level rise increases average flood volumes by 4.2 times, while maximised precipitation scenarios (internal variability) lead to a 2.5-fold increase in flood volumes. The maximised precipitation scenarios impact inland critical infrastructure assets with low water levels, while sea level rise impacts fewer coastal assets though with high water levels. The diversity in hazards and impacts demonstrates the importance of building a set of relevant scenarios, including those representing the effects of climate change and internal variability. The integration of a modelling framework connecting meteorological conditions to local hazards and impacts provides relevant and accessible information that can directly be integrated into high impact event assessments.},
note = {Online available at: \url{https://doi.org/10.5194/nhess-24-29-2024} (DOI). Goulart, H.; Benito Lazaro, I.; van Garderen, L.; van der Wiel, K.; Le Bars, D.; Koks, E.; van den Hurk, B.: Compound flood impacts from Hurricane Sandy on New York City in climate-driven storylines. Natural Hazards and Earth System Sciences. 2024. vol. 24, no. 1, 29-45. DOI: 10.5194/nhess-24-29-2024}}
@misc{wang_holocene_sedimentary_2024, 
author={Wang, X.,Zhang, W.,Xie, X.,Chen, H.,Chen, B.},
title={Holocene sedimentary distribution and morphological characteristics reworked by East Asian monsoon dynamics in the Mekong River shelf, South Vietnam},
year={2024},
howpublished = {journal article},
doi = {https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ecss.2024.108784},
abstract = {The distribution of Holocene sediments in the Mekong River shelf area was investigated using shallow seismic and core data. The results show that the shelf depositional stratigraphy since the last glacial period can be classified into four depositional units (U1, U2, U3 and U4). The average thickness of the Holocene deposit in the nearshore area of the Mekong River estuary is approximately 20 m and decreases seaward. In addition to a thickened deposit in the palaeo-river channel, two sedimentary centres have developed, namely, the Mekong River estuary and the Cape Ca Mau area. In contrast to nearshore deposition, the Holocene sedimentation rate rapidly decreased offshore, even in the transgressive systems tract. To understand the driving mechanisms for the variation in Holocene deposition, a three-dimensional numerical model and Geographic Information System(GIS)-based model were applied to reconstruct the oceanographic and sediment transport patterns on the South Vietnam shelf. The simulation results reveal that the Mekong River shelf has undergone significant transformations since the Last Glacial Maximum (LGM). During the LGM, the coastline was situated near the shelf break, and as the sea level rose rapidly, the shoreline retreated. When the sea level reached its peak, the modern Mekong Delta emerged. Furthermore, the distribution of Holocene deposits is controlled by monsoon-influenced seasonal variations in currents, resulting in a triangular delta and narrow strip-like subaqueous clinoform. Our simulation results also show obvious erosional capacity in the offshore area, leading to an evident erosional through to the east of Cape Ca Mau and erosion of Pleistocene sediments in the shelf break area. By combining stratigraphic interpretation and oceanographic simulations, our study provides new insights into sediment transport and erosion processes mediated by ocean currents driven by East Asian monsoons.},
note = {Online available at: \url{https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ecss.2024.108784} (DOI). Wang, X.; Zhang, W.; Xie, X.; Chen, H.; Chen, B.: Holocene sedimentary distribution and morphological characteristics reworked by East Asian monsoon dynamics in the Mekong River shelf, South Vietnam. Estuarine, Coastal and Shelf Science. 2024. vol. 302, 108784. DOI: 10.1016/j.ecss.2024.108784}}
@misc{lemmen_viable_north_2024, 
author={Lemmen, C.,Hokamp, S.,Örey, S.,Scheffran, J.},
title={Viable North Sea (ViNoS): A NetLogo Agent-based Model of German North Sea Small-scale fisheries},
year={2024},
howpublished = {journal article},
doi = {https://doi.org/10.21105/joss.05731},
abstract = {Viable North Sea (ViNoS) is an Agent-based Model (ABM) of the German Small-scale Fisheries. As a Social-Ecological Systems model it focusses on the adaptive behaviour of fishers facing regulatory, economic, and resource changes. Small-scale fisheries are an important part both of the cultural perception of the German North Sea coast and of its fishing industry. These fisheries are typically family-run operations that use smaller boats and bottom trawling gear to catch a variety of demersal species, foremost plaice, sole, and brown shrimp. Fishers in the North Sea face area competition with other uses of the sea—long practiced ones like shipping, gas exploration and sand extraction, and currently increasing ones like marine protection and offshore wind farming: German authorities released a maritime spatial plan implementing (1) the need for 30% of protection areas demanded by the United Nations High Seas Treaty and (2) aiming at up to 70 GW of domestic offshore wind power generation by 2045; the European Union is aiming to reduce fisheries in all Marine Protected Areas. Fisheries in the North Sea also have to adjust to the northward migration of their established resources following the climate heating of the water. And they have to re-evaluate their economic balance by figuring in the foreseeable rise in oil price and the need for re-investing into their aged fleet.},
note = {Online available at: \url{https://doi.org/10.21105/joss.05731} (DOI). Lemmen, C.; Hokamp, S.; Örey, S.; Scheffran, J.: Viable North Sea (ViNoS): A NetLogo Agent-based Model of German North Sea Small-scale fisheries. The Journal of Open Source Software. 2024. vol. 9, no. 95, 5731. DOI: 10.21105/joss.05731}}
@misc{mathis_enhanced_co2_2024, 
author={Mathis, M.,Lacroix, F.,Hagemann, S.,Nielsen, D.M.,Ilyina, T.,Schrum, C.},
title={Enhanced CO2 uptake of the coastal ocean is dominated by biological carbon fixation},
year={2024},
howpublished = {journal article},
doi = {https://doi.org/10.1038/s41558-024-01956-w},
abstract = {Observational reconstructions indicate a contemporary increase in coastal ocean CO2 uptake. However, the mechanisms and their relative importance in driving this globally intensifying absorption remain unclear. Here we integrate coastal carbon dynamics in a global model via regional grid refinement and enhanced process representation. We find that the increasing coastal CO2 sink is primarily driven by biological responses to climate-induced changes in circulation (36%) and increasing riverine nutrient loads (23%), together exceeding the ocean CO2 solubility pump (41%). The riverine impact is mediated by enhanced export of organic carbon across the shelf break, thereby adding to the carbon enrichment of the open ocean. The contribution of biological carbon fixation increases as the seawater capacity to hold CO2 decreases under continuous climate change and ocean acidification. Our seamless coastal ocean integration advances carbon cycle model realism, which is relevant for addressing impacts of climate change mitigation efforts.},
note = {Online available at: \url{https://doi.org/10.1038/s41558-024-01956-w} (DOI). Mathis, M.; Lacroix, F.; Hagemann, S.; Nielsen, D.; Ilyina, T.; Schrum, C.: Enhanced CO2 uptake of the coastal ocean is dominated by biological carbon fixation. Nature Climate Change. 2024. vol. 14, 373–379. DOI: 10.1038/s41558-024-01956-w}}
@misc{bormann_wasser_an_2024, 
author={Bormann, H.,Berkenbrink, C.,Karrasch, L.,Massmann, G.,Ratter, B.,Wessels, A.,Weisse, R.},
title={Wasser an den Küsten Ostfrieslands (WAKOS): maßgeschneiderte Klimaservices für die Anpassung},
year={2024},
howpublished = {journal article},
abstract = {Wasser und damit verbundene Naturgefahren stellen die nordwestdeutsche Küstenregion seit jeher vor große Herausforderungen, sowohl kurzfristig für das Risikomanagement, als auch langfristig bei der Anpassung an den Klimawandel. Gemeinsam mit Praxispartnern in der Region untersucht das Projekt WAKOS, wie die Küstenregion gegenüber Ereignisbündeln, z. B. dem gleichzeitigen Auftreten von Sturmfluten und Starkregen, und vor den Folgen des Klimawandels nachhaltig geschützt werden kann.},
note = {Online available at: \url{} (DOI). Bormann, H.; Berkenbrink, C.; Karrasch, L.; Massmann, G.; Ratter, B.; Wessels, A.; Weisse, R.: Wasser an den Küsten Ostfrieslands (WAKOS): maßgeschneiderte Klimaservices für die Anpassung. Notfallvorsorge. 2024. vol. 55, 17-25.}}
@misc{klockmann_towards_varianceconserving_2024, 
author={Klockmann, M.,von Toussain, U.,Zorita, E.},
title={Towards variance-conserving reconstructions of climate indices with Gaussian Process Regression in an embedding space},
year={2024},
howpublished = {journal article},
doi = {https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-17-1765-2024},
abstract = {We present a new framework for the reconstruction of climate indices based on proxy data such as tree rings. The framework is based on the supervised learning method Gaussian Process Regression (GPR) and aims at preserving the amplitude of past climate variability. It can adequately handle noise-contaminated proxies and variable proxy availability over time. To this end, the GPR is formulated in a modified input space, termed here embedding space. We test the new framework for the reconstruction of the Atlantic multi-decadal variability (AMV) in a controlled environment with pseudo-proxies derived from coupled climate-model simulations. In this test environment, the GPR outperforms benchmark reconstructions based on multi-linear principal component regression. On AMV-relevant timescales, i.e. multi-decadal, the GPR is able to reconstruct the true amplitude of variability even if the proxies contain a realistic non-climatic noise signal and become sparser back in time. Thus, we conclude that the embedded GPR framework is a highly promising tool for climate-index reconstructions.},
note = {Online available at: \url{https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-17-1765-2024} (DOI). Klockmann, M.; von Toussain, U.; Zorita, E.: Towards variance-conserving reconstructions of climate indices with Gaussian Process Regression in an embedding space. Geoscientific Model Development. 2024. vol. 17, no. 4, 1765–1787. DOI: 10.5194/gmd-17-1765-2024}}
@misc{gee_a_new_2024, 
author={Gee, K.,Arndt, P.,Dahmen, M.,Geitel, N.K.,Hunke, A.,Käppeler, B.,Plug, D.,Scheffler, U.,Trümpler, K.},
title={A new maritime spatial plan for the German EEZ: Navigating multiple aspirations and spatial developments},
year={2024},
howpublished = {journal article},
doi = {https://doi.org/10.1016/j.marpol.2024.106006},
abstract = {A new maritime spatial plan for the German EEZ has come into force in 2021, replacing the first plans for the North Sea and Baltic Sea dating back to 2009. This paper discusses key changes in the new plan, highlighting how it has adapted to changing circumstances and demands within the existing framework of spatial planning legislation. While the regulatory instruments available to MSP have remained unchanged, we find that the understanding of MSP has become more complex, not least in response to the EU MSPD. More uses and activities have been allocated priority and reservation areas and there is innovation in the use of overlapping, temporary and conditional priority areas. Changes are also apparent in the planning process which has become closely interlinked with the SEA process. Nonetheless, we also highlight challenges MSP in the EEZ still needs to navigate. These relate to the rapid expansion of offshore wind farming, the inclusion of climate change in MSP, application of the ecosystem approach, as well as transparency in the final stages of the MSP process.},
note = {Online available at: \url{https://doi.org/10.1016/j.marpol.2024.106006} (DOI). Gee, K.; Arndt, P.; Dahmen, M.; Geitel, N.; Hunke, A.; Käppeler, B.; Plug, D.; Scheffler, U.; Trümpler, K.: A new maritime spatial plan for the German EEZ: Navigating multiple aspirations and spatial developments. Marine Policy. 2024. vol. 161, 106006. DOI: 10.1016/j.marpol.2024.106006}}
@misc{akhtar_larger_wind_2024, 
author={Akhtar, N.,Geyer, B.,Schrum, C.},
title={Larger wind turbines as a solution to reduce environmental impacts},
year={2024},
howpublished = {journal article},
doi = {https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-024-56731-w},
abstract = {The EU aims for carbon neutrality by 2050, focusing on offshore wind energy. Investments in North Sea wind farms, with optimal wind resources, play a crucial role. We employed a high-resolution regional climate model, which incorporates a wind farm parametrization, to investigate and address potential mitigating impacts of large wind farms on power generation and air-sea fluxes. Specifically, we examined the effects of replacing 5 MW turbines with larger 15 MW turbines while maintaining total capacity. Our study found that substituting 15 MW turbines increases the capacity factor by 2–3%, enhancing efficiency. However, these turbines exhibit a slightly smaller impact on 10 m wind speed (1.2–1.5%) and near-surface kinetic energy (0.1–0.2%), leading to reduced effects on sea surface heat fluxes compared to 5 MW turbines. This was confirmed by a stronger reduction in net heat flux of about 0.6–1.3% in simulations with 5 MW compared to 15 MW wind turbines. Air-sea fluxes influence ocean dynamics and marine ecosystems; therefore, minimizing these impacts is crucial. Overall, deploying 15 MW turbines in offshore wind farms may offer advantages for ocean dynamics and marine ecosystems, supporting the EU's carbon–neutral objectives.},
note = {Online available at: \url{https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-024-56731-w} (DOI). Akhtar, N.; Geyer, B.; Schrum, C.: Larger wind turbines as a solution to reduce environmental impacts. Scientific Reports. 2024. vol. 14, 6608. DOI: 10.1038/s41598-024-56731-w}}
@misc{pein_eutrophication_hotspots_2024, 
author={Pein, J.,Staneva, J.},
title={Eutrophication hotspots, nitrogen fluxes and climate impacts in estuarine ecosystems: a model study of the Odra estuary system},
year={2024},
howpublished = {journal article},
doi = {https://doi.org/10.1007/s10236-024-01607-w},
abstract = {The Odra estuary in the southern Baltic Sea comprises the Odra (Szczecin) Lagoon, the Pomeranian Bay and a number of other shallow water areas and channels. Known for its abundance of fish, eutrophication in the Odra Lagoon is a pressing issue for science and environmental management representing a global problem: What determines the seasonal variability of nitrogen and nitrogen turnover in shallow water areas, and how does seasonal variability change due to climatic changes such as warming and sea level rise? How do such changes affect nutrient exports to the regional ocean? This study employs a high-resolution unstructured model system to investigate physical-biogeochemical interactions, nitrogen turnover, and conditions leading to nitrogen export to the Baltic Sea within the Odra estuary. The research comprises hindcast and a climatic experiment with modified water level and temperature inputs. The model reproduces the thermohaline dynamics of brackish shallow water areas, phytoplankton blooms and the variability of inorganic nitrogen. The simulations identify the dynamic partitioning of the Odra Lagoon into the highly eutrophic, lake-like Small Lagoon and more frequently flushed, zooplankton-rich Great Lagoon. Although the two years of the hindcast simulation feature very different boundary conditions in terms of river forcing, comparable patterns of seasonal nitrogen export emerge. In a climate change experiment with increased sea levels and global temperatures, the system appears sensitive, but remains stable with regard to nutrient transport and is therefore predictable. The climate change experiment reveals enhanced primary producer biomass concentrations, suggesting heightened eutrophication. While in the shallow waters of Odra Lagoon oxygen concentration remains relatively stable, oxygen depletion intensifies as the lagoon outflows enter the Pomeranian Bay. This phenomenon is linked to increased denitrification within the stratified Odra plume. Deeper, meandering channels, such as Swina, demonstrate resilience to oxygen reduction, influenced by sea level rise and enhanced currents. Based on the temporal-spatial high-resolution coupled, validated simulations, it is possible to develop tailor-made management solutions without having to run expensive and complicated observation campaigns in the shallow waters with complex topography.},
note = {Online available at: \url{https://doi.org/10.1007/s10236-024-01607-w} (DOI). Pein, J.; Staneva, J.: Eutrophication hotspots, nitrogen fluxes and climate impacts in estuarine ecosystems: a model study of the Odra estuary system. Ocean Dynamics. 2024. vol. 74, 335–354. DOI: 10.1007/s10236-024-01607-w}}
@misc{meyer_investigation_of_2024, 
author={Meyer, E.M.I.,Gaslikova, L.},
title={Investigation of historical severe storms and storm tides in the German Bight with century reanalysis data},
year={2024},
howpublished = {journal article},
doi = {https://doi.org/10.5194/nhess-24-481-2024},
abstract = {Century reanalysis models offer a possibility to investigate extreme events and gain further insights into their impact through numerical experiments. This paper is a comprehensive summary of historical hazardous storm tides in the German Bight (southern North Sea) with the aim of comparing and evaluating the potential of different century reanalysis data to be used for the reconstruction of extreme water levels. The composite analysis of historical water level extremes, underlying atmospheric situations and their uncertainties may further support decision-making on coastal protection and risk assessment. The analysis is done based on the results of the regional hydrodynamic model simulations forced by atmospheric century reanalysis data, e.g. 20th Century Reanalysis Project (20CR) ensembles, ERA5 and UERRA–HARMONIE. The eight selected historical storms lead either to the highest storm tide extremes for at least one of three locations around the German Bight or to extreme storm surge events during low tide. In general, extreme storm tides could be reproduced, and some individual ensemble members are suitable for the reconstruction of respective storm tides. However, the highest observed water level in the German Bight could not be simulated with any considered forcing. The particular weather situations with corresponding storm tracks are analysed to better understand their different impact on the peak storm tides, their variability and their predictability. Storms with more northerly tracks generally show less variability in wind speed and a better agreement with the observed extreme water levels for the German Bight. The impact of two severe historical storms that peaked at low tide is investigated with shifted tides. For Husum in the eastern German Bight this results in a substantial increase in the peak water levels reaching a historical maximum.},
note = {Online available at: \url{https://doi.org/10.5194/nhess-24-481-2024} (DOI). Meyer, E.; Gaslikova, L.: Investigation of historical severe storms and storm tides in the German Bight with century reanalysis data. Natural Hazards and Earth System Sciences. 2024. vol. 24, no. 2, 481-499. DOI: 10.5194/nhess-24-481-2024}}
@misc{stelzenmller_framing_future_2024, 
author={Stelzenmüller, V.,Rehren, J.,Örey, S.,Lemmen, C.,Krishna, S.,Hasenbein, M.,Püts, M.,Probst, W.N.,Diekmann, R.,Scheffran, J.,Bos, O.G.,Wirtz, K.},
title={Framing future trajectories of human activities in the German North Sea to inform cumulative effects assessments and marine spatial planning},
year={2024},
howpublished = {journal article},
doi = {https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jenvman.2023.119507},
abstract = {The global industrialization of seascapes and climate change leads to an increased risk of severe impacts on marine ecosystem functioning. While broad scale spatio-temporal assessments of human pressures on marine ecosystems become more available, future trajectories of human activities at regional and local scales remain often speculative. Here we introduce a stepwise process to integrate bottom-up and expert-driven approaches for scenario development to inform cumulative effects assessments and related marine spatial planning (MSP). Following this guidance, we developed optimistic, realistic, and pessimistic scenarios for major human pressures in the German North Sea such as bottom trawling, offshore wind, nutrient discharge, and aggregate extraction. The forecasts comprise quantitative estimates in relation to spatial footprint, intensity, and technological advancements of those pressures for the years 2030 and 2060. Using network analyses, we assessed interactions of the current and future trajectories of pressures thereby accounting for climate change and the growing need for marine conservation. Our results show that future scenarios of spatial distributions could be developed for activities that are spatially refined and included in the current MSP process. Further our detailed analyses of interdependencies of development components revealed that forecasts regarding specific targets and intensities of human activities depend also strongly on future technological advances. For fisheries and nutrient discharge estimates were less certain due to critical socio-ecological interactions in the marine and terrestrial realm. Overall, our approach unraveled such trade-offs and sources of uncertainties. Yet, our quantitative predictive scenarios were built under a sustainability narrative on a profound knowledge of interactions with other sectors and components in and outside the management boundaries. We advocate that they enable a better preparedness for future changes of cumulative pressure on marine ecosystems.},
note = {Online available at: \url{https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jenvman.2023.119507} (DOI). Stelzenmüller, V.; Rehren, J.; Örey, S.; Lemmen, C.; Krishna, S.; Hasenbein, M.; Püts, M.; Probst, W.; Diekmann, R.; Scheffran, J.; Bos, O.; Wirtz, K.: Framing future trajectories of human activities in the German North Sea to inform cumulative effects assessments and marine spatial planning. Journal of Environmental Management. 2024. vol. 349, 119507. DOI: 10.1016/j.jenvman.2023.119507}}
@misc{porz_quantification_and_2024, 
author={Porz, L.,Zhang, W.,Christiansen, N.,Kossack, J.,Daewel, U.,Schrum, C.},
title={Quantification and mitigation of bottom-trawling impacts on sedimentary organic carbon stocks in the North Sea},
year={2024},
howpublished = {journal article},
doi = {https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-21-2547-2024},
abstract = {The depletion of sedimentary organic carbon stocks by the use of bottom-contacting fishing gear and the potential climate impacts resulting from remineralization of the organic carbon to CO2 have recently been heavily debated. An issue that has remained unaddressed thus far regards the fate of organic carbon resuspended into the water column following disturbance by fishing gear. To resolve this, a 3D-coupled numerical ocean sediment macrobenthos model is used in this study to quantify the impacts of bottom trawling on organic carbon and macrobenthos stocks in North Sea sediments. Using available information on vessel activity, gear components, and sediment type, we generate daily time series of trawling impacts and simulate 6 years of trawling activity in the model, as well as four management scenarios in which trawling effort is redistributed from areas inside to areas outside of trawling closure zones. North Sea sediments contained 552.2±192.4 kt less organic carbon and 13.6±2.6 % less macrobenthos biomass in the trawled simulations than in the untrawled simulations by the end of each year. The organic carbon loss is equivalent to aqueous emissions of 2.0±0.7 Mt CO2 each year, roughly half of which is likely to accumulate in the atmosphere on multi-decadal timescales. The impacts were elevated in years with higher levels of trawling pressure and vice versa. Results showed high spatial variability, with a high loss of organic carbon due to trawling in some areas, while organic carbon content increased in nearby untrawled areas following transport and redeposition. The area most strongly impacted was the heavily trawled and carbon-rich Skagerrak. Simulated trawling closures in planned offshore wind farms (OWFs) and outside of core fishing grounds (CFGs) had negligible effects on net sedimentary organic carbon, while closures in marine protected areas (MPAs) had a moderately positive impact. The largest positive impact arose for trawling closures in carbon protection zones (CPZs), which were defined as areas where organic carbon is both plentiful and labile and thereby most vulnerable to disturbance. In that scenario, the net impacts of trawling on organic carbon and macrobenthos biomass were reduced by 29 % and 54 %, respectively. These results demonstrate that carbon protection and habitat protection can be combined without requiring a reduction in net fishing effort.},
note = {Online available at: \url{https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-21-2547-2024} (DOI). Porz, L.; Zhang, W.; Christiansen, N.; Kossack, J.; Daewel, U.; Schrum, C.: Quantification and mitigation of bottom-trawling impacts on sedimentary organic carbon stocks in the North Sea. Biogeosciences. 2024. vol. 21, no. 10, 2547-2570. DOI: 10.5194/bg-21-2547-2024}}
@misc{borgers_mesoscale_modelling_2024, 
author={Borgers, R.,Dirksen, M.,Wijnant, I.L.,Stepek, A.,Stoffelen, A.,Akhtar, N.,Neirynck, J.,Van de Walle, J.,Meyers, J.,P.M. van Lipzig, N.P.M.},
title={Mesoscale modelling of North Sea wind resources with COSMO-CLM: model evaluation and impact assessment of future wind farm characteristics on cluster-scale wake losses},
year={2024},
howpublished = {journal article},
doi = {https://doi.org/https:/dx./doi.org/10.5194/wes-9-697-2024},
abstract = {As many coastal regions experience a rapid increase in offshore wind farm installations, inter-farm distances become smaller, with a tendency to install larger turbines at high capacity densities. It is, however, not clear how the wake losses in wind farm clusters depend on the characteristics and spacing of the individual wind farms. Here, we quantify this based on multiple COSMO-CLM simulations, each of which assumes a different, spatially invariant combination of the turbine type and capacity density in a projected, future wind farm layout in the North Sea. An evaluation of the modelled wind climate with mast and lidar data for the period 2008–2020 indicates that the frequency distributions of wind speed and wind direction at turbine hub height are skillfully modelled and the seasonal and inter-annual variations in wind speed are represented well. The wind farm simulations indicate that for a typical capacity density and for SW winds, inter-farm wakes can reduce the capacity factor at the inflow edge of wind farms from 59 % to between 54 % and 30 % depending on the proximity, size and number of the upwind farms. The efficiency losses due to intra- and inter-farm wakes become larger with increasing capacity density as the layout-integrated, annual capacity factor varies between 51.8 % and 38.2 % over the considered range of 3.5 to 10 MW km−2. Also, the simulated efficiency of the wind farm layout is greatly impacted by switching from 5 MW turbines to next-generation, 15 MW turbines, as the annual energy production increases by over 27 % at the same capacity density. In conclusion, our results show that the wake losses in future wind farm clusters are highly sensitive to the inter-farm distances and the capacity densities of the individual wind farms and that the evolution of turbine technology plays a crucial role in offsetting these wake losses.},
note = {Online available at: \url{https://doi.org/https:/dx./doi.org/10.5194/wes-9-697-2024} (DOI). Borgers, R.; Dirksen, M.; Wijnant, I.; Stepek, A.; Stoffelen, A.; Akhtar, N.; Neirynck, J.; Van de Walle, J.; Meyers, J.; P.M. van Lipzig, N.: Mesoscale modelling of North Sea wind resources with COSMO-CLM: model evaluation and impact assessment of future wind farm characteristics on cluster-scale wake losses. Wind Energy Science. 2024. vol. 9, no. 3, 697-719. DOI: https:/dx./doi.org/10.5194/wes-9-697-2024}}
@misc{vandam_towards_a_2024, 
author={Van Dam, B.,Helfer, V.,Kaiser, D.,Sinemus, E.,Staneva, J.,Zimmer, M.},
title={Towards a fair, reliable, and practical verification framework for Blue Carbon-based CDR},
year={2024},
howpublished = {journal article},
doi = {https://doi.org/10.1088/1748-9326/ad5fa3},
abstract = {While the (re-)establishment of Blue Carbon Ecosystems (BCE) is seen as an important tool to mitigate climate change, the credibility of such nature-based solutions has been marred by recent revelations ranging from weak accounting to malpractice. In light of this, there is a clear need to develop monitoring, reporting and verification (MRV) systems towards the reliable, practical, and accurate accounting of additional and durable carbon dioxide removal (CDR). We propose the development of a Blue Carbon Ecosystem Digital Twin (BCE-DT) as a practical solution, integrating real-time data and models into What-If Scenarios of CDR aimed at the quantification of CDR additionality and durability. Critically, such a solution would be amenable to projects across a broad range in spatial scale and ecosytem type. In parallel, we propose the creation of an independent and not-for-profit Standards Development Organization (SDO) for the management of this Digital Twin and oversight of the certification process based on MRV. Considering the interwoven nature of the scientific and policy/legal needs we raise, an improved dialogue and collaboration between the scientific and policy communities is clearly needed. We argue that this BCE-DT, along with its oversight and implementation by a SDO, would fit this niche and support the fair and accurate implementation of MRV critically needed for BCE-based CDR to proceed.},
note = {Online available at: \url{https://doi.org/10.1088/1748-9326/ad5fa3} (DOI). Van Dam, B.; Helfer, V.; Kaiser, D.; Sinemus, E.; Staneva, J.; Zimmer, M.: Towards a fair, reliable, and practical verification framework for Blue Carbon-based CDR. Environmental Research Letters. 2024. vol. 19, 081004. DOI: 10.1088/1748-9326/ad5fa3}}
@misc{pham_interannual_sea_2024, 
author={Pham, N.T.,Staneva, J.,Bonaduce, A.,Stanev, E.V.,Grayek, S.},
title={Interannual sea level variability in the North and Baltic Seas and net flux through the Danish Straits},
year={2024},
howpublished = {journal article},
doi = {https://doi.org/10.1007/s10236-024-01626-7},
abstract = {The paper presents the reconstruction of sea levels in the North Sea and Baltic Sea using Kalman filter approach. Based on the statistical characteristics of one year of daily maps of sea level from the Geesthacht COAstal model SysTem (GCOAST) and daily data at tide gauges along the coastline of two basins, the method can reconstruct effectively and accurately the multidecadal sea level anomalies. The high accuracy reconstruction data were then used to investigate the interannual variability in both basins and to estimate the difference between outflows and inflows (net flux) through the Danish Straits. The highest mean, standard deviation, and extreme values of sea level anomalies appear in winter and are well reproduced in different regions, such as the German Bight, the Southern North Sea, the Bothnian Bay, the Gulfs of Finland and Riga. The sea level variability is highly correlated with the mean sea level pressure and the zonal wind, particularly in the German Bight and in the winter months. The contributions of river runoff and net precipitation on the net flux are significant in the spring. The local wind has a greater influence on the net flux than the remote drivers.},
note = {Online available at: \url{https://doi.org/10.1007/s10236-024-01626-7} (DOI). Pham, N.; Staneva, J.; Bonaduce, A.; Stanev, E.; Grayek, S.: Interannual sea level variability in the North and Baltic Seas and net flux through the Danish Straits. Ocean Dynamics. 2024. vol. 74, 669-684. DOI: 10.1007/s10236-024-01626-7}}
@misc{kossack_tidal_impacts_2024, 
author={Kossack, J.,Mathis, M.,Daewel, U.,Liu, F.,Demir, K.T.,Thomas, H.,Schrum, C.},
title={Tidal impacts on air-sea CO2 exchange on the North-West European Shelf},
year={2024},
howpublished = {journal article},
doi = {https://doi.org/10.3389/fmars.2024.1406896},
abstract = {Tidal forcing is a dominant physical forcing mechanism on the Northwest European Shelf (NWES) that regulates the mixing-stratification status of the water column and thus acts as a major control for biological productivity and air-sea CO2 exchange. Tides further influence the marine carbon cycle on the shelf by affecting benthic-pelagic coupling, vertical mixing and the large-scale residual circulation. The cumulative tidal impact on oceanic uptake of atmospheric CO2 on the NWES, however, remains largely unexplored. We use a coupled physical-biogeochemical ocean model to gain quantitative understanding of the tidal impacts on the air-sea CO2 exchange of the NWES by comparing hindcast simulations with and without tidal forcing. Our results show that tidal forcing weakens the annual oceanic CO2 uptake on the NWES by 0.15 Tmol C yr−1, corresponding to a ~13% stronger CO2 sink in the experiment without tidal forcing. The tide-induced increase in marine primary production demonstrated in earlier studies, which primarily enhances biological carbon fixation in shallow inner-shelf regions of the NWES, does not significantly affect net air-sea CO2 exchange. Instead, we find tidal mixing, tide-induced baroclinic circulation and the tidal impact on benthic-pelagic coupling to be dominant controls of air-sea CO2 exchange. Tidal mixing in the permanently mixed shelf regions accounts for the majority (~40%) of the weakening effect on CO2 uptake, while the modulation of water mass composition in the Celtic Sea by tide-induced baroclinic circulation reduces the uptake further (~33% of the difference in annual mean CO2 uptake). In terms of the shelf carbon budget, the tidal response of air-sea CO2 exchange is primarily mediated by changes to the pelagic DIC reservoir (~73%; −0.11 Tmol C yr−1). Tidal impacts on off-shelf carbon export to the North Atlantic only account for ~20% (−0.03 Tmol C yr−1) of the tidal impact on shelf CO2 uptake, and changes in sedimentation of particulate organic carbon account for the remaining ~7% (−0.01 Tmol C yr−1).},
note = {Online available at: \url{https://doi.org/10.3389/fmars.2024.1406896} (DOI). Kossack, J.; Mathis, M.; Daewel, U.; Liu, F.; Demir, K.; Thomas, H.; Schrum, C.: Tidal impacts on air-sea CO2 exchange on the North-West European Shelf. Frontiers in Marine Science. 2024. vol. 11, 1406896. DOI: 10.3389/fmars.2024.1406896}}
@misc{martin_when_to_2024, 
author={Martin, A.P.,Dominguez, A.B.,Baker, C.A.,Baumas, C.M.J.,Bisson, K.M.,Cavan, E.,Freilich, M.,Galbraith, E.,Galí, M.,Henson, S.,Kvale, K.F.,Lemmen, C.,Luo, J.Y.,McMonagle, H.,Viríssimo, F.d.M.,Möller, K.O.,Richon, C.,Suresh, I.,Wilson, J.D.,Woodstock, M.S.,Yool, A.},
title={When to add a new process to a model – and when not: a marine biogeochemical perspective},
year={2024},
howpublished = {journal article},
doi = {https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ecolmodel.2024.110870},
abstract = {Models are critical tools for environmental science. They allow us to examine the limits of what we think we know and to project that knowledge into situations for which we have little or no data. They are by definition simplifications of reality. There are therefore inevitably times when it is necessary to consider adding a new process to a model that was previously omitted. Doing so may have consequences. It can increase model complexity, affect the time a model takes to run, impact the match between the model output and observations, and complicate comparison to previous studies using the model. How a decision is made on whether to add a process is no more objective than how a scientist might design a laboratory experiment. To illustrate this, we report on an event where a broad and diverse group of marine biogeochemists were invited to construct flowcharts to support making the decision of when to include a new process in a model. The flowcharts are used to illustrate both the complexity of factors that modellers must consider prior to making a decision on model development and the diversity of perspectives on how that decision should be reached. The purpose of this paper is not to provide a definitive protocol for making that decision. Instead, we argue that it is important to acknowledge that there is no objectively “best” approach and instead we discuss the flowcharts created as a means of encouraging modellers to think through why and how they are doing something. This may also hopefully guide observational scientists to understand why it may not always be appropriate to include a process they are studying in a model.},
note = {Online available at: \url{https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ecolmodel.2024.110870} (DOI). Martin, A.; Dominguez, A.; Baker, C.; Baumas, C.; Bisson, K.; Cavan, E.; Freilich, M.; Galbraith, E.; Galí, M.; Henson, S.; Kvale, K.; Lemmen, C.; Luo, J.; McMonagle, H.; Viríssimo, F.; Möller, K.; Richon, C.; Suresh, I.; Wilson, J.; Woodstock, M.; Yool, A.: When to add a new process to a model – and when not: a marine biogeochemical perspective. Ecological Modelling. 2024. vol. 498, 110870. DOI: 10.1016/j.ecolmodel.2024.110870}}
@misc{weisse_zusammenwirken_von_2024, 
author={Weisse, R.,Gaslikova, L.,Hagemann, S.,Heinrich, P.,Berkenbrink, C.,Chen, J.J.,Bormann, H.,Kebschull, J.,Ley, A.,Massmann, G.,Greskowiak, J.,Thissen, L.,Karrasch, L.,Schoppe, M.A.,Ratter, B.M.W.,Wessels, A.},
title={Zusammenwirken von Naturgefahren im Klimawandel ist für die Nordseeküste zunehmend eine Herausforderung},
year={2024},
howpublished = {journal article},
doi = {https://doi.org/10.1007/s35152-024-1854-y},
abstract = {An der Nordseeküste spielt der Schutz vor Naturgefahren seit jeher eine wesentliche Rolle. Doch was ändert sich mit dem Klimawandel? Welche Szenarien sind denkbar und was passiert, wenn mehrere Extremereignisse wie Sturmflut, Hochwasser und Starkregen gleichzeitig auftreten? Und welche Maßnahmen können vorausschauend ergriffen werden?},
note = {Online available at: \url{https://doi.org/10.1007/s35152-024-1854-y} (DOI). Weisse, R.; Gaslikova, L.; Hagemann, S.; Heinrich, P.; Berkenbrink, C.; Chen, J.; Bormann, H.; Kebschull, J.; Ley, A.; Massmann, G.; Greskowiak, J.; Thissen, L.; Karrasch, L.; Schoppe, M.; Ratter, B.; Wessels, A.: Zusammenwirken von Naturgefahren im Klimawandel ist für die Nordseeküste zunehmend eine Herausforderung. Wasser und Abfall. 2024. vol. 26, no. 5, 38-45. DOI: 10.1007/s35152-024-1854-y}}
@misc{lemmen_good_modeling_2024, 
author={Lemmen, C.,Sommer, P.S.},
title={Good modeling software practices},
year={2024},
howpublished = {journal article},
doi = {https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ecolmodel.2024.110890},
abstract = {Frequently in socio-environmental sciences, models are used as tools to represent, understand, project and predict the behaviour of these complex systems. Along the modelling chain, Good Modelling Practices have been evolving that ensure — amongst others — that models are transparent and their results replicable. Whenever such models are represented in software, Good Modelling meet Good Software Practices, such as a tractable development workflow, good code, collaborative development and governance, continuous integration and deployment; and they meet Good Scientific Practices, such as attribution of copyrights and acknowledgement of intellectual property, publication of a software paper and archiving. Too often in existing socio-environmental model software, these practices have been regarded as an add-on to be considered at a later stage only; modellers have shied away from publishing their model as open source out of fear that having to add good practices is too demanding. We here argue for making a habit of following a list of simple and not so simple practices early on in the implementation of the model life cycle. We contextualise cherry-picked and hands-on practices for supporting Good Modelling Practice, and we demonstrate their application in the example context of the Viable North Sea fisheries socio-ecological systems model.},
note = {Online available at: \url{https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ecolmodel.2024.110890} (DOI). Lemmen, C.; Sommer, P.: Good modeling software practices. Ecological Modelling. 2024. vol. 498, 110890. DOI: 10.1016/j.ecolmodel.2024.110890}}
@misc{bonaduce_sea_state_2024, 
author={Bonaduce, A.,Pham, N.T.,Staneva, J.,Grayek, S.,Raj, R.P.,Breivik, Ø.},
title={Sea state contributions to thermosteric sea-level in high-resolution ocean-wave coupled simulations},
year={2024},
howpublished = {journal article},
doi = {https://doi.org/10.1007/s10236-024-01632-9},
abstract = {This study examines the impact of wave-induced processes (WIPs) in modulating thermosteric sea-level changes, highlighting the need to include these processes in future sea-level rise assessments and climate projections. The impact of wave-induced processes on thermosteric sea-level changes is investigated using coupled ocean-wave simulations. These simulations include the effects of Stokes-Coriolis forcing, sea-state dependent surface stress and energy fluxes, and wave-induced mixing. The experiments use a high-resolution configuration of the Geesthacht COAstal Model SysTem (GCOAST), covering the Northeast Atlantic, the North Sea and the Baltic Sea. The GCOAST system uses the Nucleus for European Modelling of the Ocean (NEMO) ocean model to account for wave-ocean interactions and ocean circulation. It is fully coupled with the WAM spectral wind wave model. The aim is to accurately quantify the sea state contribution to thermosteric sea level variability and trends over a 26-year period (1992–2017). The ability of wave-ocean coupled simulations to reveal the contribution of sea state to sea level variability and surge is demonstrated. It is clear that wave-induced processes (WIPs) play a significant role in sea surface dynamics, ocean mixing (mixed layer thickness) and modulation of air-sea fluxes (e.g. heat flux) in both winter (10–20%) and summer (10%), which in turn affect thermosteric sea level variability. The North Atlantic (in summer) and the Norwegian Trench (in winter) show significant contributions (40%) to the thermosteric sea-level variability due to wave-induced processes. The influence of WIPs on thermosteric sea level trends in the North Atlantic is up to the order of 1 mm yr-1 in both winter and summer, in the open ocean and at the shelf break. Smaller contributions are observed over the shelf areas of the North Sea. This study underscores the crucial role of WIPs in modulating sea-level changes and highlights the importance of including these processes in future sea-level rise assessments and climate projections.},
note = {Online available at: \url{https://doi.org/10.1007/s10236-024-01632-9} (DOI). Bonaduce, A.; Pham, N.; Staneva, J.; Grayek, S.; Raj, R.; Breivik, Ø.: Sea state contributions to thermosteric sea-level in high-resolution ocean-wave coupled simulations. Ocean Dynamics. 2024. DOI: 10.1007/s10236-024-01632-9}}
@misc{fan_assessment_and_2024, 
author={Fan, H.,Cheng, H.,Chen, W.,Liu, R.,Zhou, F.,Hu, X.,Zhang, X.},
title={Assessment and strategies for water supply security risks in the estuarine city Shanghai under normalized extreme climate conditions},
year={2024},
howpublished = {journal article},
doi = {https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jclepro.2024.143299},
abstract = {Facing the escalation of extreme climate events, estuarine delta cities like Shanghai grapple with significant water supply challenges. This study employs system dynamics and dynamic adaptive policy pathways to assess Shanghai's water supply security risks and responsive strategies in 2022–2050, amidst extreme climate conditions. Utilizing data from 2000 to 2021, we constructed a system dynamics model to predict future water demand under various development modes. Focusing on the unusual 2022 drought in the Yangtze River Basin, we simulated 15 scenarios, including economy, population, water efficiency, and reservoir levels, to identify the extent and timing of potential water supply risks, then proposed pertinent dynamic adaptive strategies to address them. Our findings suggest that the 2022 drought significantly reduced Shanghai's water supply capacity, leading to a notable deficit. Under scenarios of accelerated economic growth, water supply security risks are heightened, with projections indicating a reduction of days of supply available to merely 33–67 days, and escalating water shortage amount to 592–896 million m3 by 2050. Short-to-medium-term recommendations include optimizing both local and transit water resources, strengthening emergency water reserves, enhancing water use efficiency, and maintaining stable reservoir water levels. For the long term, expanding water storage infrastructure and promoting integrated water resource management within the Yangtze River Delta is key to establishing a resilient and diversified water supply system, effectively mitigating future water security risks. This study provides a scientific basis and reference for the sustainable management of water resources in estuarine cities confronting normalized extreme climate conditions. It offers valuable insights for policymakers and actionable suggestions for urban planners.},
note = {Online available at: \url{https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jclepro.2024.143299} (DOI). Fan, H.; Cheng, H.; Chen, W.; Liu, R.; Zhou, F.; Hu, X.; Zhang, X.: Assessment and strategies for water supply security risks in the estuarine city Shanghai under normalized extreme climate conditions. Journal of Cleaner Production. 2024. vol. 470, 143299. DOI: 10.1016/j.jclepro.2024.143299}}
@misc{garcapereira_first_comprehensive_2024, 
author={García-Pereira, F.,González-Rouco, J.F.,Melo-Aguilar, C.,Steinert, N.J.,García-Bustamante, E.,de Vrese, P.,Jungclaus, J.,Lorenz, S.,Hagemann, S.,Cuesta-Valero, F.J.,García-García, A.,Beltrami, H.},
title={First comprehensive assessment of industrial-era land heat uptake from multiple sources},
year={2024},
howpublished = {journal article},
doi = {https://doi.org/10.5194/esd-15-547-2024},
abstract = {The anthropogenically intensified greenhouse effect has caused a radiative imbalance at the top of the atmosphere during the industrial period. This, in turn, has led to an energy surplus in various components of the Earth system, with the ocean storing the largest part. The land contribution ranks second with the latest observational estimates based on borehole temperature profiles, which quantify the terrestrial energy surplus to be 6 % in the last 5 decades, whereas studies based on state-of-the-art climate models scale it down to 2 %. This underestimation stems from land surface models (LSMs) having a subsurface that is too shallow, which severely constrains the land heat uptake simulated by Earth system models (ESMs). A forced simulation of the last 2000 years with the Max Planck Institute ESM (MPI-ESM) using a deep LSM captures 4 times more heat than the standard shallow MPI-ESM simulations in the historical period, well above the estimates provided by other ESMs. However, deepening the LSM does not remarkably affect the simulated surface temperature. It is shown that the heat stored during the historical period by an ESM using a deep LSM component can be accurately estimated by considering the surface temperatures simulated by the ESM using a shallow LSM and propagating them with a standalone forward model. This result is used to derive estimates of land heat uptake using all available observational datasets, reanalysis products, and state-of-the-art ESM experiments. This approach yields values of 10.5–16.0 ZJ for 1971–2018, which are 12 %–42 % smaller than the latest borehole-based estimates (18.2 ZJ).},
note = {Online available at: \url{https://doi.org/10.5194/esd-15-547-2024} (DOI). García-Pereira, F.; González-Rouco, J.; Melo-Aguilar, C.; Steinert, N.; García-Bustamante, E.; de Vrese, P.; Jungclaus, J.; Lorenz, S.; Hagemann, S.; Cuesta-Valero, F.; García-García, A.; Beltrami, H.: First comprehensive assessment of industrial-era land heat uptake from multiple sources. Earth System Dynamics. 2024. vol. 15, no. 3, 547-564. DOI: 10.5194/esd-15-547-2024}}
@misc{zhang_editorial_multiscale_2024, 
author={Zhang, W.,Chen, X.,Sun, J.,Meng, Q.,Nie, J.,Daewel, U.},
title={Editorial: Multi-scale Variability of Ecosystem Functioning in European and Chinese Shelf Seas},
year={2024},
howpublished = {journal article},
doi = {https://doi.org/10.3389/fmars.2024.1463685},
abstract = {Coastal and shelf seas constitute the most dynamic part of the Earth surface where intense interactions between geosphere, ecosphere and anthroposphere take place. They process and accumulate continent-derived material (sediments, nutrients, contaminants, etc.), serve as cradles for life and contain the highest biodiversity in the Earth system. Coastal ecosystems are among the world’s most productive ecosystems that provide important functioning to sustain natural resources and carbon cycle (von Storch et al., 2021). On the other hand, these transitional ecosystems are highly vulnerable to multiple stressors including climate change, nutrient loading, pollution and fishing. Systematic changes in ecosystem functioning have been observed in coastal areas that are heavily affected by proliferation of industries, agriculture, and aquaculture (Halpern et al., 2019). Biogeochemical responses of the systems to external drivers are often nonlinear, involving feedback that may amplify or dampen a perturbation imposed to the system (Martiny et al., 2022). A profound understanding of the sensitivity of coastal ecosystem functioning to physical and biogeochemical perturbations necessitates a comparative assessment between different coastal shelf seas.},
note = {Online available at: \url{https://doi.org/10.3389/fmars.2024.1463685} (DOI). Zhang, W.; Chen, X.; Sun, J.; Meng, Q.; Nie, J.; Daewel, U.: Editorial: Multi-scale Variability of Ecosystem Functioning in European and Chinese Shelf Seas. Frontiers in Marine Science. 2024. vol. 11, 1463685. DOI: 10.3389/fmars.2024.1463685}}
@misc{yuan_downscaling_sea_2024, 
author={Yuan, B.,Jacob, B.,Chen, W.,Staneva, J.},
title={Downscaling sea surface height and currents in coastal regions using convolutional neural network},
year={2024},
howpublished = {journal article},
doi = {https://doi.org/10.1016/j.apor.2024.104153},
abstract = {Downscaling is the process to obtain high-resolution data from low-resolution data. Recently statistical models using convolutional neural networks have gained popularity for fast downscaling of environmental fields, while their application to the coastal sea surface height and currents is lacking. This research aims to downscale sea surface height and depth-averaged current to a resolution of hundreds of meters in coastal regions with dynamic shorelines using convolutional neural networks. Hourly outputs over one year from a physical numerical model for a coastal region in the German Bight are used as the low-resolution input and high-resolution ground truth for the network. The results show that the network effectively reconstructs sea surface height and current in the region to a resolution of hundreds of meters with a scale factor of 16 or even 64, and accurately traces the moving sea surface and shorelines. The global mean absolute error and root mean square error for the sea surface height are found to be less than 0.03 m and 0.07 m, respectively, and for the current less than 0.03 m/s and 0.05 m/s, respectively. These values are around ten times smaller than those obtained from interpolation methods including nearest neighbor, bilinear and bicubic. The network also effectively replicates the distribution of high-resolution data. The errors in the reconstructed time average, 1st percentile and 99th percentile are significantly smaller than those from interpolation methods, especially for the current. These results highlight the ability of the network to downscale sea surface height and currents in regions with complex shorelines, and have implications for downscaling other coastal fields and shoreline tracking.},
note = {Online available at: \url{https://doi.org/10.1016/j.apor.2024.104153} (DOI). Yuan, B.; Jacob, B.; Chen, W.; Staneva, J.: Downscaling sea surface height and currents in coastal regions using convolutional neural network. Applied Ocean Research. 2024. vol. 151, 104153. DOI: 10.1016/j.apor.2024.104153}}
@misc{chen_whatif_naturebased_2024, 
author={Chen, W.,Staneva, J.,Jacob, B.,Sánchez-Artús, X.,Wurpts, A.},
title={What-if nature-based storm buffers on mitigating coastal erosion},
year={2024},
howpublished = {journal article},
doi = {https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2024.172247},
abstract = {Creating ecosystem buffers in intertidal zones, such as seagrass meadows, has gained increasing attention as a nature-based solution for mitigating storm-driven coastal erosion. This study presents what-if scenarios using an integrated model framework to determine the effectiveness and strategies for planting seagrass to reduce coastal erosion. The framework comprises two levels of simulation packages. The first level is a regional-scale coupled hydrodynamic model that simulates the processes of a specific storm and provides boundary forces for the morphodynamic model XBeach to apply at the next level, which simulates nearshore morphological evolution. The framework is applied to the open coast of Norderney in the German Bight of the North Sea. We demonstrate that optimising the location and size of seagrass meadows is crucial to increase the efficiency of onshore sediment erosion mitigation. For a specific depth range, depending on the storm's intensity, the most significant reduction in erosion may not be achieved by starting the meadow at the depth that permits the largest meadow size. To maintain a significant coastal protection effect, seagrass density and stem height should be considered together, ensuring erosion reduction by at least 80 % compared to the unprotected coast. This study provides valuable insights for the design and implementation of seagrass transplantation as a nature-based solution, highlighting the importance of considering location, size, density, and stem height when using seagrass meadows for coastal protection.},
note = {Online available at: \url{https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2024.172247} (DOI). Chen, W.; Staneva, J.; Jacob, B.; Sánchez-Artús, X.; Wurpts, A.: What-if nature-based storm buffers on mitigating coastal erosion. Science of the Total Environment. 2024. vol. 928, 172247. DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2024.172247}}
@misc{omstedt_the_baltexbaltic_2024, 
author={Omstedt, A.,von Storch, H.},
title={The BALTEX/Baltic Earth program: Excursions and returns},
year={2024},
howpublished = {journal article},
doi = {https://doi.org/10.1016/j.oceano.2023.06.001},
abstract = {The Baltic Sea Experiment (BALTEX) started in 1993 as part of the Global Energy and Water Cycle Experiment (GEWEX). It was later organized into three programs: BALTEX I, BALTEX II, and Baltic Earth. Here, we examine in a brief overview the overall BALTEX achievements, including program goals, risks encountered during the research journey, and knowledge development when finalizing the programs. During three decades of climate and environmental studies of the Baltic Basin within the BALTEX/Baltic Earth programs, significant steps have been taken towards improved scientifically constructed knowledge and efforts to disseminate this knowledge to neighboring sciences and the public. These programs have illustrated the need to actively navigate the European research arena while remaining an independent science network. The well-organized International Baltic Earth Secretariat and many dedicated scientists made the research excursions safe and successful. The learning process relates to improved knowledge of the dynamics of the atmosphere–ocean–land climate system in the Baltic Sea region, the cycling of carbon and other substances, the region's anthropogenic climate and environmental changes, and how global warming and regional human activities can be detected outside natural variability.},
note = {Online available at: \url{https://doi.org/10.1016/j.oceano.2023.06.001} (DOI). Omstedt, A.; von Storch, H.: The BALTEX/Baltic Earth program: Excursions and returns. Oceanologia. 2024. vol. 65, no. 1, 1-8. DOI: 10.1016/j.oceano.2023.06.001}}
@misc{benincasa_internal_and_2024, 
author={Benincasa, R.,Liguori, G.,Pinardi, N.,von Storch, H.},
title={Internal and forced ocean variability in the Mediterranean Sea},
year={2024},
howpublished = {journal article},
doi = {https://doi.org/10.5194/os-20-1003-2024},
abstract = {Two types of variability are discernible in the ocean: a response to the atmospheric forcing and the so-called internal/intrinsic ocean variability, which is associated with internal instabilities, nonlinearities, and the interactions between processes at different scales. Producing an ensemble of 20 multiyear ocean simulations of the Mediterranean Sea, initialized with different realistic initial conditions but using the same atmospheric forcing, the study examines the intrinsic variability in terms of its spatial distribution and seasonality. In general, the importance of the external forcing decreases with depth but dominates in extended shelves such as the Adriatic Sea and the Gulf of Gabes. In the case of temperature, the atmospheric forcing plays a major role in the uppermost 50 m of the water column during summer and the uppermost 100 m during winter. Additionally, intrinsic variability displays a distinct seasonal cycle in the surface layers, with a prominent maximum at around 30 m depth during the summer connected to the summer thermocline formation processes. Concerning current velocity, the internal variability has a significant influence at all depths.},
note = {Online available at: \url{https://doi.org/10.5194/os-20-1003-2024} (DOI). Benincasa, R.; Liguori, G.; Pinardi, N.; von Storch, H.: Internal and forced ocean variability in the Mediterranean Sea. Ocean Science. 2024. vol. 20, no. 4, 1003-1012. DOI: 10.5194/os-20-1003-2024}}
@misc{thissen_climate_change_2024, 
author={Thissen, L.,Greskowiak, J.,Gaslikova, L.,Massmann, G.},
title={Climate change impact on barrier island freshwater lenses and their transition zones: a multi-parameter study.},
year={2024},
howpublished = {journal article},
doi = {https://doi.org/10.1007/s10040-024-02800-3},
abstract = {Freshwater lenses and their freshwater–saltwater transition zones are affected by climate change. Both sea-level rise and groundwater recharge influence freshwater volume and transition zone thickness. This study used a semi-generic approach to investigate climate change effects on freshwater lenses: a hypothetical island cross-section was combined with real-world boundary conditions. Sea-level projections including tides and storm surges, annual mean sea-level rise data, and monthly recharge projections of several climate models of the German barrier island Norderney in the North Sea were used to evaluate changes in freshwater lens and transition zone size between 1971–2000 and 2071–2100. Firstly, impacts of sea-level and recharge boundary conditions were investigated on islands of different widths. Secondly, a multi-parameter study was conducted focussing on variations of several relevant hydrogeological parameters. Results showed that it is very likely but not certain that freshwater lens volume and depth will decrease and transition zone thickness increase as a consequence of climate change. Model predictions revealed a strong dependency on the employed climate models and to a lesser extent on the hydrogeological parameters, at least for the parameter ranges used in this study. Of all hydrogeological parameters tested, the largest effects were caused by the hydraulic conductivity and its anisotropy. Furthermore, the study showed that boundary conditions have larger impacts on smaller islands. These results illustrate the importance of using projections from climate models in a sufficiently high resolution. Furthermore, their uncertainties and changes in variability of boundary conditions should be considered in studies about climate change impacts on freshwater lenses.},
note = {Online available at: \url{https://doi.org/10.1007/s10040-024-02800-3} (DOI). Thissen, L.; Greskowiak, J.; Gaslikova, L.; Massmann, G.: Climate change impact on barrier island freshwater lenses and their transition zones: a multi-parameter study.. Hydrogeology Journal. 2024. DOI: 10.1007/s10040-024-02800-3}}
@misc{bernier_storm_surges_2024, 
author={Bernier, N.B.,Hemer, M.,Mori, N.,Appendini, C.M.,Breivik, O.,de Camargo, R.,Casas-Prat, M.,Duong, T.M.,Haigh, I.D.,Howard, T.,Hernaman, V.,Huizy, O.,Irish, J.L.,Kirezci, E.,Kohno, N.,Lee, J.W.,McInnes, K.L.,Meyer, E.M.I.,Marcos, M.,Marsooli, R.,Martin Oliva, A.,Menendez, M.,Moghimi, S.,Muis, S.,Polton, J.A.,Pringle, W.J.,Ranasinghe, R.,Saillour, T.,Smith, G.,Tadesse, M.G.,Swail, V.,Tomoya, S.,Voukouvalas, E.,Wahl, T.,Wang, P.,Weisse, R.,Westerink, J.J.,Young, I.,Zhang, Y.J.},
title={Storm Surges and Extreme Sea Levels: Review, Establishment of Model Intercomparison and Coordination of Surge Climate Projection Efforts (SurgeMIP)},
year={2024},
howpublished = {journal article},
doi = {https://doi.org/10.1016/j.wace.2024.100689},
abstract = {Coastal flood damage is primarily the result of extreme sea levels. Climate change is expected to drive an increase in these extremes. While proper estimation of changes in storm surges is essential to estimate changes in extreme sea levels, there remains low confidence in future trends of surge contribution to extreme sea levels. Alerting local populations of imminent extreme sea levels is also critical to protecting coastal populations. Both predicting and projecting extreme sea levels require reliable numerical prediction systems. The SurgeMIP (surge model intercomparison) community has been established to tackle such challenges. Efforts to intercompare storm surge prediction systems and coordinate the community's prediction and projection efforts are introduced. An overview of past and recent advances in storm surge science such as physical processes to consider and the recent development of global forecasting systems are briefly introduced. Selected historical events and drivers behind fast increasing service and knowledge requirements for emergency response to adaptation considerations are also discussed. The community's initial plans and recent progress are introduced. These include the establishment of an intercomparison project, the identification of research and development gaps, and the introduction of efforts to coordinate projections that span multiple climate scenarios.},
note = {Online available at: \url{https://doi.org/10.1016/j.wace.2024.100689} (DOI). Bernier, N.; Hemer, M.; Mori, N.; Appendini, C.; Breivik, O.; de Camargo, R.; Casas-Prat, M.; Duong, T.; Haigh, I.; Howard, T.; Hernaman, V.; Huizy, O.; Irish, J.; Kirezci, E.; Kohno, N.; Lee, J.; McInnes, K.; Meyer, E.; Marcos, M.; Marsooli, R.; Martin Oliva, A.; Menendez, M.; Moghimi, S.; Muis, S.; Polton, J.; Pringle, W.; Ranasinghe, R.; Saillour, T.; Smith, G.; Tadesse, M.; Swail, V.; Tomoya, S.; Voukouvalas, E.; Wahl, T.; Wang, P.; Weisse, R.; Westerink, J.; Young, I.; Zhang, Y.: Storm Surges and Extreme Sea Levels: Review, Establishment of Model Intercomparison and Coordination of Surge Climate Projection Efforts (SurgeMIP). Weather and Climate Extremes. 2024. vol. 45, 100689. DOI: 10.1016/j.wace.2024.100689}}
@misc{mehra_editorial_impact_2024, 
author={Mehra, A.,Staneva, J.,Kim, H.S.,Joseph, S.,Glenn, S.},
title={Editorial: Impact of Oceans on Extreme Weather Events (Tropical Cyclones)},
year={2024},
howpublished = {journal article},
doi = {https://doi.org/10.3389/fmars.2024.1428063},
abstract = {In the last decade, extreme Weather Events (Tropical Cyclones) have caused significant damage to global coastlines as the climate continues to change and both the world population and economic activity near the coasts continue to increase. The World Climate Research Programme’s Grand Challenge on Weather and Climate Extremes has highlighted the need for reliable predictions of weather extremes, including Tropical Cyclones in all oceanic basins. The challenge ahead is for the research community to make progress in model improvements, data assimilation, observations, and design of observing systems in light of the most pressing needs from the end user community for improved forecast information on extreme events which impact these coastlines. This Research Topic highlights some of recent progress made by the research community in model improvements, data assimilation, machine learning methods and use of physical and biogeochemical marine observations for an enhanced understanding of impact of extreme weather events (tropical cyclones, marine heat waves) in oceanic basins across the globe.},
note = {Online available at: \url{https://doi.org/10.3389/fmars.2024.1428063} (DOI). Mehra, A.; Staneva, J.; Kim, H.; Joseph, S.; Glenn, S.: Editorial: Impact of Oceans on Extreme Weather Events (Tropical Cyclones). Frontiers in Marine Science. 2024. vol. 11, 1428063. DOI: 10.3389/fmars.2024.1428063}}
@misc{garciaarevalo_mercury_accumulation_2024, 
author={Garcia-Arevalo, I.,Bérard, J.B.,Bieser, J.,Le Facheur, S.,Clarisse, H.,Lacourt, T.,Bastien, T.,Cossa, D.,Knoery, J.},
title={Mercury accumulation pathways in a model marine microalgae: sorption, uptake and partition kinetics},
year={2024},
howpublished = {journal article},
doi = {https://doi.org/10.1021/acsestwater.3c00795},
abstract = {The accumulation of dissolved mercury (Hg) by phytoplankton is the largest concentration step along aquatic food chains. However, the cell uptake mechanisms remain unclear. In this study, the marine haptophyteTisochrysis lutea, a model phytoplankton species, was examined for its interactions with picomolar levels of dissolved inorganic divalent Hg (iHg) and monomethyl Hg (MMHg). For both these Hg species, the study observed their successive sorption and internalization over time, yielding Hg partition coefficients as well as sorption, uptake, and release rates. These results were integrated into a time-dependent, three-compartment model for marine cellular Hg accumulation that included exposure medium, phycosphere, and internalized mercury. Assuming equilibria and pseudo-first-order kinetics between compartments, this study obtained transfer rates of Hg between compartments. The results provide insight into the phycosphere as an intermediate compartment for Hg species accumulation and quantify its role in the internalization of Hg. Ultimately, the new model and its parametrization were successfully applied to literature data showing Hg cellular accumulation in different groups of marine phytoplankton, lending confidence in its robustness and potential contributions to help model the uptake of Hg in the aquatic food web.},
note = {Online available at: \url{https://doi.org/10.1021/acsestwater.3c00795} (DOI). Garcia-Arevalo, I.; Bérard, J.; Bieser, J.; Le Facheur, S.; Clarisse, H.; Lacourt, T.; Bastien, T.; Cossa, D.; Knoery, J.: Mercury accumulation pathways in a model marine microalgae: sorption, uptake and partition kinetics. ACS ES & T Water. 2024. vol. 4, no. 7, 2826–2835. DOI: 10.1021/acsestwater.3c00795}}
@misc{matte_how_to_2024, 
author={Matte, D.,Christensen, J.H.,Drews, M.,Sobolowski, S.,Paquin, D.,Lynch, A.,Bremer, S.,Engholm, I.,Brunet, N.D.,Kolstad, E.W.,Kettleborough, H.,Thompson, V.,Bevacqua, E.,Heinrich, D.,Pryor, S.C.,Böhnisch, A.,Feser, F.,Prein, A.F.,Fischer, E.,Leduc, M.},
title={How to engage and adapt to unprecedented extremes},
year={2024},
howpublished = {journal article},
doi = {https://doi.org/10.1175/BAMS-D-24-0138.1},
abstract = {Facing the urgent challenge of extreme weather and climate-related events, our societal frameworks for “resilience” and “adaptation” are proving to be insufficient. This paper introduces the “Exploring Unprecedented Extremes” workshop, which was convened to elucidate the research gap in light of such challenges. The workshop tackled a broad spectrum of issues, ranging from assessing out-of-sample climatic events that defy traditional modeling approaches to enhancing the communication of risks and likelihoods associated with such unprecedented events.},
note = {Online available at: \url{https://doi.org/10.1175/BAMS-D-24-0138.1} (DOI). Matte, D.; Christensen, J.; Drews, M.; Sobolowski, S.; Paquin, D.; Lynch, A.; Bremer, S.; Engholm, I.; Brunet, N.; Kolstad, E.; Kettleborough, H.; Thompson, V.; Bevacqua, E.; Heinrich, D.; Pryor, S.; Böhnisch, A.; Feser, F.; Prein, A.; Fischer, E.; Leduc, M.: How to engage and adapt to unprecedented extremes. Bulletin of the American Meteorological Society. 2024. vol. 105, no. 8, E1407–E1415. DOI: 10.1175/BAMS-D-24-0138.1}}
@misc{villacastrilln_relative_dispersion_2024, 
author={Villa Castrillón, L.,Ricker, M.,Staneva, J.,Meyerjürgens, J.,Badewien, T.H.,Stanev, E.V.},
title={Relative dispersion and relative diffusivities in an ocean-wave coupled model of the North Sea},
year={2024},
howpublished = {journal article},
doi = {https://doi.org/10.1007/s10236-024-01619-6},
abstract = {The study analyzes the impact of various wave-induced processes on relative dispersion and diffusivities in the North Sea using OpenDrift, a Lagrangian particle-drift model driven by a fully coupled NEMO-WAM model. The coupled model parameterizations include sea state-dependent momentum flux, energy flux, and wave-induced mixing. The study demonstrates that Eulerian currents, influenced by the interaction between the ocean and wave models, significantly enhance particle transport. Experiments conducted using drifter clusters obtained during an RV Heincke excursion further confirm the impact of wind-wave coupling. The analysis includes a comparison of results from experiments with and without wave coupling. The impact of diffusion in the Lagrangian model on relative dispersion is investigated, with the conclusion that diffusion is essential for achieving precise simulations. Furthermore, the incorporation of wind-wave-driven mixing parameters, including sea state-dependent momentum flux, energy flux, and wave-induced mixing, into the hydrodynamic model leads to elevated levels of relative dispersion and diffusivity.},
note = {Online available at: \url{https://doi.org/10.1007/s10236-024-01619-6} (DOI). Villa Castrillón, L.; Ricker, M.; Staneva, J.; Meyerjürgens, J.; Badewien, T.; Stanev, E.: Relative dispersion and relative diffusivities in an ocean-wave coupled model of the North Sea. Ocean Dynamics. 2024. vol. 74, 555-567. DOI: 10.1007/s10236-024-01619-6}}
@misc{ratter_risikoregion_hinter_2024, 
author={Ratter, B.,Wessels, A.,Bormann, H.,Weisse, R.},
title={Risikoregion hinter den Deichen: Umgang mit Extremereignisbündeln als transdisziplinäre Herausforderung an der Küste},
year={2024},
howpublished = {journal article},
abstract = {Der Umgang mit Wasser an der niedersächsischen Nordseeküste ist kein neues Problem. Seit Jahrhunderten bestimmt der Kampf gegen Sturmfluten das Leben der Bewohner in der Küstenregion (Allemeyer, 2006). Verheerende Sturmflutereignisse seit dem Mittelalter haben zu einem funktionstüchtigen Küstenschutz in Form einer geschlossenen Deichlinie geführt. Zudem tragt ein ausgeklügeltes System zur Entwässerung, bestehend aus Drainagekanälen, Sielen, Schleusen und Schöpfwerken, dazu bei, diese Gebiete auch jenseits von Warften besiedelbar und landwirtschaftlich nutzbar zu halten (Ratter & Schaper, 2019). Das erfolgreiche Verhindern weiterer Katastrophen in den letzten sechs Dekaden haben das Vertrauen in den behördlichen Küstenschutz gestärkt (Gonzalez-Riancho et al., 2017).},
note = {Online available at: \url{} (DOI). Ratter, B.; Wessels, A.; Bormann, H.; Weisse, R.: Risikoregion hinter den Deichen: Umgang mit Extremereignisbündeln als transdisziplinäre Herausforderung an der Küste. RaumPlanung. 2024. vol. 227, no. 3/4, 46-53.}}
@misc{bormann_modelbased_assessment_2024, 
author={Bormann, H.,Kebschull, J.,Gaslikova, L.,Weisse, R.},
title={Model-Based Assessment of Climate Change Impact on Inland Flood Risk at the German North Sea Coast Caused by Compounding Storm Tide and Precipitation Events},
year={2024},
howpublished = {journal article},
doi = {https://doi.org/10.5194/nhess-24-2559-2024},
abstract = {In addition to storm tides, inland flooding due to intense rainfall has become an increasing threat at coastal lowlands. In particular, the coincidence of both types of events poses great challenges to regional water boards since their technical drainage capacities are limited. In this study, we analysed historical data and scenario-based simulations for gauge Knock near Emden at the German North Sea coast. The evaluation of observed inland flood events shows that mainly moderate storm tide series in combination with large-scale, intense precipitation led to an overload of inland drainage systems, whereas the highest individual storm tides or precipitation events alone could be handled well. Proactive risk management requires climate projections for the future. Therefore, a hydrological and a hydrodynamic ocean model were set up and driven by the same climate simulations to estimate future drainage system overloads. The evaluation of the simulations for the control period of two climate models confirms that the models can reproduce the generation mechanism of the compound events. The coincidence of storm tides and precipitation leads to the highest drainage system overloads, while system overload is also caused by intense rainfall events alone rather than by storm tides without intense precipitation. Scenario projections based on two climate models and two emission scenarios suggest that the intensity of compound events of rainfall and storm tides will increase consistently against the background of mean sea level rise for all investigated climate projections, while simulated system overload is higher for the RCP8.5 scenario compared to the RCP2.6 scenario. Comparable to the past, future compound events will cause more potential damage compared to single extreme events. The model results indicate an increasing frequency and intensity of inland drainage system overloads along the North Sea coast if timely adaptation measures are not taken.},
note = {Online available at: \url{https://doi.org/10.5194/nhess-24-2559-2024} (DOI). Bormann, H.; Kebschull, J.; Gaslikova, L.; Weisse, R.: Model-Based Assessment of Climate Change Impact on Inland Flood Risk at the German North Sea Coast Caused by Compounding Storm Tide and Precipitation Events. Natural Hazards and Earth System Sciences. 2024. vol. 24, no. 7, 2559-2576. DOI: 10.5194/nhess-24-2559-2024}}
@misc{teutsch_seegangsbetrachtung_zum_2024, 
author={Teutsch, I.,Groll, N.},
title={Seegangsbetrachtung zum Untergang der MS “MELANIE SCHULTE” im Jahr 1952},
year={2024},
howpublished = {journal article},
doi = {https://doi.org/10.18171/1.093104},
abstract = {Der Mehrzweckfrachter MELANIE SCHULTE ist im Dezember 1952 gesunken. Die Ursache für den Unfall ist noch immer ungeklärt. Wir untersuchen, ob außergewöhnliche Seegangsbedingungen als Grund für den Unfall in Frage kommen. Zur Klärung dieser Frage wird zunächst das Seegangsfeld im Zeitraum des Unfalls mit Hilfe des Wellenmodells WAM bestimmt und mit einem Gutachten des Seewetteramtes von 1953 verglichen, das die Wetter- und Seegangsverhältnisse zur Zeit des Unfalls beschreibt. Weiterhin wird mit Hilfe der Seegangsstatistik analysiert, auf welche Wellenhöhen die MELANIE SCHULTE im Extremfall getroffen sein könnte. Die Analyse zeigt, dass die Seegangsbedingungen zur Zeit des Unfalls zwar schwer, jedoch für die Jahreszeit nicht ungewöhnlich waren. Allerdings könnten extreme Einzelwellen, ungünstige Wellenlängen oder resonantes Rollen zu einer Beschädigung, zum Kentern oder gar zum Auseinanderbrechen des Schiffes geführt haben.},
note = {Online available at: \url{https://doi.org/10.18171/1.093104} (DOI). Teutsch, I.; Groll, N.: Seegangsbetrachtung zum Untergang der MS “MELANIE SCHULTE” im Jahr 1952. Die Kueste. 2024. vol. 93, DOI: 10.18171/1.093104}}
@misc{grayek_added_value_2023, 
author={Grayek, S.,Wiese, A.,Ho-Hagemann, H.T.M.,Staneva, J.},
title={Added Value of Including Waves into a Coupled Atmosphere-Ocean Model System within the North Sea Area},
year={2023},
howpublished = {journal article},
doi = {https://doi.org/10.3389/fmars.2023.1104027},
abstract = {In this study, the effects of fully coupling the atmosphere, waves, and ocean compared with two-way-coupled simulations of either atmosphere and waves or atmosphere and ocean are analyzed. Two-year-long simulations (2017 and 2018) are conducted using the atmosphere–ocean–wave (AOW) coupled system consisting of the atmosphere model CCLM, the wave model WAM, and the ocean model NEMO. Furthermore, simulations with either CCLM and WAM or CCLM and NEMO are done in order to estimate the impacts of including waves or the ocean into the system. For the North Sea area, it is assessed whether the influence of the coupling of waves and ocean on the atmosphere varies throughout the year and whether the waves or the ocean have the dominant effect on the atmospheric model. It is found that the effects of adding the waves into the system already consisting of atmosphere and ocean model or adding the ocean to the system of atmosphere and wave model vary throughout the year. Which component has a dominant effect and whether the effects enhance or diminish each other depends on the season and variable considered. For the wind speed, during the storm season, adding the waves has the dominant effect on the atmosphere, whereas during summer, adding the ocean has a larger impact. In summer, the waves and the ocean have similar influences on mean sea level pressure (MSLP). However, during the winter months, they have the opposite effect. For the air temperature at 2 m height (T_2m), adding the ocean impacts the atmosphere all year around, whereas adding the waves mainly influences the atmosphere during summer. This influence, however, is not a straight feedback by the waves to the atmosphere, but the waves affect the ocean surface temperature, which then also feedbacks to the atmosphere. Therefore, in this study we identified a season where the atmosphere is affected by the interaction between the waves and the ocean. Hence, in the AOW-coupled simulation with all three components involved, processes can be represented that uncoupled models or model systems consisting of only two models cannot depict.},
note = {Online available at: \url{https://doi.org/10.3389/fmars.2023.1104027} (DOI). Grayek, S.; Wiese, A.; Ho-Hagemann, H.; Staneva, J.: Added Value of Including Waves into a Coupled Atmosphere-Ocean Model System within the North Sea Area. Frontiers in Marine Science. 2023. vol. 10, 1104027. DOI: 10.3389/fmars.2023.1104027}}
@misc{khn_adding_to_2023, 
author={Kühn, B.,Kempf, A.,Brunel, T.,Cole, H.,Mathis, M.,Sys, K.,Trijoulet, V.,Vermard, Y.,Taylor, M.},
title={Adding to the mix – challenges of mixed fisheries management in the North Sea under climate change and technical interactions},
year={2023},
howpublished = {journal article},
doi = {https://doi.org/10.1111/fme.12629},
abstract = {Technical interactions (multiple fleets fishing multiple species with various gears, as either target or bycatch), bycatch regulations through a landing obligation, and biological and economic effects of climate change, affecting fisheries yield and profits, provide a challenge for demersal mixed fisheries of the North Sea. A multi-stock, multi-fleet, bioeconomic model was used to understand management options under these combined influences. Scenarios considered climate change effects on recruitment of three main gadoid stocks (cod – Gadus morhua, saithe – Pollachius virens, whiting – Merlangius merlangus), possible future developments of fuel and fish prices, and strict implementation of a landing obligation. The latter leads to decreased yield and profits in the short term due to increased choke effects, mainly of North Sea cod, being influenced by climate-induced productivity changes. Allowing fishing above FMSY, but within sustainable limits, or limiting year-to-year quota changes, could help buffer initial losses at the expense of decreased profits in the mid- to long-term. Economic performance of individual fleets was linked to their main target's stock status, cost structure, and fuel and fish prices. The results highlight a need to consider both biological and economic consequences of climate change in the management of mixed fisheries.},
note = {Online available at: \url{https://doi.org/10.1111/fme.12629} (DOI). Kühn, B.; Kempf, A.; Brunel, T.; Cole, H.; Mathis, M.; Sys, K.; Trijoulet, V.; Vermard, Y.; Taylor, M.: Adding to the mix – challenges of mixed fisheries management in the North Sea under climate change and technical interactions. Fisheries Management and Ecology. 2023. vol. 30, no. 4, 360-377. DOI: 10.1111/fme.12629}}
@misc{meyerjrgens_sources_pathways_2023, 
author={Meyerjürgens, J.,Ricker, M.,Aden, C.,Albinus, M.,Barrelet, J.,Freund, H.,Hahner, F.,Lettmann, K.A.,Mose, I.,Schaal, P.,Schöneich-Argent, R.I.,Stanev, E.V.,Wolff, J.O.,Zielinski, O.,Badewien, T.H.},
title={Sources, pathways, and abatement strategies of macroplastic pollution: an interdisciplinary approach for the southern North Sea},
year={2023},
howpublished = {journal article},
doi = {https://doi.org/10.3389/fmars.2023.1148714},
abstract = {The issue of marine plastic pollution has been extensively studied by various scientific disciplines in recent decades due to its global threat. However, owing to its complexity, it requires an interdisciplinary approach to develop effective management strategies. The multidisciplinary scientific approach presented here focuses on understanding the sources and pathways of macroplastic litter and developing abatement strategies in the southern North Sea region. Over 2.5 years, more than 63,400 biodegradable wooden drifters were deployed with the help of citizen science to study the sources, pathways, and accumulation areas of floating marine litter. Rivers act as sinks of most of the floating marine litter released within their waterways. Short-term field experiments were also conducted to analyse the hydrodynamic and atmospheric processes that govern the transport of floating litter particles at the sea surface. Numerical models were used to examine the transport of virtual litter particles in the entire North Sea and in coastal regions. It was found that there are no permanent accumulation areas in the North Sea, and the Skagerrak and fronts can increase the residence times of floating marine litter and favour sinking. Field surveys revealed that the majority of litter objects originate from fisheries and consumer waste. To develop effective abatement strategies, the key stakeholder landscape was analysed on a regional level. The interdisciplinary approach developed in this study highlights the importance of synergizing scientific resources from multiple disciplines for a better understanding of marine plastic pollution and the development of effective management strategies.},
note = {Online available at: \url{https://doi.org/10.3389/fmars.2023.1148714} (DOI). Meyerjürgens, J.; Ricker, M.; Aden, C.; Albinus, M.; Barrelet, J.; Freund, H.; Hahner, F.; Lettmann, K.; Mose, I.; Schaal, P.; Schöneich-Argent, R.; Stanev, E.; Wolff, J.; Zielinski, O.; Badewien, T.: Sources, pathways, and abatement strategies of macroplastic pollution: an interdisciplinary approach for the southern North Sea. Frontiers in Marine Science. 2023. vol. 10, 1148714. DOI: 10.3389/fmars.2023.1148714}}
@misc{pein_a_framework_2023, 
author={Pein, J.,Staneva, J.,Mayer, B.,Palmer, M.D.,Schrum, C.},
title={A framework for estuarine future sea level scenarios: Response of the industrialised Elbe estuary to projected mean sea level rise and internal variability},
year={2023},
howpublished = {journal article},
doi = {https://doi.org/10.3389/fmars.2023.1102485},
abstract = {In this study, we apply probabilistic estimates of mean sea level (MSL) rise and a sub-set of regional climate model ensemble simulations to force a numerical model of the southern North Sea, downscaling projected sea level variability to the Elbe estuary that serves as a prototype for an industrialised meso-tidal estuary. The specific forcing combination enables a localised projection of future estuarine hydrodynamics accounting for the spread of projected global sea level rise and the spread of the regional climate projection due to internal variability. Under the applied high-emission scenario, the Elbe estuary shows high decadal rates of mean water level (MWL) rise beyond 19 mm y-1, increase in the tidal range of up to 14 mm y-1 and increase in extreme water levels of up to 18 mm y-1. The bandwidth of the estuarine response is also high. For example, the range of average monthly extreme water levels is up to 0.57 m due to the spread of projected global sea level rise, up to 0.58 m due to internal variability whereas seasonal range attains 1.99 m locally. In the lower estuary, the spread of projected global sea level rise dominates over internal variability. Internal variability, represented by ensemble spread, notably impacts the range of estuarine water levels and tidal current asymmetry in the shallow upper estuary. This area demonstrates large seasonal fluctuations of MWLs, the M2 tidal amplitude and monthly extreme water levels. On the monthly and inter-annual time scales, the MWL and M2 amplitude reveal opposite trends, indicative of a locally non-linear response to the decadal MSL rise enforced at the open boundary. Overall, imposed by the climate projections decadal change and MSL rise enhance the horizontal currents and turbulent diffusivities whereas internal variability locally mitigates sea level rise–driven changes in the water column. This work establishes a framework for providing consistent regionalised scenario-based climate change projections for the estuarine environment to support sustainable adaptation development.},
note = {Online available at: \url{https://doi.org/10.3389/fmars.2023.1102485} (DOI). Pein, J.; Staneva, J.; Mayer, B.; Palmer, M.; Schrum, C.: A framework for estuarine future sea level scenarios: Response of the industrialised Elbe estuary to projected mean sea level rise and internal variability. Frontiers in Marine Science. 2023. vol. 10, 1102485. DOI: 10.3389/fmars.2023.1102485}}
@misc{bieser_the_3d_2023, 
author={Bieser, J.,Amptmeijer, D.J.,Daewel, U.,Kuss, J.,Soerensen, A.L.,Schrum, C.},
title={The 3D biogeochemical marine mercury cycling model MERCY v2.0 – linking atmospheric Hg to methylmercury in fish},
year={2023},
howpublished = {journal article},
doi = {https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-16-2649-2023},
abstract = {Mercury (Hg) is a pollutant of global concern. Due to anthropogenic emissions, the atmospheric and surface ocean Hg burden has increased substantially since preindustrial times. Hg emitted into the atmosphere gets transported on a global scale and ultimately reaches the oceans. There it is transformed into highly toxic methylmercury (MeHg) that effectively accumulates in the food web. The international community has recognized this serious threat to human health and in 2017 regulated Hg use and emissions under the UN Minamata Convention on Mercury. Currently, the first effectiveness evaluation of the Minamata Convention is being prepared, and, in addition to observations, models play a major role in understanding environmental Hg pathways and in predicting the impact of policy decisions and external drivers (e.g., climate, emission, and land-use change) on Hg pollution. Yet, the available model capabilities are mainly limited to atmospheric models covering the Hg cycle from emission to deposition. With the presented model MERCY v2.0 we want to contribute to the currently ongoing effort to improve our understanding of Hg and MeHg transport, transformation, and bioaccumulation in the marine environment with the ultimate goal of linking anthropogenic Hg releases to MeHg in seafood. Here, we present the equations and parameters implemented in the MERCY model and evaluate the model performance for two European shelf seas, the North and Baltic seas. With the model evaluation, we want to establish a set of general quality criteria that can be used for evaluation of marine Hg models. The evaluation is based on statistical criteria developed for the performance evaluation of atmospheric chemistry transport models. We show that the MERCY model can reproduce observed average concentrations of individual Hg species in water (normalized mean bias: HgT 17 %, Hg0 2 %, MeHg −28 %) in the two regions mentioned above. Moreover, it is able to reproduce the observed seasonality and spatial patterns. We find that the model error for HgT(aq) is mainly driven by the limitations of the physical model setup in the coastal zone and the availability of data on Hg loads in major rivers. In addition, the model error in calculating vertical mixing and stratification contributes to the total HgT model error. For the vertical transport we find that the widely used particle partitioning coefficient for organic matter of log(kd)=5.4 is too low for the coastal systems. For Hg0 the model performance is at a level where further model improvements will be difficult to achieve. For MeHg, our understanding of the processes controlling methylation and demethylation is still quite limited. While the model can reproduce average MeHg concentrations, this lack of understanding hampers our ability to reproduce the observed value range. Finally, we evaluate Hg and MeHg concentrations in biota and show that modeled values are within the range of observed levels of accumulation in phytoplankton, zooplankton, and fish. The model performance demonstrates the feasibility of developing marine Hg models with similar predictive capability to established atmospheric chemistry transport models. Our findings also highlight important knowledge gaps in the dynamics controlling methylation and bioaccumulation that, if closed, could lead to important improvements of the model performance.},
note = {Online available at: \url{https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-16-2649-2023} (DOI). Bieser, J.; Amptmeijer, D.; Daewel, U.; Kuss, J.; Soerensen, A.; Schrum, C.: The 3D biogeochemical marine mercury cycling model MERCY v2.0 – linking atmospheric Hg to methylmercury in fish. Geoscientific Model Development. 2023. vol. 16, no. 9, 2649-2688. DOI: 10.5194/gmd-16-2649-2023}}
@misc{hosseini_longitudinal_and_2023, 
author={Hosseini, S.T.,Stanev, E.,Pein, J.,Valle-Levinson, A.,Schrum, C.},
title={Longitudinal and Lateral Circulation and Tidal Impacts in Salt-Plug Estuaries},
year={2023},
howpublished = {journal article},
doi = {https://doi.org/10.3389/fmars.2023.1152625},
abstract = {This study presents a comparison of forcings between density gradient and tides in idealized funnel-shaped salt-plug estuaries. Three-dimensional numerical model results also examine longitudinal and lateral circulations. In salt-plug estuaries, a positive longitudinal estuarine circulation is observed landward of a salinity maximum zone or salt plug. Seaward of the salt plug, the estuary shows an inverse circulation cell. The longitudinal flows show a fortnightly variability inside the salt plug. Also, the salt plug is saltier in spring tides than in neap tidal cycles mainly owing to higher landward salt transport by tidal advection during the spring tides. The lateral circulation and divergence dv/dy have the influence of Coriolis acceleration. In the absence of Earth’s rotation, the tidally averaged lateral circulations have nearly the same directions within the positive and inverse cells. Directions of lateral flow reverse in the salt-plug area. Inside this area, the lateral circulation also shows clear neap–spring variability, including downwelling cells during spring tides and upwelling in neap tides. The salinity maximum zone exhibits a vertically homogeneous condition particularly in meso-tidal salt-plug estuaries. Finally, this study introduces the threshold of “log(tidal Froude number)=3” (tidal forcing 3 orders of magnitude ≥ density gradients) for salt-plug estuaries as the condition under which the tidal forcing can overcome the density gradient, and consequently salinity inside the salt plug zone is reinforced by tides with a landward movement. This robust salinity maximum zone is also identified by a high Ekman number (log(Ekman number)>0.25).},
note = {Online available at: \url{https://doi.org/10.3389/fmars.2023.1152625} (DOI). Hosseini, S.; Stanev, E.; Pein, J.; Valle-Levinson, A.; Schrum, C.: Longitudinal and Lateral Circulation and Tidal Impacts in Salt-Plug Estuaries. Frontiers in Marine Science. 2023. vol. 10, 1152625. DOI: 10.3389/fmars.2023.1152625}}
@misc{chen_subtidal_secondary_2023, 
author={Chen, W.,Jacob, B.,Valle-Levinson, A.,Stanev, E.,Staneva, J.,Badewien, T.H.},
title={Subtidal secondary circulation induced by eddy viscosity-velocity shear covariance in a predominantly well-mixed tidal inlet},
year={2023},
howpublished = {journal article},
doi = {https://doi.org/10.3389/fmars.2023.1105626},
abstract = {The secondary circulation in a predominantly well-mixed estuarine tidal inlet is examined with three-dimensional numerical simulations of the currents and density field in the German Bight. Simulations analyze two complete neap and spring tidal cycles, inspired by cross-section measurements in the tidal inlet, with a focus on subtidal time scales. The study scrutinizes the lateral momentum balance and quantifies the individual forces that drive the residual flow on the cross-section. Forces (per unit mass) from the covariance between eddy viscosity and tidal vertical shear (ESCO) play a role in the lateral momentum budget. During neap tide, the ESCO-driven flow is weak. Accelerations driven by advection dominate the subtidal secondary circulation, which shows an anti-clockwise rotation. During spring tide, the ESCO acceleration, together with the baroclinicity and centrifugal acceleration, drives a clockwise circulation (looking seaward). This structure counteracts the advection-induced flow, leading to the reversal of the secondary circulation. The decomposition of the lateral ESCO term contributors reveals that the difference in ESCO between neap and spring tides is attributed to the change in the vertical structure of lateral tidal currents, which are maximum near the bottom in spring tide. The findings highlight the role of the tidally varying vertical shears in the ESCO mechanism.},
note = {Online available at: \url{https://doi.org/10.3389/fmars.2023.1105626} (DOI). Chen, W.; Jacob, B.; Valle-Levinson, A.; Stanev, E.; Staneva, J.; Badewien, T.: Subtidal secondary circulation induced by eddy viscosity-velocity shear covariance in a predominantly well-mixed tidal inlet. Frontiers in Marine Science. 2023. vol. 10, 1105626. DOI: 10.3389/fmars.2023.1105626}}
@misc{christiansen_the_largescale_2023, 
author={Christiansen, N.,Carpenter, J.R.,Daewel, U.,Suzuki, N.,Schrum, C.},
title={The large-scale impact of anthropogenic mixing by offshore wind turbine foundations in the shallow North Sea},
year={2023},
howpublished = {journal article},
doi = {https://doi.org/10.3389/fmars.2023.1178330},
abstract = {Structure drag from offshore wind turbines and its physical impacts on the marine environment of the German Bight are investigated in this study. The flow past vertical cylinders, such as wind turbine foundations, and associated turbulent mixing has long been studied, but questions remain about anticipated regional implications of offshore wind infrastructure on physical and biogeochemical conditions. Here, we present two existing modeling approaches for simulating wind turbine foundation effects in regional ocean models and discuss the problematic use of very high resolution in hydrostatic modeling. By implementing a low-resolution structure drag parameterization in an unstructured-grid model, we demonstrate the impacts of monopile drag on hydrodynamic conditions, validated against recent in-situ measurements. Although the anthropogenic mixing is confined at wind farm sites, our simulations show that structure-induced mixing affects much larger, regional scales. The additional turbulence production emerges as the driving mechanism behind the monopile impacts, leading to changes in both the current velocities and stratification, with magnitudes of about 10%, similar in magnitude to regional annual and interannual variabilities. This study provides new insights into the hydrodynamic impact of offshore wind farms at their current development levels and emphasizes the need for further research in view of potential restructuring of the future coastal environment.},
note = {Online available at: \url{https://doi.org/10.3389/fmars.2023.1178330} (DOI). Christiansen, N.; Carpenter, J.; Daewel, U.; Suzuki, N.; Schrum, C.: The large-scale impact of anthropogenic mixing by offshore wind turbine foundations in the shallow North Sea. Frontiers in Marine Science. 2023. vol. 10, 1178330. DOI: 10.3389/fmars.2023.1178330}}
@misc{tim_the_impact_2023, 
author={Tim, N.,Zorita, E.,Hünicke, B.,Ivanciu, I.},
title={The impact of the Agulhas Current system on precipitation in southern Africa in regional climate simulations covering the recent past and future},
year={2023},
howpublished = {journal article},
doi = {https://doi.org/10.5194/wcd-4-381-2023},
abstract = {The southern African climate is strongly impacted by climate change. Precipitation is a key variable in this region, as it is linked to agriculture and water supply. Simulations with a regional atmospheric model over the past decades and the 21st century display a decrease in the past precipitation over some coastal areas of South Africa and an increase over the rest of southern Africa. However, precipitation is projected to decrease over the whole southern part of the domain in the future. This study shows that the Agulhas Current system, including the current and the leakage, which surrounds the continent in the east and south, impacts this precipitation trend. A reduction in the strength of the Agulhas Current is linked to a reduction in precipitation along the southeast coast. The Agulhas leakage, the part of the Agulhas Current that leaves the system and flows into the South Atlantic, impacts winter precipitation in the southwest of the continent. A more intense Agulhas leakage is linked to a reduction in precipitation in this region.},
note = {Online available at: \url{https://doi.org/10.5194/wcd-4-381-2023} (DOI). Tim, N.; Zorita, E.; Hünicke, B.; Ivanciu, I.: The impact of the Agulhas Current system on precipitation in southern Africa in regional climate simulations covering the recent past and future. Weather and Climate Dynamics. 2023. vol. 4, no. 2, 381-397. DOI: 10.5194/wcd-4-381-2023}}
@misc{tian_sea_surface_2023, 
author={Tian, D.,Zhang, H.,Wang, S.,Zhang, W.,Sun, X.,Zhou, Y.,Zheng, G.,Jiang, H.,Yang, S.,Zhou, F.},
title={Sea Surface Wind Structure in the Outer Region of Tropical Cyclones Observed by Wave Gliders},
year={2023},
howpublished = {journal article},
doi = {https://doi.org/10.1029/2022JD037235},
abstract = {Understanding the sea surface wind structure during tropical cyclones (TCs) is the key for study of ocean response and parameterization of air-sea surface in numerical simulation. However, field observations are scarce. In 2019, three wave gliders were deployed in the South China Sea and the adjacent Western Pacific region, which acquired sea surface wind structure of eight TCs. Analysis of the field data suggests that the wave glider-observed surface winds are consistent with most analysis/reanalysis data (i.e., ERA5, Cross-Calibrated Multi-Platform, and National Centers for Environmental Prediction-Global Data Assimilation System) and Soil Moisture Active Passive. Both wave glider observations and analysis/reanalysis data indicate that TC wind fields induce an obvious increase in speed toward the sea surface together with a sharp change in direction, showing an asymmetric wind structure which is sensitive to TC translation speed and intensity. Larger mean values of wind speed and inflow angle are located on the right side along TC tracks. The inflow angle shows a highly dynamic dependence on the radial distance from the TC center, the TC intensity, as well as the TC-relative azimuth. Comparisons between field observations and theoretical models indicate that the most widely used, ideal TC wind profile models can largely represent the observed sea surface wind structure, but generally underestimate the wind speed due to lack of consideration of background wind. Moreover, simple ideal models (e.g., the modified Rankine vortex model) may outperform complex models when accurate information of TCs is limited. Wave glider observations have potential for better understanding of air-sea exchanges and for improvements of the corresponding parameterization schemes.},
note = {Online available at: \url{https://doi.org/10.1029/2022JD037235} (DOI). Tian, D.; Zhang, H.; Wang, S.; Zhang, W.; Sun, X.; Zhou, Y.; Zheng, G.; Jiang, H.; Yang, S.; Zhou, F.: Sea Surface Wind Structure in the Outer Region of Tropical Cyclones Observed by Wave Gliders. Journal of Geophysical Research : Atmospheres. 2023. vol. 128, no. 3, e2022JD037235. DOI: 10.1029/2022JD037235}}
@misc{lehmann_alkalinity_responses_2023, 
author={Lehmann, N.,Stacke, T.,Lehmann, S.,Lantuit, H.,Gosse, J.,Mears, C.,Hartmann, J.,Thomas, H.},
title={Alkalinity responses to climate warming destabilise the Earth´s thermostat},
year={2023},
howpublished = {journal article},
doi = {https://doi.org/10.1038/s41467-023-37165-w},
abstract = {Alkalinity generation from rock weathering modulates Earth’s climate at geological time scales. Although lithology is thought to dominantly control alkalinity generation globally, the role of other first-order controls appears elusive. Particularly challenging remains the discrimination of climatic and erosional influences. Based on global observations, here we uncover the role of erosion rate in governing riverine alkalinity, accompanied by areal proportion of carbonate, mean annual temperature, catchment area, and soil regolith thickness. We show that the weathering flux to the ocean will be significantly altered by climate warming as early as 2100, by up to 68% depending on the environmental conditions, constituting a sudden feedback of ocean CO2 sequestration to climate. Interestingly, warming under a low-emissions scenario will reduce terrestrial alkalinity flux from mid-latitudes (–1.6 t(bicarbonate) a−1 km−2) until the end of the century, resulting in a reduction in CO2 sequestration, but an increase (+0.5 t(bicarbonate) a−1 km−2) from mid-latitudes is likely under a high-emissions scenario, yielding an additional CO2 sink.},
note = {Online available at: \url{https://doi.org/10.1038/s41467-023-37165-w} (DOI). Lehmann, N.; Stacke, T.; Lehmann, S.; Lantuit, H.; Gosse, J.; Mears, C.; Hartmann, J.; Thomas, H.: Alkalinity responses to climate warming destabilise the Earth´s thermostat. Nature Communications. 2023. vol. 14, 1648. DOI: 10.1038/s41467-023-37165-w}}
@misc{wilckens_factors_controlling_2023, 
author={Wilckens, H.,Schwenk, T.,Lüdmann, T.,Betzler, C.,Zhang, W.,Chen, J.,Hernández-Molina, F.,Lefebvre, A.,Cattaneo, A.,Spieß, V.,Miramontes, E.},
title={Factors controlling the morphology and internal sediment architecture of moats and their associated contourite drifts},
year={2023},
howpublished = {journal article},
doi = {https://doi.org/10.1111/sed.13093},
abstract = {The interaction of sedimentary systems with oceanographic processes in deep-water environments is not well understood yet, despite its importance for palaeoenvironmental reconstructions, and for a full understanding of source-to-sink sediment transport. The aim of this study is to improve the understanding of how contourite moats, elongated depressions formed by bottom currents associated with contourite drifts, develop and of the link between moat-drift system morphology and bottom current dynamics. This study provides a systematic comparison of 185 cross-sections of moat-drift systems distributed at 39 different locations worldwide, and a detailed analysis of the morphology of six moats that cover a wide range of typical geological and hydrodynamic settings. Additionally, in situ measured current data were analysed to better link hydrodynamics to moat morphology. The median of all profiles across all moat-drift systems reveals a 50 m relief, a width of 2.3 km, a relief to width ratio of 0.022, a slope angle of 6°, a drift angle of 3° and a concave-up shaped morphology. Moats can be over 100 km long. Some moats are driven by sediment erosion while others are depositional and primarily exist due to differential sedimentation inside the moat compared to the drift alongside the moat. A new sub-classification of moat-drift systems based on their stratigraphy is proposed. This classification distinguishes moats depending on the degree of erosion versus deposition. No relation is found between latitude and moat-drift morphology or stratigraphy in the analysed examples. The combined data indicate that a steeper slope focuses the current more than a gentle slope, resulting in an increase of the relief-width ratio and drift angle. Thus, this study provides new insides into the interaction of ocean currents with sedimentary morphology, which thereby affects the evolution of a poorly understood deepwater sedimentary system.},
note = {Online available at: \url{https://doi.org/10.1111/sed.13093} (DOI). Wilckens, H.; Schwenk, T.; Lüdmann, T.; Betzler, C.; Zhang, W.; Chen, J.; Hernández-Molina, F.; Lefebvre, A.; Cattaneo, A.; Spieß, V.; Miramontes, E.: Factors controlling the morphology and internal sediment architecture of moats and their associated contourite drifts. Sedimentology. 2023. vol. 70, no. 5, 1472-1495. DOI: 10.1111/sed.13093}}
@misc{xu_how_do_2023, 
author={Xu, Y.,Zhou, F.,Meng, Q.,Zeng, D.,Yan, T.,Zhang, W.},
title={How do topography and thermal front influence the water transport from the northern Laotieshan Channel to the Bohai Sea interior in summer?},
year={2023},
howpublished = {journal article},
doi = {https://doi.org/10.1016/j.dsr2.2023.105261},
abstract = {Water renewal through the Bohai Strait largely dominates the water quality of the semi-enclosed Bohai Sea (BS), which connects only to the northern Yellow Sea (NYS) through the strait. Although the peak water transport through the Bohai Strait occurs in summer, the spatially averaged water residence time of the BS shows no significant decrease compared to other periods. A three-dimensional model is applied to unravel the detailed structure and dynamic processes of the summertime NYS water transport from the northern Laotieshan Channel to the BS interior. Model results from both climatological and hindcasting cases show that despite a large amount of the NYS water enters the strait, they are confined to the Laotieshan Channel between the Central Bank and Dalian surrounded by a strong Ω-shaped tidal front and could not move further north into the Liaodong Bay. The strong along-front flow steered by the topography forms a counter-clockwise circulation pattern in the strait zone, resulting in most of water southward movement east of the Central Bank, then join the outflow south of the strait and leave for the NYS. The Central Bank and the topographic sill north of the Laotieshan Channel act as a barrier that significantly reduces the water exchange between the strait zone and the BS interior, in particular the Liaodong Bay. Particle-tracking experiments suggest that less than 10% of particles released in the NYS could finally reach the BS interior, and among of them only a small portion of them could move further north into the Liaodong Bay. Momentum diagnostics suggest that the water transport northwest of the strait is dominated by geostrophic balance in the Ω-shaped frontal region. Sensitivity experiments indicate that tides promote the surface water transport from the NYS to the BS interior. The realistic wind forcing including synoptic events may facilitate the water transport from the strait to the BS interior by modulating the barotropic and baroclinic pressure gradient than that with the climatological wind case.},
note = {Online available at: \url{https://doi.org/10.1016/j.dsr2.2023.105261} (DOI). Xu, Y.; Zhou, F.; Meng, Q.; Zeng, D.; Yan, T.; Zhang, W.: How do topography and thermal front influence the water transport from the northern Laotieshan Channel to the Bohai Sea interior in summer?. Deep-Sea Research Part II. 2023. vol. 208, 105261. DOI: 10.1016/j.dsr2.2023.105261}}
@misc{wahle_detecting_anomalous_2023, 
author={Wahle, K.,Stanev, E.,Staneva, J.},
title={Detecting anomalous sea-level states in North Sea tide gauge data using an autoassociative neural network},
year={2023},
howpublished = {journal article},
doi = {https://doi.org/10.5194/nhess-23-415-2023},
abstract = {The sea level in the North Sea is densely monitored by tide gauges. The data they provide can be used to solve different scientific and practical problems, including the validation of numerical models and the detection of extreme events. This study focuses on the detection of sea-level states with anomalous spatial correlations using autoassociative neural networks (AANNs), trained with different sets of observation- and model-based data. Such sea-level configurations are related to nonlinear ocean dynamics; therefore, neural networks appear to be the right candidate for their identification. The proposed network can be used to accurately detect such anomalies and localize them. We demonstrate that the atmospheric conditions under which anomalous sea-level states occur are characterized by high wind tendencies and pressure anomalies. The results show the potential of AANNs for accurately detecting the occurrence of such events. We show that the method works with AANNs trained on tide gauge records as well as with AANN trained with model-based sea surface height outputs. The latter can be used to enhance the representation of anomalous sea-level events in ocean models. Quantitative analysis of such states may help assess and improve numerical model quality in the future as well as provide new insights into the nonlinear processes involved. This method has the advantage of being easily applicable to any tide gauge array without preprocessing the data or acquiring any additional information.},
note = {Online available at: \url{https://doi.org/10.5194/nhess-23-415-2023} (DOI). Wahle, K.; Stanev, E.; Staneva, J.: Detecting anomalous sea-level states in North Sea tide gauge data using an autoassociative neural network. Natural Hazards and Earth System Sciences. 2023. vol. 23, no. 2, 415-428. DOI: 10.5194/nhess-23-415-2023}}
@misc{ma_impacts_of_2023, 
author={Ma, M.,Zhang, W.,Chen, W.,Deng, J.,Schrum, C.},
title={Impacts of morphological change and sea-level rise on stratification in the Pearl River Estuary},
year={2023},
howpublished = {journal article},
doi = {https://doi.org/10.3389/fmars.2023.1072080},
abstract = {The Pearl River Delta (PRD), where several megacities are located, has undergone drastic morphological changes caused by anthropogenic impact during the past few decades. In its main estuary, the water area has been reduced by 21% whilst the average water depth has increased by 2.24 m from 1970s to 2010s. The mainly human-induced morphological change together with sea level rise has jointly led to a remarkable change in the water stratification. However, the spatial and temporal variability of stratification in the estuary and associated driving mechanisms remain less understood. In this study, stratification in the Pearl River Estuary (PRE) in response to morphological change and external forcing is investigated by 3-dimensional numerical modeling. Simulation results indicate that stratification in the PRE exhibits distinct spatial and temporal variabilities. At a tidal-to-monthly time scale, variation of stratification is mainly driven by advection and straining through tidal forcing. At a monthly-to-seasonal scale, monsoon-driven river runoff and associated plume and fronts dominate the variation of stratification. Human-induced morphological change leads to an enhancement of stratification by up to four times in the PRE. Compared to an overwhelming human impact in the past few decades, future sea level rise would further enhance stratification, but to a much lesser extent than past human impacts. In addition, stratification in different areas of the estuary also responds differently to the driving factors. The western shoal of the estuary is most sensitive to changes in morphology and sea level due to its shallowness, followed by the channels and other parts of the estuary, which are less sensitive.},
note = {Online available at: \url{https://doi.org/10.3389/fmars.2023.1072080} (DOI). Ma, M.; Zhang, W.; Chen, W.; Deng, J.; Schrum, C.: Impacts of morphological change and sea-level rise on stratification in the Pearl River Estuary. Frontiers in Marine Science. 2023. vol. 10, 1072080. DOI: 10.3389/fmars.2023.1072080}}
@misc{vonstorch_brief_communication_2023, 
author={von Storch, H.},
title={Brief communication: Climate science as a social process – history, climatic determinism, Mertonian norms and post-normality},
year={2023},
howpublished = {journal article},
doi = {https://doi.org/10.5194/npg-30-31-2023},
abstract = {For ages, the topic of climate – in the sense of “usual weather” – has in the western tradition attracted attention as a possible explanatory factor for differences in societies and in human behavior. Climate, and its purported impact on society, is an integrated element in western thinking and perception.,In this essay, the history of ideas about the climatic impact on humans and society and the emergence of the ideology of climatic determinism are sketched from the viewpoint of a natural scientist. This ideology favored the perception of westerners being superior to the people in the rest of the world, giving legitimacy to colonialism.,In modern times, when natural sciences instituted self-critical processes (repeatability, falsification) and norms (such as the Mertonian norms named CUDOS), the traditional host for climate issues, namely, geography, lost its grip, and physics took over. This “scientification” of climate science led to a more systematic, critical and rigorous approach of building and testing hypotheses and concepts. This gain in methodical rigor, however, went along with the loss of understanding that climate is hardly a key explanatory factor for societal differences and developments. Consequently, large segments of the field tacitly and unknowingly began reviving the abandoned concept of climatic determinism.,Climate science finds itself in a “post-normal” condition, which leads to a frequent dominance of political utility over methodical rigor.},
note = {Online available at: \url{https://doi.org/10.5194/npg-30-31-2023} (DOI). von Storch, H.: Brief communication: Climate science as a social process – history, climatic determinism, Mertonian norms and post-normality. Nonlinear Processes in Geophysics. 2023. vol. 30, no. 1, 31-36. DOI: 10.5194/npg-30-31-2023}}
@misc{liu_causes_for_2023, 
author={Liu, X.,Köhl, A.,Stammer, D.},
title={Causes for Atlantic Freshwater Content Variability in the GECCO3 Ocean Synthesis},
year={2023},
howpublished = {journal article},
doi = {https://doi.org/10.1029/2022JC018796},
abstract = {Regional freshwater content (FWC) changes are studied over the period 1961–2018 using the GECCO3 ocean synthesis. In four dynamically distinct regions of the Atlantic, the study identifies causes for FWC variability with a focus on interannual and decadal time-scale changes. Results show that in each region, it is a combination of the surface freshwater flux and the net freshwater transport across the region's boundaries that act jointly in changing the respective FWC. Surface flux mainly contributes to the FWC variability on multi-decadal time scales. The impact of surface flux also increases toward the tropics. On shorter time scales, it is especially horizontal transport fluctuations, leading to FWC changes in mid and high latitudes. Going from north to the south, the transport across a single meridional boundary becomes less correlated with the FWC changes but the net transport across both boundaries plays an increasingly important role. Moreover, the subpolar box is mainly gyre driven, which differs from the other two, essentially overturning driven, North Atlantic boxes. In the tropical Atlantic, the shallow overturning cell and the deep overturning contribute about equal amounts to the freshwater variations.},
note = {Online available at: \url{https://doi.org/10.1029/2022JC018796} (DOI). Liu, X.; Köhl, A.; Stammer, D.: Causes for Atlantic Freshwater Content Variability in the GECCO3 Ocean Synthesis. Journal of Geophysical Research : Oceans. 2023. vol. 128, no. 1, e2022JC018796. DOI: 10.1029/2022JC018796}}
@misc{vonstorch_perceptions_of_2023, 
author={von Storch, H.},
title={Perceptions of an endangered Baltic Sea},
year={2023},
howpublished = {journal article},
doi = {https://doi.org/10.1016/j.oceano.2021.08.005},
abstract = {In a series of ad-hoc surveys at different academic institutions in the Baltic Sea region, students and young scholars were asked about their views about the environmental issues of the Baltic Sea, and who would be responsible for the management of the Baltic Sea. Overfishing, climate change and waste were considered the most significant issues, while tourism and constructions (of bridges, etc.) were less often recognized as severe. The responsibility for the management of the Baltic Sea was mostly attributed to the European Union or to the respective national governments.,Since climate is one of these issues, one question has dealt with the main task of climate science. It turns out that the most frequent assertion was not the genuine scientific task of generating knowledge about the dynamics of the system. Instead, the task of solving the problem and, equally often, supporting climate activism was favored.,The results are not representative – neither for the separate surveys, nor for the selection of the sites of surveying. However, when taken all surveys together, the emergence of consistent perceptions may be considered evidence for a general attitude among students and young scholars in the Baltic regions. However, differences between groups – in terms of nationality, seniority and discipline - may be related to sampling randomness.},
note = {Online available at: \url{https://doi.org/10.1016/j.oceano.2021.08.005} (DOI). von Storch, H.: Perceptions of an endangered Baltic Sea. Oceanologia. 2023. vol. 65, no. 1, 44-49. DOI: 10.1016/j.oceano.2021.08.005}}
@misc{porz_natural_and_2023, 
author={Porz, L.,Zhang, W.,Schrum, C.},
title={Natural and anthropogenic influences on the development of mud depocenters in the southwestern Baltic Sea},
year={2023},
howpublished = {journal article},
doi = {https://doi.org/10.1016/j.oceano.2022.03.005},
abstract = {The morphological evolution of two mud depocenters in the southwestern Baltic Sea is investigated by comparison of numerical model results to geological and oceanographic data. The pathways of dense currents during episodic dense-water inflows from the North Sea are shown to correspond to current pathways inferred from contouritic depositional geometries in the flow-confining channels within the study area. A favorable comparison of model results to published current speed observations shows that the mesoscale dynamics of individual inflow events are reproduced by the model, indicating that external forcing and basin geometry rather than internal dynamics control the mesoscale dynamics of inflow events. The bottom current directions during inflows show high stability in the flow-confining channels and explain the contouritic depositional geometries. Asymmetric depositional features in the channels are qualitatively reproduced in the model. Bottom currents are less stable in areas without contouritic features, possibly resulting in an overall diffusive effect on sediment distribution in those areas. In a simulation of resuspension by bottom-contacting fishing gear, inter-basin sediment transport is increased by 4–30%, depending on the area, compared to the case of natural hydrodynamic resuspension. The model predicts an increased winnowing of the finest sediment fraction due to bottom trawling, leading to an overall coarsening-to-fining trend in the direction of net sediment transport. The results show that rather than hemi-pelagic background sedimentation, episodic events with high bottom current velocities as well as bottom-trawling induced resuspension are responsible for the present-day and future morphological configuration of the mud depocenters in the southwestern Baltic Sea.},
note = {Online available at: \url{https://doi.org/10.1016/j.oceano.2022.03.005} (DOI). Porz, L.; Zhang, W.; Schrum, C.: Natural and anthropogenic influences on the development of mud depocenters in the southwestern Baltic Sea. Oceanologia. 2023. vol. 65, no. 1, 182-193. DOI: 10.1016/j.oceano.2022.03.005}}
@misc{heinrich_compound_flood_2023, 
author={Heinrich, P.,Hagemann, S.,Weisse, R.,Schrum, C.,Daewel, U.,Gaslikova, L.},
title={Compound flood events: analysing the joint occurrence of extreme river discharge events and storm surges in northern and central Europe},
year={2023},
howpublished = {journal article},
doi = {https://doi.org/10.5194/nhess-23-1967-2023},
abstract = {The simultaneous occurrence of extreme events gained more and more attention from scientific research in the last couple of years. Compared to the occurrence of single extreme events, co-occurring or compound extremes may substantially increase risks. To adequately address such risks, improving our understanding of compound flood events in Europe is necessary and requires reliable estimates of their probability of occurrence together with potential future changes. In this study compound flood events in northern and central Europe were studied using a Monte Carlo-based approach that avoids the use of copulas. Second, we investigate if the number of observed compound extreme events is within the expected range of 2 standard deviations of randomly occurring compound events. This includes variations of several parameters to test the stability of the identified patterns. Finally, we analyse if the observed compound extreme events had a common large-scale meteorological driver. The results of our investigation show that rivers along the west-facing coasts of Europe experienced a higher amount of compound flood events than expected by pure chance. In these regions, the vast majority of the observed compound flood events seem to be related to the cyclonic westerly general weather pattern (Großwetterlage).},
note = {Online available at: \url{https://doi.org/10.5194/nhess-23-1967-2023} (DOI). Heinrich, P.; Hagemann, S.; Weisse, R.; Schrum, C.; Daewel, U.; Gaslikova, L.: Compound flood events: analysing the joint occurrence of extreme river discharge events and storm surges in northern and central Europe. Natural Hazards and Earth System Sciences. 2023. vol. 23, no. 5, 1967-1985. DOI: 10.5194/nhess-23-1967-2023}}
@misc{teutsch_rogue_waves_2023, 
author={Teutsch, I.,Weisse, R.},
title={Rogue Waves in the Southern North Sea-The Role of Modulational Instability},
year={2023},
howpublished = {journal article},
doi = {https://doi.org/10.1175/JPO-D-22-0059.1},
abstract = {The role of the modulational instability for rogue wave generation in the ocean is still under debate. We investigated a continuous data set, consisting of buoy and radar wave elevation data of different frequency resolutions, from eight measurement stations in the southern North Sea. For periods with rogue waves, we evaluated the presence of conditions for the modulational instability to work, that is, a narrow-banded wave spectrum in both, frequency and angular direction. We found rogue waves exceeding twice the significant wave height indeed to occur at slightly lower frequency bandwidths than usual. For rogue waves that are defined only by high crests, this was, however, not the case. The results were dependent on the measurement frequency. The directional spreading of the buoy spectra yielded no information on the presence of a rogue wave. In general, all spectra estimated from the data set were found to be broad in frequency and angular direction, while the Benjamin–Feir index yielded no indication on a high nonlinearity of the sea states. These are unfavorable conditions for the evolution of a rogue wave through modulational instability. We conclude that the modulational instability did not play a substantial role in the formation of the rogue waves identified in our data set from the southern North Sea.},
note = {Online available at: \url{https://doi.org/10.1175/JPO-D-22-0059.1} (DOI). Teutsch, I.; Weisse, R.: Rogue Waves in the Southern North Sea-The Role of Modulational Instability. Journal of Physical Oceanography. 2023. vol. 53, no. 1, 269-286. DOI: 10.1175/JPO-D-22-0059.1}}
@misc{she_fitforpurpose_information_2023, 
author={She, J.,Blauw, A.,Laakso, L.,Mourre, B.,Schulz-Stellenfleth, J.,Wehde, H.},
title={Fit-for-Purpose Information for Offshore Wind Farming Applications Part-I: Identification of Needs and Solutions.},
year={2023},
howpublished = {journal article},
doi = {https://doi.org/10.3390/jmse11081630},
abstract = {The rapid expansion of offshore wind farms (OWFs) in European seas is accompanied by many challenges, including efficient and safe operation and maintenance, environmental protection, and biodiversity conservation. Effective decision-making for industry and environmental agencies relies on timely, multi-disciplinary marine data to assess the current state and predict the future state of the marine system. Due to high connectivity in space (land–estuarial–coastal sea), socioeconomic (multi-sectoral and cross-board), and environmental and ecological processes in sea areas containing OWFs, marine observations should be fit for purpose in relation to multiple OWF applications. This study represents an effort to map the major observation requirements (Part-I), identify observation gaps, and recommend solutions to fill those gaps (Part-II) in order to address multi-dimension challenges for the OWF industry. In Part-I, six targeted areas are selected, including OWF operation and maintenance, protection of submarine cables, wake and lee effects, transport and security, contamination, and ecological impact assessments. For each application area, key information products are identified, and integrated modeling–monitoring solutions for generating the information products are proposed based on current state-of-the-art methods. The observation requirements for these solutions, in terms of variables and spatial and temporal sampling needs, are therefore identified.},
note = {Online available at: \url{https://doi.org/10.3390/jmse11081630} (DOI). She, J.; Blauw, A.; Laakso, L.; Mourre, B.; Schulz-Stellenfleth, J.; Wehde, H.: Fit-for-Purpose Information for Offshore Wind Farming Applications Part-I: Identification of Needs and Solutions.. Journal of Marine Science and Engineering. 2023. vol. 11, no. 8, 1630. DOI: 10.3390/jmse11081630}}
@misc{teutsch_contribution_of_2023, 
author={Teutsch, I.,Brühl, M.,Weisse, R.,Wahls, S.},
title={Contribution of solitons to enhanced rogue wave occurrence in shallow depths: a case study in the southern North Sea},
year={2023},
howpublished = {journal article},
doi = {https://doi.org/10.5194/nhess-23-2053-2023},
abstract = {The shallow waters off the coast of Norderney in the southern North Sea are characterised by a higher frequency of rogue wave occurrences than expected. Here, rogue waves refer to waves exceeding twice the significant wave height. The role of nonlinear processes in the generation of rogue waves at this location is currently unclear. Within the framework of the Korteweg–de Vries (KdV) equation, we investigated the discrete soliton spectra of measured time series at Norderney to determine differences between time series with and without rogue waves. For this purpose, we applied a nonlinear Fourier transform (NLFT) based on the Korteweg–de Vries equation with vanishing boundary conditions (vKdV-NLFT). At measurement sites where the propagation of waves can be described by the KdV equation, the solitons in the discrete nonlinear vKdV-NLFT spectrum correspond to physical solitons. We do not know whether this is the case at the considered measurement site. In this paper, we use the nonlinear spectrum to classify rogue wave and non-rogue wave time series. More specifically, we investigate if the discrete nonlinear spectra of measured time series with visible rogue waves differ from those without rogue waves. Whether or not the discrete part of the nonlinear spectrum corresponds to solitons with respect to the conditions at the measurement site is not relevant in this case, as we are not concerned with how these spectra change during propagation. For each time series containing a rogue wave, we were able to identify at least one soliton in the nonlinear spectrum that contributed to the occurrence of the rogue wave in that time series. The amplitudes of these solitons were found to be smaller than the crest height of the corresponding rogue wave, and interaction with the continuous wave spectrum is needed to fully explain the observed rogue wave. Time series with and without rogue waves showed different characteristic soliton spectra. In most of the spectra calculated from rogue wave time series, most of the solitons clustered around similar heights, but the largest soliton was outstanding, with an amplitude significantly larger than all other solitons. The presence of a clearly outstanding soliton in the spectrum was found to be an indicator pointing towards the enhanced probability of the occurrence of a rogue wave in the time series. Similarly, when the discrete spectrum appears as a cluster of solitons without the presence of a clearly outstanding soliton, the presence of a rogue wave in the observed time series is unlikely. These results suggest that soliton-like and nonlinear processes substantially contribute to the enhanced occurrence of rogue waves off Norderney.},
note = {Online available at: \url{https://doi.org/10.5194/nhess-23-2053-2023} (DOI). Teutsch, I.; Brühl, M.; Weisse, R.; Wahls, S.: Contribution of solitons to enhanced rogue wave occurrence in shallow depths: a case study in the southern North Sea. Natural Hazards and Earth System Sciences. 2023. vol. 23, no. 6, 2053-2073. DOI: 10.5194/nhess-23-2053-2023}}
@misc{essell_a_frequencyoptimised_2023, 
author={Essell, H.,Krusic, P.,Esper, J.,Wagner, S.,Braconnot, P.,Jungclaus, J.,Muschitiello, F.,Oppenheimer, C.,Büntgen, U.},
title={A frequency-optimised temperature record for the Holocene},
year={2023},
howpublished = {journal article},
doi = {https://doi.org/10.1088/1748-9326/ad0065},
abstract = {Existing global mean surface temperature reconstructions for the Holocene lack high-frequency variability that is essential for contextualising recent trends and extremes in the Earth's climate system. Here, we isolate and recombine archive-specific climate signals to generate a frequency-optimised record of interannual to multi-millennial temperature changes for the past 12 000 years. Average temperatures before ∼8000 years BP and after ∼4000 years BP were 0.26 (±2.84) °C and 0.07 (±2.11) °C cooler than the long-term mean (0–12 000 years BP), while the Holocene Climate Optimum ∼7000–4000 years BP was 0.40 (±1.86) °C warmer. Biased towards Northern Hemisphere summer temperatures, our multi-proxy record captures the spectral properties of transient Earth system model simulations for the same spatial and season domain. The new frequency-optimised trajectory emphasises the importance and complex interplay of natural climate forcing factors throughout the Holocene, with an approximation of the full range of past temperature changes providing novel insights for policymakers addressing the risks of recent anthropogenic warming.},
note = {Online available at: \url{https://doi.org/10.1088/1748-9326/ad0065} (DOI). Essell, H.; Krusic, P.; Esper, J.; Wagner, S.; Braconnot, P.; Jungclaus, J.; Muschitiello, F.; Oppenheimer, C.; Büntgen, U.: A frequency-optimised temperature record for the Holocene. Environmental Research Letters. 2023. vol. 18, no. 11, 114022. DOI: 10.1088/1748-9326/ad0065}}
@misc{schwarzkopf_future_ship_2023, 
author={Schwarzkopf, D.A.,Petrik, R.,Hahn, J.,Ntziachristos, L.,Matthias, V.,Quante, M.},
title={Future Ship Emission Scenarios with a Focus on Ammonia Fuel},
year={2023},
howpublished = {journal article},
doi = {https://doi.org/10.3390/atmos14050879},
abstract = {Current efforts by the International Maritime Organization (IMO) to decarbonize the shipping sector have gained momentum, although the exact path to achieve this goal is currently unclear. However, it can be safely assumed that alternative cleaner and zero-carbon fuels will be key components in the strategy. In this work, three ship emission scenarios for 2025, 2040, and 2050 were developed that cover the area of the North and Baltic Seas. They aim at a fundamental transition in the usage of marine fuels towards ammonia as the mainly used fuel in 2050, via an intermediate step in 2040 with liquefied natural gas as the main fuel. Additionally, expected trends and developments for the shipping sector were implemented, i.e., a fleet growth by vessel size and number. Efficiency improvements were included that are in accordance with the Energy Efficiency Design Index of the IMO. The scenarios were created using a novel method based on modifications to a virtual shipping fleet. The vessels in this fleet were subject to decommission and renewal cycles that adapt them to the scenario’s target year. Emissions for this renewed shipping fleet were calculated with the Modular Ship Emission Modeling System (MoSES). With respect to ammonia engine technology, two cases were considered. The first case deals with compression ignition engines and marine gas oil as pilot fuel, while the second case treats spark ignition engines and hydrogen as the pilot fuel. The first case is considered more feasible until 2050. Reductions with the first case in 2050 compared to 2015 were 40% for CO2 emissions. However, CO2 equivalents were only reduced by 22%, with the difference mainly resulting from increased N2O emissions. NOX emissions were reduced by 39%, and different PM components and SO2 were between 73% and 84% for the same target year. The estimated NH3 slip from ammonia-fueled ships in the North and Baltic Seas was calculated to be 930 Gg in 2050. For the second ammonia engine technology that is considered more advanced, emission reductions were generally stronger and ammonia emissions smaller.},
note = {Online available at: \url{https://doi.org/10.3390/atmos14050879} (DOI). Schwarzkopf, D.; Petrik, R.; Hahn, J.; Ntziachristos, L.; Matthias, V.; Quante, M.: Future Ship Emission Scenarios with a Focus on Ammonia Fuel. Atmosphere. 2023. vol. 14, no. 5, 879. DOI: 10.3390/atmos14050879}}
@misc{tafon_mainstreaming_coastally_2023, 
author={Tafon, R.,Armoskaite, A.,Gee, K.,Gilek, M.,Ikauniece, A.,Saunders, F.},
title={Mainstreaming coastally just and equitable marine spatial planning: Planner and stakeholder experiences and perspectives on participation in Latvia},
year={2023},
howpublished = {journal article},
doi = {https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ocecoaman.2023.106681},
abstract = {Community participation and influence are vitally important for meeting the multidimensional sustainability aims of marine spatial planning (MSP) and more specifically for procedural and distributive justice. While participation has received substantial research interest, we identify a need to: 1) develop equity-based principles for coastal community participation that can be used to assess and reform MSP practices; 2) generate rich empirical accounts of coastal community participation and representation linked to real-world MSP practices. Here we present the results of a study that synthesizes critical MSP and blue justice scholarship to develop principles and indicators of coastally equitable and just planning. Drawing on interviews with planners and stakeholders and analysis of planning and legal documents, these principles are used to assess participatory processes linked to Latvian MSP practices in the period 2015 to 2019. Our analysis shows that equitable and just MSP needs to be based on participation that is timely, inclusive, supportive & localized, collaborative, methodical and impactful. When applied to the Latvian case these six principles provide a comprehensive and versatile heuristic approach to assess participation in MSP. In the context of Latvian MSP practices, we revealed a fundamental challenge of maintaining inclusive and localized participation throughout the full planning cycle. To counteract the successive narrowing/hardening of participatory space our results indicate a need for continuously promoting diversity of voices and perspectives, opportunities for collaborative sense making, visioning and critique. This will help to bridge diverse MSP divides (e.g., between land and sea, between local, national, and global values and priorities, between science and local knowledge, and between blue growth, conservation, and justice goals). If applied more generally in research and as part of MSP evaluation an equity-based approach can promote the mainstreaming of coastally just and equitable MSP practices. Finally, considering contextual factors (e.g., history, culture, power, legislation) that shape participation and representation is crucial when applying the equity principles to a particular MSP setting to acknowledge and accommodate its particular characteristics and challenges.},
note = {Online available at: \url{https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ocecoaman.2023.106681} (DOI). Tafon, R.; Armoskaite, A.; Gee, K.; Gilek, M.; Ikauniece, A.; Saunders, F.: Mainstreaming coastally just and equitable marine spatial planning: Planner and stakeholder experiences and perspectives on participation in Latvia. Ocean and Coastal Management. 2023. vol. 242, 106681. DOI: 10.1016/j.ocecoaman.2023.106681}}
@misc{ciliberti_evaluation_of_2023, 
author={Ciliberti, S.A.,Alvarez Fanjul, E.,Pearlman, J.,Wilmer-Becker, K.,Bahurel, P.,Ardhuin, F.,Arnaud, A.,Bell, M.,Berthou, S.,Bertino, L.,Capet, A.,Chassignet, E.,Ciavatta, S.,Cirano, M.,Clementi, E.,Cossarini, G.,Coro, G.,Corney, S.,Davidson, F.,Drevillon, M.,Drillet, Y.,Dussurget, R.,El Serafy, G.,Fennel, K.,Garcia Sotillo, M.,Heimbach, P.,Hernandez, F.,Hogan, P.,Hoteit, I.,Joseph, S.,Josey, S.,Le Traon, P.Y.,Libralato, S.,Mancini, M.,Matte, P.,Melet, A.,Miyazawa, Y.,Moore, A.M.,Novellino, A.,Porter, A.,Regan, H.,Romero, L.,Schiller, A.,Siddorn, J.,Staneva, J.,Thomas-Courcoux, C.,Tonani, M.,Garcia-Valdecasas, J.M.,Veitch, J.,von Schuckmann, K.,Wan, L.,Wilkin, J.,Zufic, R.},
title={Evaluation of operational ocean forecasting systems from the perspective of the users and the experts},
year={2023},
howpublished = {journal article},
doi = {https://doi.org/10.5194/sp-1-osr7-2-2023},
note = {Online available at: \url{https://doi.org/10.5194/sp-1-osr7-2-2023} (DOI). Ciliberti, S.; Alvarez Fanjul, E.; Pearlman, J.; Wilmer-Becker, K.; Bahurel, P.; Ardhuin, F.; Arnaud, A.; Bell, M.; Berthou, S.; Bertino, L.; Capet, A.; Chassignet, E.; Ciavatta, S.; Cirano, M.; Clementi, E.; Cossarini, G.; Coro, G.; Corney, S.; Davidson, F.; Drevillon, M.; Drillet, Y.; Dussurget, R.; El Serafy, G.; Fennel, K.; Garcia Sotillo, M.; Heimbach, P.; Hernandez, F.; Hogan, P.; Hoteit, I.; Joseph, S.; Josey, S.; Le Traon, P.; Libralato, S.; Mancini, M.; Matte, P.; Melet, A.; Miyazawa, Y.; Moore, A.; Novellino, A.; Porter, A.; Regan, H.; Romero, L.; Schiller, A.; Siddorn, J.; Staneva, J.; Thomas-Courcoux, C.; Tonani, M.; Garcia-Valdecasas, J.; Veitch, J.; von Schuckmann, K.; Wan, L.; Wilkin, J.; Zufic, R.: Evaluation of operational ocean forecasting systems from the perspective of the users and the experts. State of the Planet. 2023. vol. 1-osr7; 2, DOI: 10.5194/sp-1-osr7-2-2023}}
@misc{laepple_regional_but_2023, 
author={Laepple, T.,Ziegler, E.,Weitzel, N.,Hébert, R.,Ellerhoff, B.,Schoch, P.,Martrat, B.,Bothe, O.,Moreno-Chamarro, E.,Chevalier, M.,Herbert, A.,Rehfeld, K.},
title={Regional but not global temperature variability underestimated by climate models at supradecadal timescales},
year={2023},
howpublished = {journal article},
doi = {https://doi.org/10.1038/s41561-023-01299-9},
abstract = {Knowledge of the characteristics of natural climate variability is vital when assessing the range of plausible future climate trajectories in the next decades to centuries. The reliable detection of climate fluctuations on multidecadal to centennial timescales depends on proxy reconstructions and model simulations, as the instrumental record extends back only a few decades in most parts of the world. Systematic comparisons between model-simulated and proxy-based inferences of natural variability, however, often seem contradictory. Locally, simulated temperature variability is consistently smaller on multidecadal and longer timescales than is indicated by proxy-based reconstructions, implying that climate models or proxy interpretations might have deficiencies. In contrast, at global scales, studies found agreement between simulated and proxy reconstructed temperature variations. Here we review the evidence regarding the scale of natural temperature variability during recent millennia. We identify systematic reconstruction deficiencies that may contribute to differing local and global model–proxy agreement but conclude that they are probably insufficient to resolve such discrepancies. Instead, we argue that regional climate variations persisted for longer timescales than climate models simulating past climate states are able to reproduce. This would imply an underestimation of the regional variability on multidecadal and longer timescales and would bias climate projections and attribution studies. Thus, efforts are needed to improve the simulation of natural variability in climate models accompanied by further refining proxy-based inferences of variability.},
note = {Online available at: \url{https://doi.org/10.1038/s41561-023-01299-9} (DOI). Laepple, T.; Ziegler, E.; Weitzel, N.; Hébert, R.; Ellerhoff, B.; Schoch, P.; Martrat, B.; Bothe, O.; Moreno-Chamarro, E.; Chevalier, M.; Herbert, A.; Rehfeld, K.: Regional but not global temperature variability underestimated by climate models at supradecadal timescales. Nature Geoscience. 2023. vol. 16, 958–966. DOI: 10.1038/s41561-023-01299-9}}
@misc{jordan_exploring_past_2023, 
author={Jordan, P.,Döring, M.,Fröhle, P.,Ratter, B.M.W.},
title={Exploring past and present dynamics of coastal protection as possible signposts for the future?},
year={2023},
howpublished = {journal article},
doi = {https://doi.org/10.1007/s11852-022-00921-z},
abstract = {Coastal protection comprises shoreline preservation and stabilisation as well as flood protection. Besides these technical aspects, coastal protection also represents a genuine social endeavour. Within this interplay of technical and social dimensions, planning and acting for the safety of people and assets along the coastline has become increasingly difficult for the responsible authorities. Within this context, Nature-based Solutions (NbS) for coastal protection offer a promising addition to and adaptation for existing protection measures such as dikes, sea walls or groynes. They bear the potential to adapt to shifting boundary conditions caused by climate change and cater the growing social call for sustainable solutions that benefit water, nature and people alike. This paper analyses, how NbS can fit into the entangled and historically grown system of coastal protection. As a paradigmatic example, the German islands of Amrum and Föhr were chosen. To contextualise the topic, a brief recap of the formation of these North Frisian Islands and their social history regarding coastal protection is given. This will be followed by a review of the relevant literature on the development of coastal protection on the two islands including its historical development. Using the theory of Social Representations (SRs), these historical insights are analytically contrasted with a synchronic snapshot gained from stakeholder interviews about the assessment of protective measures, and their anticipated future development with regard to the possible feasibility and implementation of NbS. This analysis reveals that, historically and synchronically seen, coastal protection on both islands is rather characterised by a dynamic rationale and the constant testing of and experimenting with different measures and concepts. However, well-established measures like diking or the construction of brushwood groynes for foreland creation are not being questioned while new approaches running against this rationale such as NbS are in many cases initially met with scepticism and doubt. Out of this follows that past and present dynamics in coastal protection play a vital role in planning. Hence, the implementation of NbS as signposts for the future requires an integrated and balanced interdisciplinary approach that considers the socio-technical dimensions of coastal protection for future coastal adaptation.},
note = {Online available at: \url{https://doi.org/10.1007/s11852-022-00921-z} (DOI). Jordan, P.; Döring, M.; Fröhle, P.; Ratter, B.: Exploring past and present dynamics of coastal protection as possible signposts for the future?. Journal of Coastal Conservation. 2023. vol. 27, 2. DOI: 10.1007/s11852-022-00921-z}}
@misc{elserafy_eurogoos_roadmap_2023, 
author={El Serafy, G.,Mészáros, L.,Fernández, V.,Capet, A.,She, J.,Sotillo, M.G.,Melet, A.,Legrand, S.,Mourre, B.,Campuzano, F.,Federico, I.,Guarnieri, A.,Rubio, A.,Dabrowski, T.,Umgiesser, G.,Staneva, J.,Ursella, L.,Pairaud, I.,Bruschi, A.,Frigstad, H.,Baetens, K.,Creach, V.,Charria, G.,Alvarez Fanjul, E.},
title={EuroGOOS roadmap for operational coastal downstream services},
year={2023},
howpublished = {journal article},
doi = {https://doi.org/10.3389/fmars.2023.1177615},
abstract = {The EuroGOOS Coastal working group examines the entire coastal value chain from coastal observations to services for coastal users. The main objective of the working group is to review the status quo, identify gaps and future steps needed to secure and improve the sustainability of the European coastal service provision. Within this framework, our white paper defines a EuroGOOS roadmap for sustained “community coastal downstream service” provision, provided by a broad EuroGOOS community with focus on the national and local scale services. After defining the coastal services in this context, we describe the main components of coastal service provision and explore community benefits and requirements through sectoral examples (aquaculture, coastal tourism, renewable energy, port, cross-sectoral) together with the main challenges and barriers to user uptake. Technology integration challenges are outlined with respect to multiparameter observations, multi-platform observations, the land-coast-ocean continuum, and multidisciplinary data integration. Finally, the technological, financial, and institutional sustainability of coastal observing and coastal service provision are discussed. The paper gives special attention to the delineation of upstream and downstream services, public-private partnerships and the important role of Copernicus in better covering the coastal zone. Therefore, our white paper is a policy and practice review providing a comprehensive overview, in-depth discussion and actionable recommendations (according to key short-term or medium-term priorities) on the envisaged elements of a roadmap for sustained coastal service provision. EuroGOOS, as an entity that unites European national operational oceanography centres, research institutes and scientists across various domains within the broader field of operational oceanography, offers to be the engine and intermediary for the knowledge transfer and communication of experiences, best practices and information, not only amongst its members, but also amongst the different (research) infrastructures, institutes and agencies that have interests in coastal oceanography in Europe.},
note = {Online available at: \url{https://doi.org/10.3389/fmars.2023.1177615} (DOI). El Serafy, G.; Mészáros, L.; Fernández, V.; Capet, A.; She, J.; Sotillo, M.; Melet, A.; Legrand, S.; Mourre, B.; Campuzano, F.; Federico, I.; Guarnieri, A.; Rubio, A.; Dabrowski, T.; Umgiesser, G.; Staneva, J.; Ursella, L.; Pairaud, I.; Bruschi, A.; Frigstad, H.; Baetens, K.; Creach, V.; Charria, G.; Alvarez Fanjul, E.: EuroGOOS roadmap for operational coastal downstream services. Frontiers in Marine Science. 2023. vol. 10, 1177615. DOI: 10.3389/fmars.2023.1177615}}
@misc{breckwoldt_editorial_fishing_2023, 
author={Breckwoldt, A.,Ratter, B.,Wang, W.C.,von Storch, H.},
title={Editorial: Fishing for human perceptions in coastal and island marine resource use systems; volume II},
year={2023},
howpublished = {journal article},
doi = {https://doi.org/10.3389/fmars.2023.1334086},
abstract = {This Research Topic is the second volume or Relaunch of “Fishing for human perceptions in coastal and island marine resource use systems”, which can be found here. As human perceptions, decision-making and (pro-) environmental behaviour are closely connected, there continues to be an increasing interest for research evolving around perception studies, and how their use and value in academia, research and decision-making can be improved by stronger multilateral acknowledgement and tailored integration.},
note = {Online available at: \url{https://doi.org/10.3389/fmars.2023.1334086} (DOI). Breckwoldt, A.; Ratter, B.; Wang, W.; von Storch, H.: Editorial: Fishing for human perceptions in coastal and island marine resource use systems; volume II. Frontiers in Marine Science. 2023. vol. 10, 1334086. DOI: 10.3389/fmars.2023.1334086}}
@misc{gramcianinov_recent_changes_2023, 
author={Gramcianinov, C.B.,Staneva, J.,Souza, C.R.G.,Linhares, P.,de Camargo, R.,da Silva Dias, P.L.},
title={Recent changes in extreme wave events in the south-western South Atlantic},
year={2023},
howpublished = {journal article},
doi = {https://doi.org/10.5194/sp-1-osr7-12-2023},
abstract = {Over the past decades, the South Atlantic Ocean has experienced several changes, including a reported increase in coastal erosion and floods. This study aims to investigate the recent changes in the extreme wave events over the south-western South Atlantic (SWSA) – which hosts the most economically important harbours in South America, high oil and gas production demands, and rich biodiversity. This investigation considers not only the occurrence of extreme wave events but also extreme wave indicators that characterise the potential wave impact on offshore and coastal areas. Extreme wave events are obtained using the averaged monthly 95th percentile of significant wave height (Hs) from 1993 to 2021, combining the CMEMS global wave reanalysis and near-real-time products. Annual and seasonal statistics are derived to analyse mean and extreme wave climate and trends in the study region, focusing on Hs, peak period, and wave power. The analysis gives an overview of the wave climate in the study domain, including a discussion about seasonal differences. For a more direct application to future risk assessment and management, we perform an analysis considering the regional monitoring and warning system division established by the Brazilian Navy. We used a coastal hazard database that covers a portion of the coast to investigate how the trends given by the CMEMS wave products may impact the coastal zone. Our findings showed significant changes in the SWSA mainly associated with an increase in mean values of Hs, wave period, and consequently the wave power. Narrowing down to the coastal impact, we found an increase in the number of coastal hazards in the State of São Paulo associated with waves, which agrees with the increase in the number of extreme wave events in the adjacent ocean sector. However, the increased number of coastal events is also driven by local factors.},
note = {Online available at: \url{https://doi.org/10.5194/sp-1-osr7-12-2023} (DOI). Gramcianinov, C.; Staneva, J.; Souza, C.; Linhares, P.; de Camargo, R.; da Silva Dias, P.: Recent changes in extreme wave events in the south-western South Atlantic. State of the Planet. 2023. vol. 1-osr7, DOI: 10.5194/sp-1-osr7-12-2023}}
@misc{jacob_evaluation_of_2023, 
author={Jacob, B.,Dolch, T.,Wurpts, A.,Staneva, J.},
title={Evaluation of seagrass as a nature-based solution for coastal protection in the German Wadden Sea},
year={2023},
howpublished = {journal article},
doi = {https://doi.org/10.1007/s10236-023-01577-5},
abstract = {Global climate change increases the overall risks for coastal flooding and erosion. Meanwhile, nature-based solutions (NbS) are increasingly becoming a focus of coastal protection measures to improve the climate adaptability. In this study, the present and potential future role of seagrass in coastal risk reduction strategies were explored for the highly energetic Wadden Sea area of the German Bight. The methodology in this study combined seagrass coverage data (Zostera marina and Zostera noltei) obtained by field surveys and what-if scenario simulations using the SCHISM unstructured grid model framework, coupling hydrodynamics, waves, sediments, and a seagrass module. The results suggest that the introduction of seagrass meadows locally can reduce both current velocities and significant wave heights in the order of up to 30 in the deeper areas and above 90 in the shallow areas. Reduction in bottom shear stress of a similar relative magnitude significantly reduced sediment mobilisation on the order of 2 g/L in the 95th quantile of bottom layer sediment concentrations. Effectively altering hydromorphodynamic conditions favouring sediment accumulation, seagrass expansion could help tidal flats height growths to keep up with SLR, thus further maintaining the bathymetry-induced tidal dampening and lowering flooding and erosion risks as well the amount of energy at dike infrastructure. The accumulated effect of seagrass under calm weather conditions is considered more important than the increased attenuation in absolute values it provides during extreme conditions. The overall conclusion is that seagrass expansion could be a useful addition to engineered coastal protection measures.},
note = {Online available at: \url{https://doi.org/10.1007/s10236-023-01577-5} (DOI). Jacob, B.; Dolch, T.; Wurpts, A.; Staneva, J.: Evaluation of seagrass as a nature-based solution for coastal protection in the German Wadden Sea. Ocean Dynamics. 2023. vol. 73, 699-727. DOI: 10.1007/s10236-023-01577-5}}
@misc{vonstorch_editorial_modelling_2023, 
author={von Storch, H.},
title={Editorial: Modelling; simulating and forecasting regional climate and weather Volume 2},
year={2023},
howpublished = {journal article},
doi = {https://doi.org/doi.org/10.3389/feart.2023.1259629},
abstract = {The call for papers was announced with this rationale (cf. https://www.frontiersin.org/re-search-topics/39396/modelling-simulating-and-forecasting-regional-climate-and-weather—volume-ii). The atmospheric dynamics is essentially the manifestation of a global machinery, within which larger scales are mostly conditioning smaller scales (the downscaling concept), and local processes feedback on the global scale in a statistical sense, often described by parameterizations.,However, the regional and local scales matter in terms of the impact of climate and weather on people and ecosystems. Therefore, the scientific development in the last years was mostly in two directions–towards global Earth system models, and towards the description of regional and local dynamics, and more and more so on the regional and local impact of climate and climate change. The present Research Topic deals with the latter.},
note = {Online available at: \url{https://doi.org/doi.org/10.3389/feart.2023.1259629} (DOI). von Storch, H.: Editorial: Modelling; simulating and forecasting regional climate and weather Volume 2. Frontiers in Earth Science. 2023. vol. 11, 1259629. DOI: doi.org/10.3389/feart.2023.1259629}}
@misc{lin_link_between_2023, 
author={Lin, L.,von Storch, H.,Chen, X.,Jiang, W.,Tang, S.},
title={Link between the internal variability and the baroclinic instability in the Bohai and Yellow Sea},
year={2023},
howpublished = {journal article},
doi = {https://doi.org/10.1007/s10236-023-01583-7},
abstract = {A regional ocean ensemble simulation with slightly different initial conditions demonstrates that internal variability is formed (not only) in the Bohai and Yellow Sea. In this paper, we analyze the relationship between the internal variability and the baroclinic instability, (represented by the Eady predicted theoretical diffusivity Kt; the larger the Kt, the stronger the baroclinic instability level). In the ensemble, with tidal forcing, the spatial correlation between the Eady predicted theoretical diffusivity Kt and the internal variability amounts to 0.80. Also, the time evolution trends of baroclinic instability and internal variability are similar. Based on this evidence, baroclinic instability may be a significant driver for internal variability. This hypothesis is validated using an additional ensemble of simulations, which is identical to the first ensemble, but this time, the tides are inactivated. This modification leads to an increase in internal variability, combined with the strengthening of baroclinic instability. In addition, the baroclinic instability level and internal variability variation co-vary consistently when comparing summer and winter seasons, both with and without tides. Our interpretation is that a stronger baroclinic instability causes more potential energy to be transformed into kinetic energy, allowing the unforced disturbances to grow.},
note = {Online available at: \url{https://doi.org/10.1007/s10236-023-01583-7} (DOI). Lin, L.; von Storch, H.; Chen, X.; Jiang, W.; Tang, S.: Link between the internal variability and the baroclinic instability in the Bohai and Yellow Sea. Ocean Dynamics. 2023. vol. 73, 793-806. DOI: 10.1007/s10236-023-01583-7}}
@misc{malmiercavallet_dansgaardoeschger_events_2023, 
author={Malmierca-Vallet, I.,Sime, L.C.,Abe-Ouchi, A.,Born, A.,Bouttes, N.,Ditlevsen, P.,Erb, M.P.,Feulner, G.,Gowan, E.J.,Gregoire, L.,Guo, C.,Harrison, S.P.,Andres, H.,Kageyama, M.,Klockmann, M.,Lambert, F.,LeGrande, A.N.,Merkel, U.,Nazarenko, L.S.,Nisancioglu, K.H.,Oliver, K.,Otto-Bliesner, B.,Peltier, W.R.,Prange, M.,Rehfeld, K.,Robinson, A.J.,Tarasov, L.,Valdes, P.J.,Vettoretti, G.,Weitzel, N.,Zhang, Q.,Zhang, X.},
title={Dansgaard–Oeschger events in climate models: review and baseline Marine Isotope Stage 3 (MIS3) protocol},
year={2023},
howpublished = {journal article},
doi = {https://doi.org/10.5194/cp-19-915-2023},
abstract = {Dansgaard–Oeschger (D–O) events, millennial-scale climate oscillations between stadial and interstadial conditions (of up to 10–15 ∘C in amplitude at high northern latitudes), occurred throughout the Marine Isotope Stage 3 (MIS3; 27.8–59.4 ka) period. The climate modelling community up to now has not been able to answer the question of whether our climate models are too stable to simulate D–O events. To address this, this paper lays the ground-work for a MIS3 D–O protocol for general circulation models which are used in the International Panel for Climate Change (IPCC) assessments. We review the following: D–O terminology, community progress on simulating D–O events in these IPCC-class models (processes and published examples), and evidence about the boundary conditions under which D–O events occur. We find that no model exhibits D–O-like behaviour under pre-industrial conditions. Some, but not all, models exhibit D–O-like oscillations under MIS3 and/or full glacial conditions. Greenhouse gases and ice sheet configurations are crucial. However most models have not run simulations of long enough duration to be sure which models show D–O-like behaviour, under either MIS3 or full glacial states. We propose a MIS3 baseline protocol at 34 ka, which features low obliquity values, medium to low MIS3 greenhouse gas values, and the intermediate ice sheet configuration, which our review suggests are most conducive to D–O-like behaviour in models. We also provide a protocol for a second freshwater (Heinrich-event-preconditioned) experiment, since previous work suggests that this variant may be helpful in preconditioning a state in models which is conducive to D–O events. This review provides modelling groups investigating MIS3 D–O oscillations with a common framework, which is aimed at (1) maximising the chance of the occurrence of D–O-like events in the simulations, (2) allowing more precise model–data evaluation, and (3) providing an adequate central point for modellers to explore model stability.},
note = {Online available at: \url{https://doi.org/10.5194/cp-19-915-2023} (DOI). Malmierca-Vallet, I.; Sime, L.; Abe-Ouchi, A.; Born, A.; Bouttes, N.; Ditlevsen, P.; Erb, M.; Feulner, G.; Gowan, E.; Gregoire, L.; Guo, C.; Harrison, S.; Andres, H.; Kageyama, M.; Klockmann, M.; Lambert, F.; LeGrande, A.; Merkel, U.; Nazarenko, L.; Nisancioglu, K.; Oliver, K.; Otto-Bliesner, B.; Peltier, W.; Prange, M.; Rehfeld, K.; Robinson, A.; Tarasov, L.; Valdes, P.; Vettoretti, G.; Weitzel, N.; Zhang, Q.; Zhang, X.: Dansgaard–Oeschger events in climate models: review and baseline Marine Isotope Stage 3 (MIS3) protocol. Climate of the Past. 2023. vol. 19, no. 5, 915-942. DOI: 10.5194/cp-19-915-2023}}
@misc{kossack_barotropic_and_2023, 
author={Kossack, J.,Mathis, M.,Daewel, U.,Zhang, Y.J.,Schrum, C.},
title={Barotropic and baroclinic tides increase primary production on the North-West European Shelf},
year={2023},
howpublished = {journal article},
doi = {https://doi.org/10.3389/fmars.2023.1206062},
abstract = {High biological productivity and the efficient export of carbon-enriched subsurface waters to the open ocean via the continental shelf pump mechanism make mid-latitude continental shelves like the northwest European shelf (NWES) significant sinks for atmospheric CO2. Tidal forcing, as one of the regionally dominant physical forcing mechanisms, regulates the mixing-stratification status of the water column that acts as a major control for biological productivity on the NWES. Because of the complexity of the shelf system and the spatial heterogeneity of tidal impacts, there still are large knowledge gaps on the role of tides for the magnitude and variability of biological carbon fixation on the NWES. In our study, we utilize the flexible cross-scale modeling capabilities of the novel coupled hydrodynamic–biogeochemical modeling system SCHISM–ECOSMO to quantify the tidal impacts on primary production on the NWES. We assess the impact of both the barotropic tide and the kilometrical-scale internal tide field explicitly resolved in this study by comparing simulated hindcasts with and without tidal forcing. Our results suggest that tidal forcing increases biological productivity on the NWES and that around 16% (14.47 Mt C) of annual mean primary production on the shelf is related to tidal forcing. Vertical mixing of nutrients by the barotropic tide particularly invigorates primary production in tidal frontal regions, whereas resuspension and mixing of particulate organic matter by tides locally hinders primary production in shallow permanently mixed regions. The tidal impact on primary production is generally low in deep central and outer shelf areas except for the southwestern Celtic Sea, where tidal forcing substantially increases annual mean primary production by 25% (1.53 Mt C). Tide-generated vertical mixing of nutrients across the pycnocline, largely attributed to the internal tide field, explains one-fifth of the tidal response of summer NPP in the southwestern Celtic Sea. Our results therefore suggest that the tidal NPP response in the southwestern Celtic Sea is caused by a combination of processes likely including tide-induced lateral on-shelf transport of nutrients. The tidally enhanced turbulent mixing of nutrients fuels new production in the seasonally stratified parts of the NWES, which may impact the air–sea CO2 exchange on the shelf.},
note = {Online available at: \url{https://doi.org/10.3389/fmars.2023.1206062} (DOI). Kossack, J.; Mathis, M.; Daewel, U.; Zhang, Y.; Schrum, C.: Barotropic and baroclinic tides increase primary production on the North-West European Shelf. Frontiers in Marine Science. 2023. vol. 10, 1206062. DOI: 10.3389/fmars.2023.1206062}}
@misc{gramcianinov_changes_in_2023, 
author={Gramcianinov, C.B.,Staneva, J.,de Camargo, R.,da Silva Dias, P.L.},
title={Changes in extreme wave events in the southwestern South Atlantic Ocean},
year={2023},
howpublished = {journal article},
doi = {https://doi.org/10.1007/s10236-023-01575-7},
abstract = {The southwestern South Atlantic (SWSA) has faced several extreme events that caused coastal and ocean hazards associated with high waves. This study aimed to investigate the extreme wave climate trends in the SWSA using percentile- and storm-based approaches to determine potential coastal impacts. Changes in extreme wave event characteristics were evaluated through distribution maps and directional density distributions. Our results showed an overall increase in the 95th-percentile of the significant wave height (Hs), mostly in the northern and southern portions of the domain. There was a general increase in the area affected by the events and in their lifetimes in the austral summer. In contrast, winter events had higher maximum intensities, which were not homogeneous throughout the domain. Changes in the wave power direction affected most of the analysed locations, showing a clockwise shift of summer events and a large directional spread of events from the southern quadrant (SW–SE). These changes were related to the southwards shift of the subtropical branch of the storm track, reflecting increased cyclonic activity at 30∘ S (summer) and 45∘ S (winter). These storm track shifts allowed the development of large fetches on the southern edge of the domain, promoting the propagation of long waves.},
note = {Online available at: \url{https://doi.org/10.1007/s10236-023-01575-7} (DOI). Gramcianinov, C.; Staneva, J.; de Camargo, R.; da Silva Dias, P.: Changes in extreme wave events in the southwestern South Atlantic Ocean. Ocean Dynamics. 2023. vol. 73, 663-678. DOI: 10.1007/s10236-023-01575-7}}
@misc{caadillas_coastal_horizontal_2023, 
author={Cañadillas, B.,Wang, S.,Ahlert, Y.,Djath, B.,Barekzai, M.,Foreman, R.,Lampert, A.},
title={Coastal horizontal wind speed gradients in the North Sea based on observations and ERA5 reanalysis data},
year={2023},
howpublished = {journal article},
doi = {https://doi.org/10.1127/metz/2022/1166},
abstract = {The transition from land to sea affects the wind field in coastal regions. From the perspective of near-coastal offshore wind farms, the coastal transition complicates the task of energy resource assessment by, for example, introducing non-homogeneity into the free wind field. To help elucidate the matter, we quantify the average horizontal wind speed gradients at progressively increasing distances from the German coast using two years of hourly ERA5 reanalysis data, and further describe the dependence of wind speed gradients on the measurement height, atmospheric stability, and season. A vertical wind lidar located on Norderney Island near the German mainland acts as our observational reference for the ERA5 data, where a good agreement ( R 2 = 0 . 9 3 $R^2 =\nobreak 0.93$ ) is found despite the relatively coarse ERA5 data resolution. Interestingly, the comparison of lidar data with the higher-resolution Weather Research and Forecasting (WRF) mesoscale model yields good but relatively weaker agreement ( R 2 = 0 . 8 5 $R^2 =\nobreak 0.85$ ). The ERA5 data reveal that, for flow over the North Sea originating from the German mainland from the south, the wind speed at 10 m (110 m) above sea level increases by 30 % (20 %) some 80 km from the coast on average, and by 5 % at larger heights. An increased stratification increases the horizontal wind speed gradient at 10 m above sea level but decreases it at 110 m. Case studies using satellite and flight measurements are first analyzed to help reveal some of the underlying mechanisms governing horizontal wind speed gradients, including cases of decreasing wind speed with increasing distance from the coast, in which stable flow of warm air over the colder sea leads to an overall deceleration of the flow. The accuracy of offshore resource assessment appears to profit from utilising the horizontal wind speed gradient information contained in ERA5 reanalysis data.},
note = {Online available at: \url{https://doi.org/10.1127/metz/2022/1166} (DOI). Cañadillas, B.; Wang, S.; Ahlert, Y.; Djath, B.; Barekzai, M.; Foreman, R.; Lampert, A.: Coastal horizontal wind speed gradients in the North Sea based on observations and ERA5 reanalysis data. Meteorologische Zeitschrift. 2023. vol. 32, no. 3, 207-228. DOI: 10.1127/metz/2022/1166}}
@misc{vonbrandis_an_investigation_2023, 
author={von Brandis, A.,Centurelli, G.,Schmidt, J.,Vollmer, L.,Djath, B.,Dörenkämper, M.},
title={An investigation of spatial wind direction variability and its consideration in engineering models},
year={2023},
howpublished = {journal article},
doi = {https://doi.org/10.5194/wes-8-589-2023},
abstract = {We propose that considering mesoscale wind direction changes in the computation of wind farm cluster wakes could reduce the uncertainty of engineering wake modeling tools. The relevance of mesoscale wind direction changes is investigated using a wind climatology of the German Bight area covering 30 years, derived from the New European Wind Atlas (NEWA). Furthermore, we present a new solution for engineering modeling tools that accounts for the effect of such changes on the propagation of cluster wakes. The mesoscale wind direction changes relevant to the operation of wind farm clusters in the German Bight are found to exceed 11∘ in 50 % of all cases. Particularly in the lower partial load range, which is associated with strong wake formation, the wind direction changes are the most pronounced, with quartiles reaching up to 20∘. Especially on a horizontal scale of several tens of kilometers to 100 km, wind direction changes are relevant. Both the temporal and spatial scales at which large wind direction changes occur depend on the presence of synoptic pressure systems. Furthermore, atmospheric conditions which promote far-reaching wakes were found to align with a strong turning in 14.6 % of the cases. In order to capture these mesoscale wind direction changes in engineering model tools, a wake propagation model was implemented in the Fraunhofer IWES wind farm and wake modeling software flappy (Farm Layout Program in Python). The propagation model derives streamlines from the horizontal velocity field and forces the single turbine wakes along these streamlines. This model has been qualitatively evaluated by simulating the flow around wind farm clusters in the German Bight with data from the mesoscale atlas of the NEWA and comparing the results to synthetic aperture radar (SAR) measurements for selected situations. The comparison reveals that the flow patterns are in good agreement if the underlying mesoscale data capture the velocity field well. For such cases, the new model provides an improvement compared to the baseline approach of engineering models, which assumes a straight-line propagation of wakes. The streamline and the baseline models have been further compared in terms of their quantitative effect on the energy yield. Simulating two neighboring wind farm clusters over a time period of 10 years, it is found that there are no significant differences across the models when computing the total energy yield of both clusters. However, extracting the wake effect of one cluster on the other, the two models show a difference of about 1 %. Even greater differences are commonly observed when comparing single situations. Therefore, we claim that the model has the potential to reduce uncertainty in applications such as site assessment and short-term power forecasting.},
note = {Online available at: \url{https://doi.org/10.5194/wes-8-589-2023} (DOI). von Brandis, A.; Centurelli, G.; Schmidt, J.; Vollmer, L.; Djath, B.; Dörenkämper, M.: An investigation of spatial wind direction variability and its consideration in engineering models. Wind Energy Science. 2023. vol. 8, no. 4, 589-606. DOI: 10.5194/wes-8-589-2023}}
@misc{heinrich_changes_in_2023, 
author={Heinrich, P.,Hagemann, S.,Weisse, R.,Gaslikova, L.},
title={Changes in Compound Flood Event Frequency in Northern and Central Europe under Climate Change},
year={2023},
howpublished = {journal article},
doi = {https://doi.org/10.3389/fclim.2023.1227613},
abstract = {The simultaneous occurrence of increased river discharge and high coastal water levels may cause compound flooding. Compound flood events can potentially cause greater damage than the separate occurrence of the underlying extreme events, making them essential for risk assessment. Even though a general increase in the frequency and/or severity of compound flood events is assumed due to climate change, there have been very few studies conducted for larger regions of Europe. Our work, therefore, focuses on the high-resolution analysis of changes in extreme events of coastal water levels, river discharge, and their concurrent appearance at the end of this century in northern and central Europe (2070–2099). For this, we analyze downscaled data sets from two global climate models (GCMs) for the two emissions scenarios RCP2.6 and RCP8.5. First, we compare the historical runs of the downscaled GCMs to historical reconstruction data to investigate if they deliver comparable results for northern and central Europe. Then we study changes in the intensity of extreme events, their number, and the duration of extreme event seasons under climate change. Our analysis shows increases in compound flood events over the whole European domain, mostly due to the rising mean sea level. In some areas, the number of compound flood event days increases by a factor of eight at the end of the current century. This increase is concomitant with an increase in the annual compound flood event season duration. Furthermore, the sea level rise associated with a global warming of 2K will result in double the amounts of compound flood event days for nearly every European river estuary considered.},
note = {Online available at: \url{https://doi.org/10.3389/fclim.2023.1227613} (DOI). Heinrich, P.; Hagemann, S.; Weisse, R.; Gaslikova, L.: Changes in Compound Flood Event Frequency in Northern and Central Europe under Climate Change. Frontiers in Climate. 2023. vol. 5, 1227613. DOI: 10.3389/fclim.2023.1227613}}
@misc{koul_seasonal_prediction_2023, 
author={Koul, V.,Brune, S.,Akimova, A.,Düsterhus, A.,Pieper, P.,Hövel, L.,Parekh, A.,Schrum, C.,Baehr, J.},
title={Seasonal Prediction of Arabian Sea Marine Heatwaves},
year={2023},
howpublished = {journal article},
doi = {https://doi.org/doi.org/10.1029/2023GL103975},
abstract = {Marine heatwaves are known to have a detrimental impact on marine ecosystems, yet predicting when and where they will occur remains a challenge. Here, using a large ensemble of initialized predictions from an Earth System Model, we demonstrate skill in predictions of summer marine heatwaves over large marine ecosystems in the Arabian Sea seven months ahead. Retrospective forecasts of summer (June to August) marine heatwaves initialized in the preceding winter (November) outperform predictions based on observed frequencies. These predictions benefit from initialization during winters of medium to strong El Niño conditions, which have an impact on marine heatwave characteristics in the Arabian Sea. Our probabilistic predictions target spatial characteristics of marine heatwaves that are specifically useful for fisheries management, as we demonstrate using an example of Indian oil sardine (Sardinella longiceps).},
note = {Online available at: \url{https://doi.org/doi.org/10.1029/2023GL103975} (DOI). Koul, V.; Brune, S.; Akimova, A.; Düsterhus, A.; Pieper, P.; Hövel, L.; Parekh, A.; Schrum, C.; Baehr, J.: Seasonal Prediction of Arabian Sea Marine Heatwaves. Geophysical Research Letters. 2023. vol. 50, no. 18, e2023GL103975. DOI: doi.org/10.1029/2023GL103975}}
@misc{schulzstellenfleth_fitforpurpose_information_2023, 
author={Schulz-Stellenfleth, J.,Blauw, A.,Laakso, L.,Mourre, B.,She, J.,Wehde, H.},
title={Fit-for-Purpose Information for Offshore Wind Farming Applications—Part-II: Gap Analysis and Recommendations},
year={2023},
howpublished = {journal article},
doi = {https://doi.org/10.3390/jmse11091817},
abstract = {Offshore wind energy installations in coastal areas have grown massively over the last decade. This development comes with a large number of technological, environmental, economic, and scientific challenges, which need to be addressed to make the use of offshore wind energy sustainable. One important component in these optimization activities is suitable information from observations and numerical models. The purpose of this study is to analyze the gaps that exist in the present monitoring systems and their respective integration with models. This paper is the second part of two manuscripts and uses results from the first part about the requirements for different application fields. The present solutions to provide measurements for the required information products are described for several European countries with growing offshore wind operations. The gaps are then identified and discussed in different contexts, like technology evolution, trans-European monitoring and modeling initiatives, legal aspects, and cooperation between industry and science. The monitoring gaps are further quantified in terms of missing observed quantities, spatial coverage, accuracy, and continuity. Strategies to fill the gaps are discussed, and respective recommendations are provided. The study shows that there are significant information deficiencies that need to be addressed to ensure the economical and environmentally friendly growth of the offshore wind farm sector. It was also found that many of these gaps are related to insufficient information about connectivities, e.g., concerning the interactions of wind farms from different countries or the coupling between physical and biological processes.},
note = {Online available at: \url{https://doi.org/10.3390/jmse11091817} (DOI). Schulz-Stellenfleth, J.; Blauw, A.; Laakso, L.; Mourre, B.; She, J.; Wehde, H.: Fit-for-Purpose Information for Offshore Wind Farming Applications—Part-II: Gap Analysis and Recommendations. Journal of Marine Science and Engineering. 2023. vol. 11, no. 9, 1817. DOI: 10.3390/jmse11091817}}
@misc{garciaoliva_phytoplankton_and_2022, 
author={Garcia-Oliva, O.,Hantzsche, F.,Boersma, M.,Wirtz, K.},
title={Phytoplankton and particle size spectra indicate intense mixotrophic dinoflagellates grazing from summer to winter},
year={2022},
howpublished = {journal article},
doi = {https://doi.org/10.1093/plankt/fbac013},
abstract = {Mixotrophic dinoflagellates (MTD) are a diverse group of organisms often responsible for the formation of harmful algal blooms. However, the development of dinoflagellate blooms and their effects on the plankton community are still not well explored. Here we relate the species succession of MTD with parallel changes of phytoplankton size spectra during periods of MTD dominance. We used FlowCAM analysis to acquire size spectra in the range 2–200 μm every one or two weeks from July to December 2007 at Helgoland Roads (Southern North Sea). Most size spectra of dinoflagellates were bimodal, whereas for other groups, e.g. diatoms and autotrophic flagellates, the spectra were unimodal, which indicates different resource use strategies of autotrophs and mixotrophs. The biomass lost in the size spectrum correlates with the potential grazing pressure of MTD. Based on size-based analysis of trophic linkages, we suggest that mixotrophy, including detritivory, drives species succession and facilitates the formation of bimodal size spectra. Bimodality in particular indicates niche differentiation through grazing of large MTD on smaller MTD. Phagotrophy of larger MTD may exceed one of the smaller MTD since larger prey was more abundant than smaller prey. Under strong light limitation, a usually overlooked refuge strategy may derive from detritivory. The critical role of trophic links of MTD as a central component of the plankton community may guide future observational and theoretical research.},
note = {Online available at: \url{https://doi.org/10.1093/plankt/fbac013} (DOI). Garcia-Oliva, O.; Hantzsche, F.; Boersma, M.; Wirtz, K.: Phytoplankton and particle size spectra indicate intense mixotrophic dinoflagellates grazing from summer to winter. Journal of Plankton Research. 2022. vol. 44, no. 2, 224-240. DOI: 10.1093/plankt/fbac013}}
@misc{djath_study_of_2022, 
author={Djath, B.,Schulz-Stellenfleth, J.,Cañadillas, B.},
title={Study of Coastal Effects Relevant for Offshore Wind Energy Using Spaceborne Synthetic Aperture Radar (SAR)},
year={2022},
howpublished = {journal article},
doi = {https://doi.org/10.3390/rs14071688},
abstract = {Coastal wind speed gradients relevant for offshore windfarming are analysed based on synthetic aperture radar (SAR) data. The study concentrates on situations with offshore wind directions in the German Bight using SAR scenes from the European satellites Sentinel-1A and Sentinel-1B. High resolution wind fields at 10 m height are derived from the satellite data set and respective horizontal wind speed gradients are investigated up to about 170 km offshore. The wind speed gradients are classified according to their general shape with about 60% of the cases showing an overall increase of wind speeds with growing distance from the coast. About half of the remaining cases show an overall wind speed decrease and the other half a decrease with a subsequent increase at larger distances from the coast. An empirical model is fitted to the horizontal wind speed gradients, which has three main parameters, namely, the wind speed over land, the equilibrium wind speed over sea far offshore, and a characteristic adjustment length scale. For the cases with overall wind speed increase, a mean absolute difference of about 2.6 m/s is found between wind speeds over land and wind speeds far offshore. The mean normalised wind speed increase with respect to the land conditions is estimated as 40%. In terms of wind power density at 10 m height this corresponds to an absolute average growth by 0.3 kW/m2 and a normalised increase by 160%. The distance over which the wind speed grows to 95% of the maximum wind speed shows large variations with maximum above 170 km and a mean of 67 km. The impact of the atmospheric boundary layer stability on horizontal wind speed gradients is investigated using additional information on air and sea temperature differences. The absolute SAR-derived wind speed increase offshore is usually higher in unstable situations and the respective adjustment distance is shorter. Furthermore, we have found atypical cases with a wind speed decrease offshore to be often connected to stable atmospheric conditions. A particular low-level jet (LLJ) situation is analysed in more detail using vertical wind speed profiles from a wind LIDAR system.},
note = {Online available at: \url{https://doi.org/10.3390/rs14071688} (DOI). Djath, B.; Schulz-Stellenfleth, J.; Cañadillas, B.: Study of Coastal Effects Relevant for Offshore Wind Energy Using Spaceborne Synthetic Aperture Radar (SAR). Remote Sensing. 2022. vol. 14, no. 7, 1688. DOI: 10.3390/rs14071688}}
@misc{en_assessing_the_2022, 
author={Şen, O.,Saçu, Ş.,Erdik, T.,Öztürk, İ.,Stanev, E.},
title={Assessing the potential impacts of the Canal Istanbul on the physical oceanography of the Turkish Straits System},
year={2022},
howpublished = {journal article},
doi = {https://doi.org/10.1016/j.csr.2022.104723},
abstract = {The Turkish Straits System (TSS) is a region of intense mixing between the Black Sea and the Mediterranean Sea exerting crucial control on the water & substance exchange through the Bosphorus and Dardanelles straits between these two sea basins. A waterway project, namely the Canal Istanbul, was proposed to be built within this system parallel to the Bosphorus. Even tough environmental impacts of the project have been of concern, a few studies that address these scientific and public concerns under the light of scientific methods are available. In order to fill this gap in the literature, a three-dimensional hydrodynamic model with realistic forcing has been set up for long-term integration. The study includes simulating of two scenarios for the adjacent basins; (i) existing configuration of the TSS, and (ii) the proposed extension with the recent planned route of Canal Istanbul that was added to the validated model. The results reveals that the canal project would increase the exchange flow between the Black Sea and the Mediterranean Sea in both directions while causing slight changes in temperature & salinity along the TSS. Findings of this study can be used in further research that would analyze the impacts of the proposed Canal Istanbul on the water quality and ecosystem of the TSS.},
note = {Online available at: \url{https://doi.org/10.1016/j.csr.2022.104723} (DOI). Şen, O.; Saçu, Ş.; Erdik, T.; Öztürk, İ.; Stanev, E.: Assessing the potential impacts of the Canal Istanbul on the physical oceanography of the Turkish Straits System. Continental Shelf Research. 2022. vol. 240, 104723. DOI: 10.1016/j.csr.2022.104723}}
@misc{schulzstellenfleth_coastal_impacts_2022, 
author={Schulz-Stellenfleth, J.,Emeis, S.,Dorenkamper, M.,Bange, J.,Canadillas, B.,Neumann, T.,Schneemann, J.,Weber, I.,Zum Berge, K.,Platis, A.,Djath, B.,Gottschall, J.,Vollmer, L.,Rausch, T.,Barekzai, M.,Hammel, J.,Steinfeld, G.,Lampert, A.},
title={Coastal impacts on offshore wind farms - a review focussing on the German Bight area},
year={2022},
howpublished = {journal article},
doi = {https://doi.org/10.1127/metz/2022/1109},
abstract = {The atmospheric boundary layer experiences multiple changes in coastal regions, especially with wind directions from land towards the sea, where the wind speed usually increases due to the smaller roughness of the ocean surface. These effects are of particular relevance for offshore wind energy utilization; they are summarized under the term coastal effects. This paper provides an overview of coastal effects and their potential impact on the operating conditions of offshore wind farms with a focus on the German Bight. Common numerical and experimental tools to study coastal effects and developing internal boundary layers (IBL) are introduced, and a review on the current state of research is given. The German Bight is an interesting example to illustrate impacts of coastal effects on offshore wind energy, because of the large number of wind turbines with a coastal distance of 100 km or less. Phenomena related to the stability of the boundary layer, like low level jets, are discussed. Spatial variations of vertical heat fluxes in the coastal zone related to variable water depths or Wadden Sea areas are analysed. The study illustrates that due to the increasing size of offshore wind farms, horizontal wind speed gradients caused by coastal effects can lead to significant wind variations within a single farm. Research topics which still need further attention are discussed in the framework of the rapidly developing wind energy sector with increasing wind turbine hub heights and rotor diameters as well as growing wind farm sizes. One example is the interaction of coastal effects with offshore wind farm wakes. The necessity to consider a large spectrum of spatial and temporal scales to understand and describe coastal effects is highlighted. We summarize modelling and observation tools, which are suitable for the investigation and prediction of the boundary layer dynamics in coastal areas. Existing applications and results are described based on several examples with collocated observation and model results obtained in the X‑Wakes project. The study puts particular focus on the large potential provided by the combination of different measurements and modelling techniques and gives recommendations for future developments of integrated approaches including the formulation of priorities.},
note = {Online available at: \url{https://doi.org/10.1127/metz/2022/1109} (DOI). Schulz-Stellenfleth, J.; Emeis, S.; Dorenkamper, M.; Bange, J.; Canadillas, B.; Neumann, T.; Schneemann, J.; Weber, I.; Zum Berge, K.; Platis, A.; Djath, B.; Gottschall, J.; Vollmer, L.; Rausch, T.; Barekzai, M.; Hammel, J.; Steinfeld, G.; Lampert, A.: Coastal impacts on offshore wind farms - a review focussing on the German Bight area. Meteorologische Zeitschrift. 2022. vol. 31, no. 4, 289-315. DOI: 10.1127/metz/2022/1109}}
@misc{li_dynamical_projections_2022, 
author={Li, D.,Feng, J.,Zhu, Y.,Staneva, J.,Qi, J.,Behrens, A.,Lee, D.,Min, S.-K.,Yin, B.},
title={Dynamical Projections of the Mean and Extreme Wave Climate in the Bohai Sea, Yellow Sea and East China Sea},
year={2022},
howpublished = {journal article},
doi = {https://doi.org/10.3389/fmars.2022.844113},
abstract = {Few studies have focused on the projected future changes in wave climate in the Chinese marginal seas. For the first time, we investigate the projected changes of the mean and extreme wave climate over the Bohai Sea, Yellow Sea, and East China Sea (BYE) during two future periods (2021–2050 and 2071–2100) under the RCP2.6 and RCP8.5 scenarios from the WAM wave model simulations with a resolution of 0.1°. This is currently the highest-resolution wave projection dataset available for the study domain. The wind forcings for WAM are from high-resolution (0.22°) regional climate model (RCM) CCLM-MPIESM simulations. The multivariate bias-adjustment method based on the N-dimensional probability density function transform is used to correct the raw simulated significant wave height (SWH), mean wave period (MWP), and mean wave direction (MWD). The annual and seasonal mean SWH are generally projected to decrease (-0.15 to -0.01 m) for 2021–2050 and 2071–2100 under the RCP2.6 and RCP8.5 scenarios, with statistical significance at a 0.1 level for most BYE in spring and for most of the Bohai Sea and Yellow Sea in annual and winter/autumn mean. There is a significant decrease in the spring MWP for two future periods under both the RCP2.6 and RCP8.5 scenarios. In contrast, the annual and summer/winter 99th percentile SWH are generally projected to increase for large parts of the study domain. Results imply that the projected changes in the mean and 99th percentile extreme waves are very likely related to projected changes in local mean and extreme surface wind speeds, respectively.},
note = {Online available at: \url{https://doi.org/10.3389/fmars.2022.844113} (DOI). Li, D.; Feng, J.; Zhu, Y.; Staneva, J.; Qi, J.; Behrens, A.; Lee, D.; Min, S.; Yin, B.: Dynamical Projections of the Mean and Extreme Wave Climate in the Bohai Sea, Yellow Sea and East China Sea. Frontiers in Marine Science. 2022. vol. 9, 844113. DOI: 10.3389/fmars.2022.844113}}
@misc{breivik_the_impact_2022, 
author={Breivik, Ø.,Carrasco, A.,Haakenstad, H.,Aarnes, O.J.,Behrens, A.,Bidlot, J.-R.,Björkqvist, J.-V.,Bohlinger, P.,Furevik, B.R.,Staneva, J.,Reistad, M.},
title={The Impact of a Reduced High-Wind Charnock Parameter on Wave Growth With Application to the North Sea, the Norwegian Sea, and the Arctic Ocean},
year={2022},
howpublished = {journal article},
doi = {https://doi.org/10.1029/2021JC018196},
abstract = {As atmospheric models move to higher resolution and resolve smaller scales, the maximum modeled wind speed also tends to increase. Wave models tuned to coarser wind fields tend to overestimate the wave growth under strong winds. A recently developed semiempirical parameterization of the Charnock parameter, which controls the roughness length over surface waves, substantially reduces the aerodynamic drag of waves in high winds (above a threshold of 30 m s−1). Here, we apply the formulation in a recent version of the wave model WAM (Cycle 4.7), which uses a modified version of the physics parameterizations by Ardhuin et al. (2010, https://doi.org/10.1175/2010jpo4324.1) as well as subgrid obstructions for better performance around complex topography. The new Charnock formulation is tested with wind forcing from NORA3, a recently completed nonhydrostatic atmospheric downscaling of the global reanalysis ERA5 for the North Sea, the Norwegian Sea and the Barents Sea. Such high-resolution atmospheric model integrations tend to have stronger (and more realistic) upper-percentile winds than what is typically found in coarser atmospheric models. A 2-year comparison (2011–2012) of a control run against the run with the modified Charnock parameter shows a dramatic reduction of the wave height bias in high-wind cases. The added computational cost of the new physics and the reduction of the Charnock parameter compared to the earlier WAM physics is modest (14%). A longer (1998–2020) hindcast integration with the new Charnock parameter is found to compare well against in situ and altimeter wave measurements both for intermediate and high sea states.},
note = {Online available at: \url{https://doi.org/10.1029/2021JC018196} (DOI). Breivik, Ø.; Carrasco, A.; Haakenstad, H.; Aarnes, O.; Behrens, A.; Bidlot, J.; Björkqvist, J.; Bohlinger, P.; Furevik, B.; Staneva, J.; Reistad, M.: The Impact of a Reduced High-Wind Charnock Parameter on Wave Growth With Application to the North Sea, the Norwegian Sea, and the Arctic Ocean. Journal of Geophysical Research : Oceans. 2022. vol. 127, no. 3, e2021JC018196. DOI: 10.1029/2021JC018196}}
@misc{atwood_phase_4_2022, 
author={Atwood, A.,Bothe, O.,Eggleston, S.,Falster, G.,Henley, B.,Jones, M.,Jonkers, L.,Kaushal, N.,Martrat, B.,McGregor, H.,Orsi, A.,Phipps, S.,Sayani, H.},
title={Phase 4 of the PAGES 2k Network: Hydroclimate of the Common Era},
year={2022},
howpublished = {journal article},
doi = {https://doi.org/10.22498/pages.30.1.52},
abstract = {The PAGES 2k Network (pastglobalchanges.org/2k), founded in 2008, is one of the longest-running PAGES working groups. It has consistently achieved a high degree of community engagement and delivered significant datasets and publications. These have fundamentally improved our understanding of global climate changes through the Common Era. The 2k reconstructions of global temperature variability were featured in Figure 1 of the Summary for Policymakers of the IPCC’s Working Group I contribution to the Sixth Assessment Report (AR6; IPCC 2021).},
note = {Online available at: \url{https://doi.org/10.22498/pages.30.1.52} (DOI). Atwood, A.; Bothe, O.; Eggleston, S.; Falster, G.; Henley, B.; Jones, M.; Jonkers, L.; Kaushal, N.; Martrat, B.; McGregor, H.; Orsi, A.; Phipps, S.; Sayani, H.: Phase 4 of the PAGES 2k Network: Hydroclimate of the Common Era. Past Global Changes Magazine. 2022. vol. 30, no. 1, 52. DOI: 10.22498/pages.30.1.52}}
@misc{samuelsen_environmental_change_2022, 
author={Samuelsen, A.,Schrum, C.,Yumruktepe, C.,Daewel, U.,Roberts, E.},
title={Environmental Change at Deep-Sea Sponge Habitats Over the Last Half Century: A Model Hindcast Study for the Age of Anthropogenic Climate Change},
year={2022},
howpublished = {journal article},
doi = {https://doi.org/10.3389/fmars.2022.737164},
abstract = {Deep-sea sponges inhabit multiple areas of the deep North Atlantic at depths below 250 m. Living in the deep ocean, where environmental properties below the permanent thermocline generally change slowly, they may not easily acclimatize to abrupt changes in the environment. Until now consistent monitoring timeseries of the environment at deep sea sponge habitats are missing. Therefore, long-term simulation with coupled bio-physical models can shed light on the changes in environmental conditions sponges are exposed to. To investigate the variability of North Atlantic sponge habitats for the past half century, the deep-sea conditions have been simulated with a 67-year model hindcast from 1948 to 2014. The hindcast was generated using the ocean general circulation model HYCOM, coupled to the biogeochemical model ECOSMO. The model was validated at known sponge habitats with available observations of hydrography and nutrients from the deep ocean to evaluate the biases, errors, and drift in the model. Knowing the biases and uncertainties we proceed to study the longer-term (monthly to multi-decadal) environmental variability at selected sponge habitats in the North Atlantic and Arctic Ocean. On these timescales, these deep sponge habitats generally exhibit small variability in the water-mass properties. Three of the sponge habitats, the Flemish Cap, East Greenland Shelf and North Norwegian Shelf, had fluctuations of temperature and salinity in 4–6 year periods that indicate the dominance of different water masses during these periods. The fourth sponge habitat, the Reykjanes Ridge, showed a gradual warming of about 0.4°C over the simulation period. The flux of organic matter to the sea floor had a large interannual variability, that, compared to the 67-year mean, was larger than the variability of primary production in the surface waters. Lateral circulation is therefore likely an important control mechanism for the influx of organic material to the sponge habitats. Simulated oxygen varies interannually by less than 1.5 ml/l and none of the sponge habitats studied had oxygen concentrations below hypoxic levels. The present study establishes a baseline for the recent past deep conditions that future changes in deep sea conditions from observations and climate models can be evaluated against.},
note = {Online available at: \url{https://doi.org/10.3389/fmars.2022.737164} (DOI). Samuelsen, A.; Schrum, C.; Yumruktepe, C.; Daewel, U.; Roberts, E.: Environmental Change at Deep-Sea Sponge Habitats Over the Last Half Century: A Model Hindcast Study for the Age of Anthropogenic Climate Change. Frontiers in Marine Science. 2022. vol. 9, 737164. DOI: 10.3389/fmars.2022.737164}}
@misc{vangarderen_a_storyline_2022, 
author={van Garderen, L.,Mindlin, J.},
title={A storyline attribution of the 2011/2012 drought in Southeastern South America},
year={2022},
howpublished = {journal article},
doi = {https://doi.org/10.1002/wea.4185},
abstract = {The 2011/2012 summer drought in Southeastern South America (SESA) was a short but devastating event. What would this event have looked like under pre-industrial conditions, or in a +2 degC world? We find that climate change causes the region to be at a higher risk of drought. However, we found no large-scale changes in the half-month water budgets. We show that the climate change induced positive precipitation trend in the region outweighs the increased temperatures and potential evapotranspiration during the 2011/2012 drought.},
note = {Online available at: \url{https://doi.org/10.1002/wea.4185} (DOI). van Garderen, L.; Mindlin, J.: A storyline attribution of the 2011/2012 drought in Southeastern South America. Weather. 2022. vol. 77, no. 6, 212-218. DOI: 10.1002/wea.4185}}
@misc{dastoor_arctic_mercury_2022, 
author={Dastoor, A.,Angot, H.,Bieser, J.,Christensen, J.H.,Douglas, T.A.,Heimbürger-Boavida, L.-E.,Jiskra, M.,Mason, R.P.,McLagan, D.S.,Obrist, D.,Outridge, P.M.,Petrova, M.V.,Ryjkov, A.,St. Pierre, K.A.,Schartup, A.T.,Soerensen, A.L.,Toyota, K.,Travnikov, O.,Wilson, S.J.,Zdanowicz, C.},
title={Arctic mercury cycling},
year={2022},
howpublished = {journal article},
doi = {https://doi.org/10.1038/s43017-022-00269-w},
abstract = {Anthropogenic mercury (Hg) emissions have driven marked increases in Arctic Hg levels, which are now being impacted by regional warming, with uncertain ecological consequences. This Review presents a comprehensive assessment of the present-day total Hg mass balance in the Arctic. Over 98% of atmospheric Hg is emitted outside the region and is transported to the Arctic via long-range air and ocean transport. Around two thirds of this Hg is deposited in terrestrial ecosystems, where it predominantly accumulates in soils via vegetation uptake. Rivers and coastal erosion transfer about 80 Mg year−1 of terrestrial Hg to the Arctic Ocean, in approximate balance with modelled net terrestrial Hg deposition in the region. The revised Arctic Ocean Hg mass balance suggests net atmospheric Hg deposition to the ocean and that Hg burial in inner-shelf sediments is underestimated (up to >100%), needing seasonal observations of sediment-ocean Hg exchange. Terrestrial Hg mobilization pathways from soils and the cryosphere (permafrost, ice, snow and glaciers) remain uncertain. Improved soil, snowpack and glacial Hg inventories, transfer mechanisms of riverine Hg releases under accelerated glacier and soil thaw, coupled atmosphere–terrestrial modelling and monitoring of Hg in sensitive ecosystems such as fjords can help to anticipate impacts on downstream Arctic ecosystems.},
note = {Online available at: \url{https://doi.org/10.1038/s43017-022-00269-w} (DOI). Dastoor, A.; Angot, H.; Bieser, J.; Christensen, J.; Douglas, T.; Heimbürger-Boavida, L.; Jiskra, M.; Mason, R.; McLagan, D.; Obrist, D.; Outridge, P.; Petrova, M.; Ryjkov, A.; St. Pierre, K.; Schartup, A.; Soerensen, A.; Toyota, K.; Travnikov, O.; Wilson, S.; Zdanowicz, C.: Arctic mercury cycling. Nature Reviews. Earth & Environment. 2022. vol. 3, no. 4, 270-286. DOI: 10.1038/s43017-022-00269-w}}
@misc{meier_climate_change_2022, 
author={Meier, H.,Kniebusch, M.,Dieterich, C.,Gröger, M.,Zorita, E.,Elmgren, R.,Myrberg, K.,Ahola, M. P.,Bartosova, A.,Bonsdorff, E.,Börgel, F.,Capell, R.,Carlén, I.,Carlund, T.,Carstensen, J.,Christensen, O. B.,Dierschke, V.,Frauen, C.,Frederiksen, M.,Gaget, E.,Galatius, A.,Haapala, J. J.,Halkka, A.,Hugelius, G.,Hünicke, B.,Jaagus, J.,Jüssi, M.,Käyhkö, J.,Kirchner, N.,Kjellström, E.,Kulinski, K.,Lehmann, A.,Lindström, G.,May, W.,Miller, P. A.,Mohrholz, V.,Müller-Karulis, B.,Pavón-Jordán, D.,Quante, M.,Reckermann, M.,Rutgersson, A.,Savchuk, O. P.,Stendel, M.,Tuomi, L.,Viitasalo, M.,Weisse, R.,Zhang, W.},
title={Climate change in the Baltic Sea region: a summary},
year={2022},
howpublished = {journal article},
doi = {https://doi.org/10.5194/esd-13-457-2022},
abstract = {Based on the Baltic Earth Assessment Reports of this thematic issue in Earth System Dynamics and recent peer-reviewed literature, current knowledge of the effects of global warming on past and future changes in climate of the Baltic Sea region is summarised and assessed. The study is an update of the Second Assessment of Climate Change (BACC II) published in 2015 and focuses on the atmosphere, land, cryosphere, ocean, sediments, and the terrestrial and marine biosphere. Based on the summaries of the recent knowledge gained in palaeo-, historical, and future regional climate research, we find that the main conclusions from earlier assessments still remain valid. However, new long-term, homogenous observational records, for example, for Scandinavian glacier inventories, sea-level-driven saltwater inflows, so-called Major Baltic Inflows, and phytoplankton species distribution, and new scenario simulations with improved models, for example, for glaciers, lake ice, and marine food web, have become available. In many cases, uncertainties can now be better estimated than before because more models were included in the ensembles, especially for the Baltic Sea. With the help of coupled models, feedbacks between several components of the Earth system have been studied, and multiple driver studies were performed, e.g. projections of the food web that include fisheries, eutrophication, and climate change. New datasets and projections have led to a revised understanding of changes in some variables such as salinity. Furthermore, it has become evident that natural variability, in particular for the ocean on multidecadal timescales, is greater than previously estimated, challenging our ability to detect observed and projected changes in climate. In this context, the first palaeoclimate simulations regionalised for the Baltic Sea region are instructive. Hence, estimated uncertainties for the projections of many variables increased. In addition to the well-known influence of the North Atlantic Oscillation, it was found that also other low-frequency modes of internal variability, such as the Atlantic Multidecadal Variability, have profound effects on the climate of the Baltic Sea region. Challenges were also identified, such as the systematic discrepancy between future cloudiness trends in global and regional models and the difficulty of confidently attributing large observed changes in marine ecosystems to climate change. Finally, we compare our results with other coastal sea assessments, such as the North Sea Region Climate Change Assessment (NOSCCA), and find that the effects of climate change on the Baltic Sea differ from those on the North Sea, since Baltic Sea oceanography and ecosystems are very different from other coastal seas such as the North Sea. While the North Sea dynamics are dominated by tides, the Baltic Sea is characterised by brackish water, a perennial vertical stratification in the southern subbasins, and a seasonal sea ice cover in the northern subbasins.},
note = {Online available at: \url{https://doi.org/10.5194/esd-13-457-2022} (DOI). Meier, H.; Kniebusch, M.; Dieterich, C.; Gröger, M.; Zorita, E.; Elmgren, R.; Myrberg, K.; Ahola, M.; Bartosova, A.; Bonsdorff, E.; Börgel, F.; Capell, R.; Carlén, I.; Carlund, T.; Carstensen, J.; Christensen, O.; Dierschke, V.; Frauen, C.; Frederiksen, M.; Gaget, E.; Galatius, A.; Haapala, J.; Halkka, A.; Hugelius, G.; Hünicke, B.; Jaagus, J.; Jüssi, M.; Käyhkö, J.; Kirchner, N.; Kjellström, E.; Kulinski, K.; Lehmann, A.; Lindström, G.; May, W.; Miller, P.; Mohrholz, V.; Müller-Karulis, B.; Pavón-Jordán, D.; Quante, M.; Reckermann, M.; Rutgersson, A.; Savchuk, O.; Stendel, M.; Tuomi, L.; Viitasalo, M.; Weisse, R.; Zhang, W.: Climate change in the Baltic Sea region: a summary. Earth System Dynamics. 2022. vol. 13, no. 1, 457-593. DOI: 10.5194/esd-13-457-2022}}
@misc{miesner_exploring_the_2022, 
author={Miesner, A.,Brune, S.,Pieper, P.,Koul, V.,Baehr, J.,Schrum, C.},
title={Exploring the Potential of Forecasting Fish Distributions in the North East Atlantic With a Dynamic Earth System Model, Exemplified by the Suitable Spawning Habitat of Blue Whiting},
year={2022},
howpublished = {journal article},
doi = {https://doi.org/10.3389/fmars.2021.777427},
abstract = {Local oceanographic variability strongly influences the spawning distribution of blue whiting (Micromesistius poutassou). Here, we explore the potential of using a dynamic Earth System Model (ESM) to forecast the suitable spawning habitat of blue whiting to assist management. Retrospective forecasts of temperature and salinity with the Max Planck Institute ESM (MPI-ESM) show significant skill within blue whiting’s spawning region and spawning depth (250–600 m) during the peak months of spawning. While persistence forecasts perform well at shorter lead times (≤2 years), retrospective forecasts with MPI-ESM are clearly more skilful than persistence in predicting salinity at longer lead times. Our results indicate that retrospective forecasts of the suitable spawning habitat of blue whiting based on predicted salinity outperform those based on calibrated species distribution models. In particular, we find high predictive skill for the suitable spawning habitat based on salinity predictions around one year ahead in the area of Rockall-Hatton Plateau. Our approach shows that retrospective forecasts with MPI-ESM show a better ability to differentiate between the presence and absence of suitable habitat over Rockall Plateau compared to persistence. Our study highlights that physical-biological forecasts based on ESMs could be crucial for developing distributional forecasts of marine organisms in the North East Atlantic.},
note = {Online available at: \url{https://doi.org/10.3389/fmars.2021.777427} (DOI). Miesner, A.; Brune, S.; Pieper, P.; Koul, V.; Baehr, J.; Schrum, C.: Exploring the Potential of Forecasting Fish Distributions in the North East Atlantic With a Dynamic Earth System Model, Exemplified by the Suitable Spawning Habitat of Blue Whiting. Frontiers in Marine Science. 2022. vol. 8, 777427. DOI: 10.3389/fmars.2021.777427}}
@misc{reckermann_human_impacts_2022, 
author={Reckermann, M.,Omstedt, A.,Soomere, T.,Aigars, J.,Akhtar, N.,Bełdowska, M.,Bełdowski, J.,Cronin, T.,Czub, M.,Eero, M.,Hyytiäinen, K.P.,Jalkanen, J.-P.,Kiessling, A.,Kjellström, E.,Kuliński, K.,Larsén, X.G.,McCrackin, M.,Meier, H.E.M.,Oberbeckmann, S.,Parnell, K.,Pons-Seres De Brauwer, C.,Poska, A.,Saarinen, J.,Szymczycha, B.,Undeman, E.,Wörman, A.,Zorita, E.},
title={Human impacts and their interactions in the Baltic Sea region},
year={2022},
howpublished = {journal article},
doi = {https://doi.org/10.5194/esd-13-1-2022},
abstract = {Coastal environments, in particular heavily populated semi-enclosed marginal seas and coasts like the Baltic Sea region, are strongly affected by human activities. A multitude of human impacts, including climate change, affect the different compartments of the environment, and these effects interact with each other. As part of the Baltic Earth Assessment Reports (BEAR), we present an inventory and discussion of different human-induced factors and processes affecting the environment of the Baltic Sea region, and their interrelations. Some are naturally occurring and modified by human activities (i.e. climate change, coastal processes, hypoxia, acidification, submarine groundwater discharges, marine ecosystems, non-indigenous species, land use and land cover), some are completely human-induced (i.e. agriculture, aquaculture, fisheries, river regulations, offshore wind farms, shipping, chemical contamination, dumped warfare agents, marine litter and microplastics, tourism, and coastal management), and they are all interrelated to different degrees. We present a general description and analysis of the state of knowledge on these interrelations. Our main insight is that climate change has an overarching, integrating impact on all of the other factors and can be interpreted as a background effect, which has different implications for the other factors. Impacts on the environment and the human sphere can be roughly allocated to anthropogenic drivers such as food production, energy production, transport, industry and economy. The findings from this inventory of available information and analysis of the different factors and their interactions in the Baltic Sea region can largely be transferred to other comparable marginal and coastal seas in the world.},
note = {Online available at: \url{https://doi.org/10.5194/esd-13-1-2022} (DOI). Reckermann, M.; Omstedt, A.; Soomere, T.; Aigars, J.; Akhtar, N.; Bełdowska, M.; Bełdowski, J.; Cronin, T.; Czub, M.; Eero, M.; Hyytiäinen, K.; Jalkanen, J.; Kiessling, A.; Kjellström, E.; Kuliński, K.; Larsén, X.; McCrackin, M.; Meier, H.; Oberbeckmann, S.; Parnell, K.; Pons-Seres De Brauwer, C.; Poska, A.; Saarinen, J.; Szymczycha, B.; Undeman, E.; Wörman, A.; Zorita, E.: Human impacts and their interactions in the Baltic Sea region. Earth System Dynamics. 2022. vol. 13, no. 1, 1-80. DOI: 10.5194/esd-13-1-2022}}
@misc{koul_impact_of_2022, 
author={Koul, V.,Brune, S.,Baehr, J.,Schrum, C.},
title={Impact of Decadal Trends in the Surface Climate of the North Atlantic Subpolar Gyre on the Marine Environment of the Barents Sea},
year={2022},
howpublished = {journal article},
doi = {https://doi.org/10.3389/fmars.2021.778335 },
abstract = {The Barents Sea is a key region in the Earth System and is home to highly productive marine resources. An integrated approach for strategic sustainable management of marine resources in such shelf-sea marine ecosystems requires, among many other aspects, a robust understanding of the impact of climate on local oceanic conditions. Here, using a combined observational and modelling approach, we show that decadal climatic trends associated with the North Atlantic Subpolar Gyre (SPG), within the period 1960–2019, have an impact on oceanic conditions in the Barents Sea. We relate hydrographic conditions in the Barents Sea to the decadal variability of the SPG through its impact on the Atlantic Inflow via the Faroe-Shetland Channel and the Barents Sea Opening. When the SPG warms, an increase in the throughput of subtropical waters across the Greenland-Scotland Ridge is followed by an increase in the volume of Atlantic Water entering the Barents Sea. These changes are reflected in pronounced decadal trends in the sea-ice concentration and primary production in the Barents Sea, which follow the SPG after an advective delay of 4–5 years. This impact of the SPG on sea-ice and primary production provides a dynamical explanation of the recently reported 7-year lagged statistical relationship between SPG and cod (Gadus morhua) biomass in the Barents Sea. Overall, these results highlight a potential for decadal ecosystem predictions in the Barents Sea.},
note = {Online available at: \url{https://doi.org/10.3389/fmars.2021.778335 } (DOI). Koul, V.; Brune, S.; Baehr, J.; Schrum, C.: Impact of Decadal Trends in the Surface Climate of the North Atlantic Subpolar Gyre on the Marine Environment of the Barents Sea. Frontiers in Marine Science. 2022. vol. 8, 778335. DOI: 10.3389/fmars.2021.778335 }}
@misc{deguttry_expiry_date_2022, 
author={de Guttry, C.,Ratter, B.},
title={Expiry date of a disaster: Memory anchoring and the storm surge 1962 in Hamburg, Germany},
year={2022},
howpublished = {journal article},
doi = {https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijdrr.2021.102719},
abstract = {Disasters are events often perceived to be confined in time and in space. In this paper we challenge this assumption by focusing on the memory of disaster as key aspect through which it is possible to go beyond the “there and then” of a disaster. By applying the concept of memory anchoring, we illustrate the importance of memory for its repercussions on the present “here and now” as well as on the future way of dealing with disasters. We apply the framework of memory anchors to the case study of the Storm Surge 1962 and the following flood disaster, which took place in Hamburg, Germany and marked a turning point in Hamburg's disaster history. This disaster is locally constructed as memory anchor by those who directly experienced it, and those who have to deal with natural hazards in the city's administration. We scrutinize how different actors enact the memory anchoring process and with what aims. The process of memory anchoring is reflected in locational and societal representations and therefore supports the imaginaries of space and time of the disaster. However, which role can memory anchors play in future disaster awareness and management? Which role do they play in policy decisions on flood management? And how can memory anchors impact future generations in their dealing with disasters? The question remains on how (and if) it is possible to prevent disappearance of memory anchors without the need of a further disaster.},
note = {Online available at: \url{https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijdrr.2021.102719} (DOI). de Guttry, C.; Ratter, B.: Expiry date of a disaster: Memory anchoring and the storm surge 1962 in Hamburg, Germany. International Journal of Disaster Risk Reduction. 2022. vol. 70, 102719. DOI: 10.1016/j.ijdrr.2021.102719}}
@misc{christiansen_emergence_of_2022, 
author={Christiansen, N.,Daewel, U.,Djath, B.,Schrum, C.},
title={Emergence of Large-Scale Hydrodynamic Structures Due to Atmospheric Offshore Wind Farm Wakes},
year={2022},
howpublished = {journal article},
doi = {https://doi.org/10.3389/fmars.2022.818501},
abstract = {The potential impact of offshore wind farms through decreasing sea surface wind speed on the shear forcing and its consequences for the ocean dynamics are investigated. Based on the unstructured-grid model SCHISM, we present a new cross-scale hydrodynamic model setup for the southern North Sea, which enables high-resolution analysis of offshore wind farms in the marine environment. We introduce an observational-based empirical approach to parameterize the atmospheric wakes in a hydrodynamic model and simulate the seasonal cycle of the summer stratification in consideration of the recent state of wind farm development in the southern North Sea. The simulations show the emergence of large-scale attenuation in the wind forcing and associated alterations in the local hydro- and thermodynamics. The wake effects lead to unanticipated spatial variability in the mean horizontal currents and to the formation of large-scale dipoles in the sea surface elevation. Induced changes in the vertical and lateral flow are sufficiently strong to influence the residual currents and entail alterations of the temperature and salinity distribution in areas of wind farm operation. Ultimately, the dipole-related processes affect the stratification development in the southern North Sea and indicate potential impact on marine ecosystem processes. In the German Bight, in particular, we observe large-scale structural change in stratification strength, which eventually enhances the stratification during the decline of the summer stratification toward autumn.},
note = {Online available at: \url{https://doi.org/10.3389/fmars.2022.818501} (DOI). Christiansen, N.; Daewel, U.; Djath, B.; Schrum, C.: Emergence of Large-Scale Hydrodynamic Structures Due to Atmospheric Offshore Wind Farm Wakes. Frontiers in Marine Science. 2022. vol. 9, 818501. DOI: 10.3389/fmars.2022.818501}}
@misc{meng_water_oxygen_2022, 
author={Meng, Q.,Zhang, W.,Zhou, F.,Liao, Y.,Yu, P.,Tang, Y.,Ma, X.,Di, T.,Ding, R.,Ni, X.,Zeng, D.,Schrum, C.},
title={Water Oxygen Consumption Rather Than Sediment Oxygen Consumption Drives the Variation of Hypoxia on the East China Sea Shelf},
year={2022},
howpublished = {journal article},
doi = {https://doi.org/10.1029/2021JG006705},
abstract = {Sediment oxygen consumption (SOC) is important in modulating the oxygen budget in the East China Sea where seasonal hypoxia occurs. Porewater advection, molecular diffusion and bioturbation supply oxygen for sedimentary organic matter degradation. A pelagic‒benthic coupled model was applied to quantify the SOC. A comparison with observations showed good model performance in reproducing the hydrographic and ecological environments, particularly for the interannual variation in the hypoxic zone. Simulation results show that porewater-advection-induced flux is the predominant component of the SOC in sandy areas on the Changjiang bank and outer shelves, while the bioturbation‒induced flux is predominant at mud depocenters. By comparing SOC to the water oxygen consumption (WOC) below the pycnocline, the contribution of SOC is generally below ∼40% in the hypoxic zone. The spatial distribution of SOC in summer is relatively steady from year to year, while the high WOC patches explain more about the interannual variation in the hypoxic zone. WOC rather than SOC drives the variation of hypoxia. Particularly on the Changjiang bank, milder hydrodynamics are favorable for both the higher WOC and bioturbation-induced benthic oxygen flux but substantially suppress the porewater advective flux, which results in the net lower contribution of SOC to hypoxia. This finding may shed light on other pelagic‒benthic coupling processes in coastal shelf seas where hypoxia occurs on permeable sediments.},
note = {Online available at: \url{https://doi.org/10.1029/2021JG006705} (DOI). Meng, Q.; Zhang, W.; Zhou, F.; Liao, Y.; Yu, P.; Tang, Y.; Ma, X.; Di, T.; Ding, R.; Ni, X.; Zeng, D.; Schrum, C.: Water Oxygen Consumption Rather Than Sediment Oxygen Consumption Drives the Variation of Hypoxia on the East China Sea Shelf. Journal of Geophysical Research : Biogeosciences. 2022. vol. 127, no. 2, e2021JG006705. DOI: 10.1029/2021JG006705}}
@misc{bntgen_global_treering_2022, 
author={Büntgen, U.,Smith, S.H.,Wagner, S.,Krusic, P.,Esper, J.,Piermattei, A.,Crivellaro, A.,Reinig, F.,Tegel, W.,Kirdyanov, A.,Trnka, M.,Oppenheimer, C.},
title={Global tree-ring response and inferred climate variation following the mid-thirteenth century Samalas eruption},
year={2022},
howpublished = {journal article},
doi = {https://doi.org/10.1007/s00382-022-06141-3},
abstract = {The largest explosive volcanic eruption of the Common Era in terms of estimated sulphur yield to the stratosphere was identified in glaciochemical records 40 years ago, and dates to the mid-thirteenth century. Despite eventual attribution to the Samalas (Rinjani) volcano in Indonesia, the eruption date remains uncertain, and the climate response only partially understood. Seeking a more global perspective on summer surface temperature and hydroclimate change following the eruption, we present an analysis of 249 tree-ring chronologies spanning the thirteenth century and representing all continents except Antarctica. Of the 170 predominantly temperature sensitive high-frequency chronologies, the earliest hints of boreal summer cooling are the growth depressions found at sites in the western US and Canada in 1257 CE. If this response is a result of Samalas, it would be consistent with an eruption window of circa May–July 1257 CE. More widespread summer cooling across the mid-latitudes of North America and Eurasia is pronounced in 1258, while records from Scandinavia and Siberia reveal peak cooling in 1259. In contrast to the marked post-Samalas temperature response at high-elevation sites in the Northern Hemisphere, no strong hydroclimatic anomalies emerge from the 79 precipitation-sensitive chronologies. Although our findings remain spatially biased towards the western US and central Europe, and growth-climate response patterns are not always dominated by a single meteorological factor, this study offers a global proxy framework for the evaluation of paleoclimate model simulations.},
note = {Online available at: \url{https://doi.org/10.1007/s00382-022-06141-3} (DOI). Büntgen, U.; Smith, S.; Wagner, S.; Krusic, P.; Esper, J.; Piermattei, A.; Crivellaro, A.; Reinig, F.; Tegel, W.; Kirdyanov, A.; Trnka, M.; Oppenheimer, C.: Global tree-ring response and inferred climate variation following the mid-thirteenth century Samalas eruption. Climate Dynamics. 2022. vol. 59, 531-546. DOI: 10.1007/s00382-022-06141-3}}
@misc{bouwer_risk_management_2022, 
author={Bouwer, L.,Cheong, S.,Jacot Des Combes, H.,Frölicher, T.,McInnes, K.,Ratter, B.,Rivera-Arriaga, E.},
title={Risk Management and Adaptation for Extremes and Abrupt Changes in Climate and Oceans: Current Knowledge Gaps},
year={2022},
howpublished = {journal article},
doi = {https://doi.org/10.3389/fclim.2021.785641},
abstract = {Perspectives for risk management and adaptation have received ample attention in the recent IPCC Special Report on Changes in the Oceans and Cryosphere (SROCC). However, several knowledge gaps on the impacts of abrupt changes, cascading effects and compound extreme climatic events have been identified, and need further research. We focus on specific climate change risks identified in the SROCC report, namely: changes in tropical and extratropical cyclones; marine heatwaves; extreme ENSO events; and abrupt changes in the Atlantic Meridional Overturning Circulation. Several of the socioeconomic impacts from these events are not yet well-understood, and the literature is also sparse on specific recommendations for integrated risk management and adaptation options to reduce such risks. Also, past research has mostly focussed on concepts that have seen little application to real-world cases. We discuss relevant research needs and priorities for improved social-ecological impact assessment related to these major physical changes in the climate and oceans. For example, harmonised approaches are needed to better understand impacts from compound events, and cascading impacts across systems. Such information is essential to inform options for adaptation, governance and decision-making. Finally, we highlight research needs for developing transformative adaptation options and their governance.},
note = {Online available at: \url{https://doi.org/10.3389/fclim.2021.785641} (DOI). Bouwer, L.; Cheong, S.; Jacot Des Combes, H.; Frölicher, T.; McInnes, K.; Ratter, B.; Rivera-Arriaga, E.: Risk Management and Adaptation for Extremes and Abrupt Changes in Climate and Oceans: Current Knowledge Gaps. Frontiers in Climate. 2022. vol. 3, 785641. DOI: 10.3389/fclim.2021.785641}}
@misc{chen_linking_oceanographic_2022, 
author={Chen, H.,Zhang, W.,Xie, X.,Gao, Y.,Liu, S.,Ren, J.,Wang, D.,Su, M.},
title={Linking oceanographic processes to contourite features: Numerical modelling of currents influencing a contourite depositional system on the northern South China Sea margin},
year={2022},
howpublished = {journal article},
doi = {https://doi.org/10.1016/j.margeo.2021.106714},
abstract = {Combining high-resolution bathymetry and 2-D seismic data with 3-D hydrodynamic numerical simulation results to identify Quaternary plastered contourite drifts in the South China Sea northern margin (i.e., the Jianfeng and Yitong slopes), this study aims to disentangle the impacts of bottom currents associated with the intermediate and deep water masses.,Upslope parts of plastered drifts (~1000–1200 mwd) are smooth and gentle (up to 1°) surfaces, which can also be classified as contourite terraces. They are characterised by non-deposition and sheeted deposition that indicate dominant flow conditions capable of transporting sediments. The responsible hydrodynamic forcing here is the anticyclonic South China Sea Intermediate Water currents, which flow eastward with a mean velocity of 2–3 cm/s. These are sporadically enhanced and can exceed 6 cm/s during high-energy intermittent events such as deep-reaching eddies.,The central parts of the plastered drifts, located seaward of the terraces, present a subtle mounded morphology (1°–2°, ~1200–1500 mwd) partly perturbated by wavy bedforms. The downslope parts of the plastered drifts feature step-forming slides/slumps with steep slope gradients (1°–5°, ~1500–2000 mwd). According to our simulation results, the depth range of the plastered drifts overlaps the transition zone between the intermediate and deep water masses, wherein the simulated mean current velocity is 0–2 cm/s with variable directions, suggesting its deposition-favourable environment.,Steep (>2°) slopes beneath the plastered drifts (below ~2000 mwd) present along-slope truncations, including contourite channels and moats that indicate enforced currents capable of erosion. Responsible hydrodynamic forcing is the cyclonic South China Sea Deep Water currents, which flow westward with a mean velocity of 3–5 cm/s and exceed 15 cm/s during high-energy intermittent events.,The results of this study show a clear link between bottom currents' behaviours (e.g., mean flow condition and variability) and contouritic depositional patterns, which suggest that continental slopes can be effectively shaped by large-scale ocean circulations through the topography-current interaction. The weakest hydrodynamic condition and highest sediment accumulation rate, occurring in the ~800 m thick transition domain between two water masses in the study area, facilitate the development of plastered drifts at the seaward side of contourite terraces. The outcomes of our study may have broad implications for understanding the relationship between processes and products in continental margins.},
note = {Online available at: \url{https://doi.org/10.1016/j.margeo.2021.106714} (DOI). Chen, H.; Zhang, W.; Xie, X.; Gao, Y.; Liu, S.; Ren, J.; Wang, D.; Su, M.: Linking oceanographic processes to contourite features: Numerical modelling of currents influencing a contourite depositional system on the northern South China Sea margin. Marine Geology. 2022. vol. 444, 106714. DOI: 10.1016/j.margeo.2021.106714}}
@misc{liu_still_normal_2022, 
author={Liu, X.,Meinke, I.,Weisse, R.},
title={Still normal? Near-real-time evaluation of storm surge events in the context of climate change},
year={2022},
howpublished = {journal article},
doi = {https://doi.org/10.5194/nhess-22-97-2022},
abstract = {Storm surges represent a major threat to many low-lying coastal areas in the world. In the aftermath of an extreme event, the extent to which the event was unusual and the potential contribution of climate change in shaping the event are often debated. Commonly analyzes that allow for such assessments are not available right away but are only provided with often considerable time delay. To address this gap, a new tool was developed and applied to storm surges along the German North Sea and Baltic Sea coasts. The tool integrates real-time measurements with long-term statistics to put ongoing extremes or the course of a storm surge season into a climatological perspective in near real time. The approach and the concept of the tool are described and discussed. To illustrate the capabilities, several exemplary cases from the storm surge seasons 2018/2019 and 2019/2020 are discussed. It is concluded that the tool provides support in the near-real-time assessment and evaluation of storm surge extremes. It is further argued that the concept is transferable to other regions and/or coastal hazards.},
note = {Online available at: \url{https://doi.org/10.5194/nhess-22-97-2022} (DOI). Liu, X.; Meinke, I.; Weisse, R.: Still normal? Near-real-time evaluation of storm surge events in the context of climate change. Natural Hazards and Earth System Sciences. 2022. vol. 22, no. 1, 97-116. DOI: 10.5194/nhess-22-97-2022}}
@misc{martin_first_multiyear_2022, 
author={Martin, A.,Gommenginger, C.,Jacob, B.,Staneva, J.},
title={First multi-year assessment of Sentinel-1 radial velocity products using HF radar currents in a coastal environment},
year={2022},
howpublished = {journal article},
doi = {https://doi.org/10.1016/j.rse.2021.112758},
abstract = {Direct sensing of total ocean surface currents with microwave Doppler signals is a growing topic of interest for oceanography, with relevance to several new ocean mission concepts proposed in recent years. Since 2014, the spaceborne C-band SAR instruments of the Copernicus Sentinel-1 (S1) mission routinely acquire microwave Doppler data, distributed to users through operational S1 Level-2 ocean radial velocity (L2 OCN RVL) products. S1 L2 RVL data could produce high-resolution maps of ocean surface currents that would benefit ocean observing and modelling, particularly in coastal regions. However, uncorrected platform effects and instrument anomalies continue to impact S1 RVL data and prevent direct exploitation.,In this paper, a simple empirical method is proposed to calibrate and correct operational S1 L2 RVL products and retrieve two-dimensional maps of surface currents in the radar line-of-sight. The study focuses on the German Bight where wind, wave and current data from marine stations and an HF radar instrumented site provide comprehensive means to evaluate S1 retrieved currents. Analyses are deliberately limited to Sentinel-1A (S1A) ascending passes to focus on one single instrument and fixed SAR viewing geometry. The final dataset comprises 78 separate S1A acquisitions over 2.5 years, of which 56 are matched with collocated HF radar data. The empirical corrections bring significant improvements to S1A RVL data, producing higher quality estimates and much better agreement with HF radar radial currents.,Comparative evaluation of S1A against HF radar currents for different WASV corrections reveal that best results are obtained in this region when computing the WASV with sea state rather than wind vector input. Accounting for sea state produces S1 radial currents with a precision (std of the difference) around 0.3 m/s at ∼1 km resolution. Precision improves to ∼0.24 m/s when averaging over 21 × 27 km2, with correlations with HF radar data reaching up to 0.93. Evidence of wind-current interactions when tides and wind align and short fetch conditions call for further research with more satellite data and other sites to better understand and correct the WASV in coastal regions.,Finally, 1 km resolution maps of climatological S1A radial currents obtained over 2.5 years reveal strong coastal jets and fine scale details of the coastal circulation that closely match the known bathymetry and deep-water coastal channels in this region. The wealth of oceanographic information in corrected S1 RVL data is encouraging for Doppler oceanography from space and its application to observing small scale ocean dynamics, atmosphere and ocean vertical exchanges and marine ecosystem response to environmental change.},
note = {Online available at: \url{https://doi.org/10.1016/j.rse.2021.112758} (DOI). Martin, A.; Gommenginger, C.; Jacob, B.; Staneva, J.: First multi-year assessment of Sentinel-1 radial velocity products using HF radar currents in a coastal environment. Remote Sensing of Environment. 2022. vol. 268, 112758. DOI: 10.1016/j.rse.2021.112758}}
@misc{tian_effects_of_2022, 
author={Tian, D.,Zhou, F.,Zhang, W.,Zhang, H.,Ma, X.,Guo, X.},
title={Effects of dissolved oxygen and nutrients from the Kuroshio on hypoxia off the Changjiang River estuary},
year={2022},
howpublished = {journal article},
doi = {https://doi.org/10.1007/s00343-021-0440-3},
abstract = {The intrusion of the Kuroshio into the East China Sea (ECS) affects the development of hypoxia off the Changjiang (Yangtze) River estuary; however, quantitative analysis of its impacts is lacking. In this study, the Regional Ocean Modeling Systems (ROMS) model coupled with the Carbon, Silicate and Nitrogen Ecosystem (CoSiNE) model was used to investigate the relative importance of dissolved oxygen (DO) and different nutrients (silicate, nitrate, and phosphate) in the Kuroshio on hypoxia in the ECS. Results show that changes in DO concentrations in the Kuroshio modify the distribution and intensity of hypoxia through direct onshore transport by hydrodynamic processes. An increase in Kuroshio DO concentration by 25% or 50% would result in a decrease of the maximum hypoxia extent (MHE) in the ECS by 76% or 86%, respectively, while a 25% decrease in Kuroshio DO would increase the MHE by up to 219%. The contribution of DO in the Taiwan Strait is almost negligible. In contrast to Kuroshio DO, nutrients affect hypoxia in the ECS through onshore transport by hydrodynamic and biochemical processes. Changes in phosphate and nitrate concentrations by 25% in the Kuroshio would change the MHE by up to 30% and 18%, respectively, accompanied by apparent changes in surface chlorophyll-a concentrations. The effect of silicate on hypoxia is negligible because a 25% change in silicate concentrations in the Kuroshio would result in less than 1% change in the MHE. Our results reveal a hierarchical rank of importance for environmental variables in the Kuroshio (i.e., DO > phosphate > nitrate > silicate) in modifying the development of hypoxia in the ECS.},
note = {Online available at: \url{https://doi.org/10.1007/s00343-021-0440-3} (DOI). Tian, D.; Zhou, F.; Zhang, W.; Zhang, H.; Ma, X.; Guo, X.: Effects of dissolved oxygen and nutrients from the Kuroshio on hypoxia off the Changjiang River estuary. Journal of Oceanology and Limnology. 2022. vol. 40, no. 2, 515-529. DOI: 10.1007/s00343-021-0440-3}}
@misc{liu_drivers_of_2022, 
author={Liu, F.,Mikolajewicz, U.,Six, K.},
title={Drivers of the decadal variability of the North Ionian Gyre upper layer circulation during 1910–2010: a regional modelling study},
year={2022},
howpublished = {journal article},
doi = {https://doi.org/10.1007/s00382-021-05714-y},
abstract = {A long simulation over the period 1901–2010 with an eddy-permitting ocean circulation model is used to study the variability of the upper layer circulation in the North Ionian Gyre (NIG) in the Eastern Mediterranean Sea (EMed). The model is driven by the atmospheric forcing from the twentieth century reanalysis data set ERA-20C, ensuring a consistent performance of the model over the entire simulation period. The main modes of variability known in the EMed, in particular the decadal reversals of the NIG upper layer circulation observed since the late 1980s are well reproduced. We find that the simulated NIG upper layer circulation prior to the observational period is characterized by long-lasting cyclonic phases with weak variability during years 1910–1940 and 1960–1985, while in the in-between period (1940–1960) quasi-decadal NIG circulation reversals occur with similar characteristics to those observed in the recent decades. Our simulation indicates that the NIG upper layer circulation is rather prone to the cyclonic mode with occasional kicks to the anticyclonic mode. The coherent variability of the NIG upper layer circulation mode and of the Adriatic Deep Water (AdDW) outflow implies that atmospheric forcing triggering strong AdDW formation is required to kick the NIG into an anticyclonic circulation 1–2 years later. A sensitivity experiment mimicking a cold winter event over the Adriatic Sea supports this hypothesis. Our simulation shows that it is the multi-decadal variability of the salinity in the Adriatic Sea that leads to periods where low salinity prevents strong AdDW formation events. This explains the absence of quasi-decadal NIG reversals during 1910–1940 and 1960–1985.},
note = {Online available at: \url{https://doi.org/10.1007/s00382-021-05714-y} (DOI). Liu, F.; Mikolajewicz, U.; Six, K.: Drivers of the decadal variability of the North Ionian Gyre upper layer circulation during 1910–2010: a regional modelling study. Climate Dynamics. 2022. vol. 58, 2065-2077. DOI: 10.1007/s00382-021-05714-y}}
@misc{payne_skilful_decadalscale_2022, 
author={Payne, M.,Danabasoglu, G.,Keenlyside. N.,Matei, D.,Miesner, A.,Yang, S.,Yeager, S.},
title={Skilful decadal-scale prediction of fish habitat and distribution shifts},
year={2022},
howpublished = {journal article},
doi = {https://doi.org/10.1038/s41467-022-30280-0},
abstract = {Many fish and marine organisms are responding to our planet’s changing climate by shifting their distribution. Such shifts can drive international conflicts and are highly problematic for the communities and businesses that depend on these living marine resources. Advances in climate prediction mean that in some regions the drivers of these shifts can be forecast up to a decade ahead, although forecasts of distribution shifts on this critical time-scale, while highly sought after by stakeholders, have yet to materialise. Here, we demonstrate the application of decadal-scale climate predictions to the habitat and distribution of marine fish species. We show statistically significant forecast skill of individual years that outperform baseline forecasts 3–10 years ahead; forecasts of multi-year averages perform even better, yielding correlation coefficients in excess of 0.90 in some cases. We also demonstrate that the habitat shifts underlying conflicts over Atlantic mackerel fishing rights could have been foreseen. Our results show that climate predictions can provide information of direct relevance to stakeholders on the decadal-scale. This tool will be critical in foreseeing, adapting to and coping with the challenges of a changing future climate, particularly in the most ocean-dependent nations and communities.},
note = {Online available at: \url{https://doi.org/10.1038/s41467-022-30280-0} (DOI). Payne, M.; Danabasoglu, G.; Keenlyside. N.; Matei, D.; Miesner, A.; Yang, S.; Yeager, S.: Skilful decadal-scale prediction of fish habitat and distribution shifts. Nature Communications. 2022. vol. 13, 2660. DOI: 10.1038/s41467-022-30280-0}}
@misc{heath_ecosystem_approach_2022, 
author={Heath, M.,Benkort, D.,Brierley, A.,Daewel, U.,Laverick, J.,Proud, R.,Speirs, D.},
title={Ecosystem approach to harvesting in the Arctic: Walking the tightrope between exploitation and conservation in the Barents Sea},
year={2022},
howpublished = {journal article},
doi = {https://doi.org/10.1007/s13280-021-01616-9},
abstract = {Projecting the consequences of warming and sea-ice loss for Arctic marine food web and fisheries is challenging due to the intricate relationships between biology and ice. We used StrathE2EPolar, an end-to-end (microbes-to-megafauna) food web model incorporating ice-dependencies to simulate climate-fisheries interactions in the Barents Sea. The model was driven by output from the NEMO-MEDUSA earth system model, assuming RCP 8.5 atmospheric forcing. The Barents Sea was projected to be > 95% ice-free all year-round by the 2040s compared to > 50% in the 2010s, and approximately 2 °C warmer. Fisheries management reference points (FMSY and BMSY) for demersal fish (cod, haddock) were projected to increase by around 6%, indicating higher productivity. However, planktivorous fish (capelin, herring) reference points were projected to decrease by 15%, and upper trophic levels (birds, mammals) were strongly sensitive to planktivorous fish harvesting. The results indicate difficult trade-offs ahead, between harvesting and conservation of ecosystem structure and function.},
note = {Online available at: \url{https://doi.org/10.1007/s13280-021-01616-9} (DOI). Heath, M.; Benkort, D.; Brierley, A.; Daewel, U.; Laverick, J.; Proud, R.; Speirs, D.: Ecosystem approach to harvesting in the Arctic: Walking the tightrope between exploitation and conservation in the Barents Sea. Ambio. 2022. vol. 51, no. 2, 456-470. DOI: 10.1007/s13280-021-01616-9}}
@misc{thewes_steps_toward_2022, 
author={Thewes, D.,Stanev, E.,Zielinski, O.},
title={Steps Toward Modelling the Past and Future North Sea Ecosystem With a Focus on Light Climate},
year={2022},
howpublished = {journal article},
doi = {https://doi.org/10.3389/fmars.2022.818383},
abstract = {With ongoing manmade climate change, it is important to understand its impact on regional ecosystems. Furthermore, it is known that the North Sea light climate is subject to ongoing change. The combined effects of climate change and coastal darkening are investigated in this work. We used a three-dimensional ecosystem model, forced with data from a climate model, to project three plausible biogeochemical states for the years 2050–2054, following three representative concentration and shared socioeconomic pathways (RCP2.6-SSP1, RCP4.5-SSP2 and RCP8.5-SSP5). We also performed a historic experiment for the years 1950–1954 and 2000–2004 for comparison. Our results suggest significant reductions of phytoplankton biomass as a consequence of sinking nutrient levels for all future scenarios. Additionally, a modelling study was carried out, in which we raised background SPM levels by 40% to reflect potential changes in the future. This revealed that for RCP2.6-SSP1, the ecosystem is more sensitive to changes in the light climate than for the other scenarios, due to higher nutrient availability.},
note = {Online available at: \url{https://doi.org/10.3389/fmars.2022.818383} (DOI). Thewes, D.; Stanev, E.; Zielinski, O.: Steps Toward Modelling the Past and Future North Sea Ecosystem With a Focus on Light Climate. Frontiers in Marine Science. 2022. vol. 9, 818383. DOI: 10.3389/fmars.2022.818383}}
@misc{lin_the_effect_2022, 
author={Lin, L.,von Storch, H.,Guo, D.,Tang, S.,Zheng, P.,Chen, X.},
title={The effect of tides on internal variability in the Bohai and Yellow Sea},
year={2022},
howpublished = {journal article},
doi = {https://doi.org/10.1016/j.dynatmoce.2022.101301},
abstract = {The hydrodynamics of marginal seas exhibit internal variability unprovoked by external forcing. To date, the role of tides in reducing this “noise” has not been evaluated. We investigated the effect of tides on internal variability in the Bohai and Yellow Sea. To do so, we conducted three ensembles of numerical experiments using the three-dimensional Finite-Volume Coastal Ocean Model (FVCOM) with tidal forcing, with “half-tidal” forcing, and without tidal forcing, while everything else was unchanged, and determined the intensity of the signal-to-noise ratio (hereinafter referred to as the S/N ratio), with the “signal” represented by the variance of the coherent variations of the different simulations subject to the same atmospheric variability and the noise represented by the intra-ensemble variance. The S/N ratio was determined for depth-averaged velocities, surface temperature, and surface salinity.,The first result was that in all three ensembles, noise emerged but with different intensities. In the ensemble with tidal forcing, unprovoked variability emerged primarily at smaller scales. When the tides were weakened or turned off, the S/N ratios were reduced, more so in the Yellow Sea than in the Bohai. The increase in the S/N ratio was largest for large scales and for depth-averaged velocities. The reduction in tidal forcing resulted in an approximately 30% increase in S/N ratios in the Bohai at large scales. Thus, the absence of tidal forcing favored the emergence of increased unprovoked variability at large and medium scales but not at small scales. A hypothesis for explaining this scale-selective effect of tides, based on the stochastic climate model, was suggested.},
note = {Online available at: \url{https://doi.org/10.1016/j.dynatmoce.2022.101301} (DOI). Lin, L.; von Storch, H.; Guo, D.; Tang, S.; Zheng, P.; Chen, X.: The effect of tides on internal variability in the Bohai and Yellow Sea. Dynamics of Atmospheres and Oceans. 2022. vol. 98, 101301. DOI: 10.1016/j.dynatmoce.2022.101301}}
@misc{weinert_benthic_ecosystem_2022, 
author={Weinert, M.,Kröncke, I.,Meyer, J.,Mathis, M.,Pohlmann, T.,Henning, R.},
title={Benthic ecosystem functioning under climate change: modelling the bioturbation potential for benthic key species in the southern North Sea},
year={2022},
howpublished = {journal article},
doi = {https://doi.org/10.7717/peerj.14105},
abstract = {Climate change affects the marine environment on many levels with profound consequences for numerous biological, chemical, and physical processes. Benthic bioturbation is one of the most relevant and significant processes for benthic-pelagic coupling and biogeochemical fluxes in marine sediments, such as the uptake, transport, and remineralisation of organic carbon. However, only little is known about how climate change affects the distribution and intensity of benthic bioturbation of a shallow temperate shelf sea system such as the southern North Sea. In this study, we modelled and projected changes in bioturbation potential (BPp) under a continuous global warming scenario for seven southern North Sea key bioturbators: Abra alba, Amphiura filiformis, Callianassa subterranea, Echinocardium cordatum, Goniada maculata, Nephtys hombergii, and Nucula nitidosa. Spatial changes in species bioturbation intensity are simulated for the years 2050 and 2099 based on one species distribution model per species driven by bottom temperature and salinity changes using the IPCC SRES scenario A1B. Local mean bottom temperature was projected to increase between 0.15 and 5.4 °C, while mean bottom salinity was projected to moderately decrease by 1.7. Our results show that the considered benthic species are strongly influenced by the temperature increase. Although the total BP remained rather constant in the southern North Sea, the BPp for four out of seven species was projected to increase, mainly due to a simultaneous northward range expansion, while the BPp in the core area of the southern North Sea declined for the same species. Bioturbation of the most important species, Amphiura filiformis and Echinocardium cordatum, showed no substantial change in the spatial distribution, but over time. The BPp of E. cordatum remained almost constant until 2099, while the BPp of A. filiformis decreased by 41%. The northward expansion of some species and the decline of most species in the south led to a change of relative contribution to bioturbation in the southern North Sea. These results indicate that some of the selected key bioturbators in the southern North Sea might partly compensate the decrease in bioturbation by others. But especially in the depositional areas where bioturbation plays a specifically important role for ecosystem functioning, bioturbation potential declined until 2099, which might affect the biochemical cycling in sediments of some areas of the southern North Sea.},
note = {Online available at: \url{https://doi.org/10.7717/peerj.14105} (DOI). Weinert, M.; Kröncke, I.; Meyer, J.; Mathis, M.; Pohlmann, T.; Henning, R.: Benthic ecosystem functioning under climate change: modelling the bioturbation potential for benthic key species in the southern North Sea. PeerJ. 2022. vol. 10, e14105. DOI: 10.7717/peerj.14105}}
@misc{yumruktepe_ecosmo_iichl_2022, 
author={Yumruktepe, V.,Samuelsen, A.,Daewel, U.},
title={ECOSMO II(CHL): a marine biogeochemical model for the North Atlantic and the Arctic},
year={2022},
howpublished = {journal article},
doi = {https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-15-3901-2022},
abstract = {ECOSMO II is a fully coupled bio-physical model of 3D hydrodynamics with an intermediate-complexity NPZD (nutrient, phytoplankton, zooplankton, detritus) type biology including sediment-water column exchange processes originally formulated for the North Sea and Baltic Sea. Here we present an updated version of the model incorporating chlorophyll a as a prognostic state variable: ECOSMO II(CHL). The version presented here is online coupled to the HYCOM ocean model. The model is intended to be used for regional configurations for the North Atlantic and the Arctic incorporating coarse to high spatial resolutions for hind-casting and operational purposes. We provide the full descriptions of the changes in ECOSMO II(CHL) from ECOSMO II and provide the evaluation for the inorganic nutrients and chlorophyll a variables, present the modelled biogeochemistry of the Nordic Seas and the Arctic, and experiment on various parameterization sets as use cases targeting chlorophyll a dynamics. We document the performance of each parameter set objectively analysing the experiments against in situ, satellite and climatology data. The model evaluations for each experiment demonstrated that the simulations are consistent with the large-scale climatological nutrient setting and are capable of representing regional and seasonal changes. Explicitly resolving chlorophyll a allows for more dynamic seasonal and vertical variations in phytoplankton biomass to chlorophyll a ratio and improves model chlorophyll a performance near the surface. Through experimenting with the model performance, we document the general biogeochemisty of the Nordic Seas and the Arctic. The Norwegian and Barents seas primary production show distinct seasonal patterns with a pronounced spring bloom dominated by diatoms and low biomass during winter months. The Norwegian Sea annual primary production is around double that of the Barents Sea while also having an earlier spring bloom.},
note = {Online available at: \url{https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-15-3901-2022} (DOI). Yumruktepe, V.; Samuelsen, A.; Daewel, U.: ECOSMO II(CHL): a marine biogeochemical model for the North Atlantic and the Arctic. Geoscientific Model Development. 2022. vol. 15, no. 9, 3901-3921. DOI: 10.5194/gmd-15-3901-2022}}
@misc{leung_a_time_2022, 
author={Leung, K.,Khim, J.,Staneva, J.},
title={A time for rejuvenation of the journal after the first seven years},
year={2022},
howpublished = {journal article},
doi = {https://doi.org/10.1016/j.rsma.2022.102577},
abstract = {No Abstract},
note = {Online available at: \url{https://doi.org/10.1016/j.rsma.2022.102577} (DOI). Leung, K.; Khim, J.; Staneva, J.: A time for rejuvenation of the journal after the first seven years. Regional Studies in Marine Science. 2022. vol. 55, 102577. DOI: 10.1016/j.rsma.2022.102577}}
@misc{mayer_rcp85projected_changes_2022, 
author={Mayer, B.,Mathis, M.,Mikolajewicz, U.,Pohlmann, T.},
title={RCP8.5-projected changes in German Bight storm surge characteristics from regionalized ensemble simulations for the end of the twenty-first century},
year={2022},
howpublished = {journal article},
doi = {https://doi.org/10.3389/fclim.2022.992119},
abstract = {This study investigates climate-induced changes in height, frequency and duration of storm surges in the German Bight. The regionally coupled climate model system MPIOM-REMO with a focus on the North Sea has been utilized to dynamically downscale 30 members of the global climate model system MPI-ESM1.1-LR for the historical period 1950–2005 and a continuation until 2099 with the RCP8.5 scenario. Results of all members have been collected into the historical (1970–1999) and the rcp85 (2070–2099) data pools amounting to 900 years of the corresponding climate state. The global mean sea level rise was not considered. Nevertheless, the mean ensemble German Bight SSH trend amounts to about 13 ± 1 cm/century (PI control: 3 cm/century) due to adaptation of the ocean circulation to the changing climatic conditions. Storm surges were defined as SSH above mean high tidal water plus 1.5, 2.5, 3.5 m for “regular”, heavy, extreme storm surges, and then clustered to events. Our simulated storm surge events show a clear location-dependent increase in frequency (6–11%), median duration (4–24%), and average duration (9–20%) in the German Bight. Only along the central German Bight coast (Cuxhaven), longer lasting events gain more relevance. Heavy storm surge events show also a strong increase in frequency (7–34%) and average duration (10–22%). Maximum sea levels during storm events increase strongest and most significant along the northern German Bight and Danish coasts with more than 30 cm/century for the 60-year return period at Hörnum and 10–15 cm/century for shorter return periods. Levels of return periods shorter than a few years significantly increase everywhere along the southern German Bight coasts (around 5 cm/century for the 2-year return period). Highest SSH maxima do not change, and consequently, extreme storm surge events show hardly any response to climate change. Furthermore, our results indicate a shift of seasonality from the last to the first quarter of a year. As the main driver for the encountered alteration of German Bight storm surge characteristics, we identified a change in wind conditions with a pronounced increase of frequency of strong westerly winds.},
note = {Online available at: \url{https://doi.org/10.3389/fclim.2022.992119} (DOI). Mayer, B.; Mathis, M.; Mikolajewicz, U.; Pohlmann, T.: RCP8.5-projected changes in German Bight storm surge characteristics from regionalized ensemble simulations for the end of the twenty-first century. Frontiers in Climate. 2022. vol. 4, 992119. DOI: 10.3389/fclim.2022.992119}}
@misc{jungclaus_the_icon_2022, 
author={Jungclaus, J.H.,Lorenz, S.J.,Schmidt, H.,Brovkin, V.,Brüggemann, N.,Chegini, F.,Crüger, T.,De-Vrese, P.,Gayler, V.,Giorgetta, M.A.,Gutjahr, O.,Haak, H.,Hagemann, S.,Hanke, M.,Ilyina, T.,Korn, P.,Kröger, J.,Linardakis, L.,Mehlmann, C.,Mikolajewicz, U.,Müller, W.A.,Nabel, J.E.M.S.,Notz, D.,Pohlmann, H.,Putrasahan, D.A.,Raddatz, T.,Ramme, L.,Redler, R.,Reick, C.H.,Riddick, T.,Sam, T.,Schneck, R.,Schnur, R.,Schupfner, M.,von Storch, J.-S.,Wachsmann, F.,Wieners, K.-H.,Ziemen, F.,Stevens, B.,Marotzke, J.,Claussen, M.},
title={The ICON Earth System Model version 1.0},
year={2022},
howpublished = {journal article},
doi = {https://doi.org/10.1029/2021MS002813},
abstract = {This work documents the ICON-Earth System Model (ICON-ESM V1.0), the first coupled model based on the ICON (ICOsahedral Non-hydrostatic) framework with its unstructured, icosahedral grid concept. The ICON-A atmosphere uses a nonhydrostatic dynamical core and the ocean model ICON-O builds on the same ICON infrastructure, but applies the Boussinesq and hydrostatic approximation and includes a sea-ice model. The ICON-Land module provides a new framework for the modeling of land processes and the terrestrial carbon cycle. The oceanic carbon cycle and biogeochemistry are represented by the Hamburg Ocean Carbon Cycle module. We describe the tuning and spin-up of a base-line version at a resolution typical for models participating in the Coupled Model Intercomparison Project (CMIP). The performance of ICON-ESM is assessed by means of a set of standard CMIP6 simulations. Achievements are well-balanced top-of-atmosphere radiation, stable key climate quantities in the control simulation, and a good representation of the historical surface temperature evolution. The model has overall biases, which are comparable to those of other CMIP models, but ICON-ESM performs less well than its predecessor, the Max Planck Institute Earth System Model. Problematic biases are diagnosed in ICON-ESM in the vertical cloud distribution and the mean zonal wind field. In the ocean, sub-surface temperature and salinity biases are of concern as is a too strong seasonal cycle of the sea-ice cover in both hemispheres. ICON-ESM V1.0 serves as a basis for further developments that will take advantage of ICON-specific properties such as spatially varying resolution, and configurations at very high resolution.},
note = {Online available at: \url{https://doi.org/10.1029/2021MS002813} (DOI). Jungclaus, J.; Lorenz, S.; Schmidt, H.; Brovkin, V.; Brüggemann, N.; Chegini, F.; Crüger, T.; De-Vrese, P.; Gayler, V.; Giorgetta, M.; Gutjahr, O.; Haak, H.; Hagemann, S.; Hanke, M.; Ilyina, T.; Korn, P.; Kröger, J.; Linardakis, L.; Mehlmann, C.; Mikolajewicz, U.; Müller, W.; Nabel, J.; Notz, D.; Pohlmann, H.; Putrasahan, D.; Raddatz, T.; Ramme, L.; Redler, R.; Reick, C.; Riddick, T.; Sam, T.; Schneck, R.; Schnur, R.; Schupfner, M.; von Storch, J.; Wachsmann, F.; Wieners, K.; Ziemen, F.; Stevens, B.; Marotzke, J.; Claussen, M.: The ICON Earth System Model version 1.0. Journal of Advances in Modeling Earth Systems : JAMES. 2022. vol. 14, no. 4, e2021MS002813. DOI: 10.1029/2021MS002813}}
@misc{erikson_global_ocean_2022, 
author={Erikson, L.,Morim, J.,Hemer, M.,Young, I.,Wang, X.L.,Mentaschi, L.,Mori, N.,Semedo, A.,Stopa, J.,Grigorieva, V.,Gulev, S.,Aarnes, O.,Bidlot, J.-R.,Breivik, Ø.,Bricheno, L.,Shimura, T.,Menendez, M.,Markina, M.,Sharmar, V.,Trenham, C.,Wolf, J.,Appendini, C.,Caires, S.,Groll, N.,Webb, A.},
title={Global ocean wave fields show consistent regional trends between 1980 and 2014 in a multi-product ensemble},
year={2022},
howpublished = {journal article},
doi = {https://doi.org/10.1038/s43247-022-00654-9},
abstract = {Historical trends in the direction and magnitude of ocean surface wave height, period, or direction are debated due to diverse data, time-periods, or methodologies. Using a consistent community-driven ensemble of global wave products, we quantify and establish regions with robust trends in global multivariate wave fields between 1980 and 2014. We find that about 30–40% of the global ocean experienced robust seasonal trends in mean and extreme wave height, period, and direction. Most of the Southern Hemisphere exhibited strong upward-trending wave heights (1–2 cm per year) and periods during winter and summer. Ocean basins with robust positive trends are far larger than those with negative trends. Historical trends calculated over shorter periods generally agree with satellite records but vary from product to product, with some showing a consistently negative bias. Variability in trends across products and time-periods highlights the importance of considering multiple sources when seeking robust change analyses.},
note = {Online available at: \url{https://doi.org/10.1038/s43247-022-00654-9} (DOI). Erikson, L.; Morim, J.; Hemer, M.; Young, I.; Wang, X.; Mentaschi, L.; Mori, N.; Semedo, A.; Stopa, J.; Grigorieva, V.; Gulev, S.; Aarnes, O.; Bidlot, J.; Breivik, Ø.; Bricheno, L.; Shimura, T.; Menendez, M.; Markina, M.; Sharmar, V.; Trenham, C.; Wolf, J.; Appendini, C.; Caires, S.; Groll, N.; Webb, A.: Global ocean wave fields show consistent regional trends between 1980 and 2014 in a multi-product ensemble. Communications Earth & Environment. 2022. vol. 3, no. 1, 320. DOI: 10.1038/s43247-022-00654-9}}
@misc{zhang_evaluation_of_2022, 
author={Zhang, Z.,Wagner, S.,Klockmann, M.,Zorita, E.},
title={Evaluation of statistical climate reconstruction methods based on pseudoproxy experiments using linear and machine-learning methods},
year={2022},
howpublished = {journal article},
doi = {https://doi.org/10.5194/cp-18-2643-2022},
abstract = {Three different climate field reconstruction (CFR) methods are employed to reconstruct spatially resolved North Atlantic–European (NAE) and Northern Hemisphere (NH) summer temperatures over the past millennium from proxy records. These are tested in the framework of pseudoproxy experiments derived from two climate simulations with comprehensive Earth system models. Two of these methods are traditional multivariate linear methods (principal component regression, PCR, and canonical correlation analysis, CCA), whereas the third method (bidirectional long short-term memory neural network, Bi-LSTM) belongs to the category of machine-learning methods. In contrast to PCR and CCA, Bi-LSTM does not need to assume a linear and temporally stable relationship between the underlying proxy network and the target climate field. In addition, Bi-LSTM naturally incorporates information about the serial correlation of the time series. Our working hypothesis is that the Bi-LSTM method will achieve a better reconstruction of the amplitude of past temperature variability. In all tests, the calibration period was set to the observational period, while the validation period was set to the pre-industrial centuries. All three methods tested herein achieve reasonable reconstruction performance on both spatial and temporal scales, with the exception of an overestimation of the interannual variance by PCR, which may be due to overfitting resulting from the rather short length of the calibration period and the large number of predictors. Generally, the reconstruction skill is higher in regions with denser proxy coverage, but it is also reasonably high in proxy-free areas due to climate teleconnections. All three CFR methodologies generally tend to more strongly underestimate the variability of spatially averaged temperature indices as more noise is introduced into the pseudoproxies. The Bi-LSTM method tested in our experiments using a limited calibration dataset shows relatively worse reconstruction skills compared to PCR and CCA, and therefore our working hypothesis that a more complex machine-learning method would provide better reconstructions for temperature fields was not confirmed. In this particular application with pseudoproxies, the implied link between proxies and climate fields is probably close to linear. However, a certain degree of reconstruction performance achieved by the nonlinear LSTM method shows that skill can be achieved even when using small samples with limited datasets, which indicates that Bi-LSTM can be a tool for exploring the suitability of nonlinear CFRs, especially in small data regimes.},
note = {Online available at: \url{https://doi.org/10.5194/cp-18-2643-2022} (DOI). Zhang, Z.; Wagner, S.; Klockmann, M.; Zorita, E.: Evaluation of statistical climate reconstruction methods based on pseudoproxy experiments using linear and machine-learning methods. Climate of the Past. 2022. vol. 18, no. 12, 2643-2668. DOI: 10.5194/cp-18-2643-2022}}
@misc{daewel_offshore_wind_2022, 
author={Daewel, U.,Akhtar, N.,Christiansen, N.,Schrum, C.},
title={Offshore wind farms are projected to impact primary production and bottom water deoxygenation in the North Sea},
year={2022},
howpublished = {journal article},
doi = {https://doi.org/10.1038/s43247-022-00625-0},
abstract = {The wind wake effect of offshore wind farms affects the hydrodynamical conditions in the ocean, which has been hypothesized to impact marine primary production. So far only little is known about the ecosystem response to wind wakes under the premisses of large offshore wind farm clusters. Here we show, via numerical modeling, that the associated wind wakes in the North Sea provoke large-scale changes in annual primary production with local changes of up to ±10% not only at the offshore wind farm clusters, but also distributed over a wider region. The model also projects an increase in sediment carbon in deeper areas of the southern North Sea due to reduced current velocities, and decreased dissolved oxygen inside an area with already low oxygen concentration. Our results provide evidence that the ongoing offshore wind farm developments can have a substantial impact on the structuring of coastal marine ecosystems on basin scales.},
note = {Online available at: \url{https://doi.org/10.1038/s43247-022-00625-0} (DOI). Daewel, U.; Akhtar, N.; Christiansen, N.; Schrum, C.: Offshore wind farms are projected to impact primary production and bottom water deoxygenation in the North Sea. Communications Earth & Environment. 2022. vol. 3, no. 1, 292. DOI: 10.1038/s43247-022-00625-0}}
@misc{sguotti_irreversibility_of_2022, 
author={Sguotti, C.,Blöcker, A.,Färber, L.,Blanz, B.,Cormier, R.,Diekmann, R.,Letschert, J.,Rambo, H.,Stollberg, N.,Stelzenmüller, V.,Stier, A.,Möllmann, C.},
title={Irreversibility of regime shifts in the North Sea},
year={2022},
howpublished = {journal article},
doi = {https://doi.org/10.3389/fmars.2022.945204},
abstract = {Human impacts can induce ecosystems to cross tipping points and hence unexpected and sudden changes in ecosystem services that are difficult or impossible to reverse. The world´s oceans suffer from cumulative anthropogenic pressures like overexploitation and climate change and are especially vulnerable to such regime shifts. Yet an outstanding question is whether regime changes in marine ecosystems are irreversible. Here we first review the evidence for regime shifts in the North Sea ecosystem, one of the heaviest impacted and best studied marine ecosystems in the world. We then used catastrophe theory to show that fishing and warming have caused a previously undetected and potentially irreversible regime shift. Our study emphasizes the combined effects of local and global human impacts in driving significant ecosystem shifts and suggests that adaptation is likely the central avenue forward for maintaining services in the face of global climate change.},
note = {Online available at: \url{https://doi.org/10.3389/fmars.2022.945204} (DOI). Sguotti, C.; Blöcker, A.; Färber, L.; Blanz, B.; Cormier, R.; Diekmann, R.; Letschert, J.; Rambo, H.; Stollberg, N.; Stelzenmüller, V.; Stier, A.; Möllmann, C.: Irreversibility of regime shifts in the North Sea. Frontiers in Marine Science. 2022. vol. 9, 945204. DOI: 10.3389/fmars.2022.945204}}
@misc{mikheeva_hydrodynamic_impacts_2022, 
author={Mikheeva, E.,Bieser, J.,Schrum, C.},
title={Hydrodynamic Impacts on the Fate of Polychlorinated Biphenyl 153 in the Marine Environment},
year={2022},
howpublished = {journal article},
doi = {https://doi.org/10.3390/w14233952},
abstract = {Due to their long half-life, polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) tend to contaminate not only coastal areas, but they travel over long distances, eventually reaching remote areas such the Arctic. The physical and biogeochemical features of every coastal area govern the main distribution patterns of freshly introduced PCBs into the marine system. Some of these processes are determined by chemical properties of the individual PCB congener. Thus, atmospheric influx along with ad/absorption on non-living organic material, photolytical and biological degradation processes vary from one PCB congener to another. For a detailed fate analysis of individual congeners, we developed a new chemical model, based on the GOTM-ECOSMO-FABM model framework. Here, we exemplarily present results for PCB153 based on 1D simulations of four regions in the North-Baltic Sea. The study area is characterized by different hydrodynamic and biogeochemical conditions. We investigate the impact of resuspension, mixing and the biological pump, sea ice and tides on the final phasal distribution of PCB153. Different combinations of these factors lead to the development of different areas of PCB153 accumulation, with the formation of hotspot areas, and influence the total uptake and concentration of PCB153 in the water column. As a result, two major dynamics determine the fate of PCB153 in the coastal ocean: (i) Primary production leads to PCB153 being adsorbed by organic material. Partitioning to organic material and sedimentation of organic particles removes dissolved PCB153 from the surface ocean and increases atmospheric influx. (ii) Tidal-induced resuspension and mixing control the benthic–pelagic exchange of PCB153 and its distribution in the water column. Depending on the resuspension regime and stratification, sediments can become a permanent (Gotland Deep, the Baltic Sea) or seasonal sink for PCB153. In regions with seasonal stratification and high near bottom turbulence (Northern North Sea), resuspension events can lead to pronounced peaks in PCB153 concentrations and can therefore have a major impact on bioaccumulation. Under the conditions of permanent mixing and high bottom turbulence (Southern North Sea, Bothnian Bay), pollutants are hardly accumulating in sediments.},
note = {Online available at: \url{https://doi.org/10.3390/w14233952} (DOI). Mikheeva, E.; Bieser, J.; Schrum, C.: Hydrodynamic Impacts on the Fate of Polychlorinated Biphenyl 153 in the Marine Environment. Water. 2022. vol. 14, no. 23, 3952. DOI: 10.3390/w14233952}}
@misc{staneva_longterm_interannual_2022, 
author={Staneva, J.,Ricker, M.,Akpınar, A.,Behrens, A.,Giesen, R.,von Schuckmann, K.},
title={Long-term interannual changes in extreme winds and waves in the Black Sea},
year={2022},
howpublished = {journal article},
doi = {https://doi.org/10.1080/1755876X.2022.2095169},
abstract = {This study aims to analyse long-term interannual changes in extreme winds and waves in the Black Sea. Severe wave conditions from 1979 to 2020 are detected using the 99th percentile of the significant wave height (SWH). Long-term spatial wave statistics of the Black Sea are then obtained based on the annual trend of 99th percentile SWH and the number, lifetime, and intensity of extreme events occurring between 1979 and 2020. In addition, the variability of these extreme event characteristics is revealed. Wave reanalysis of the Black Sea is used to investigate intra-annual variation and long-term wave energy potential change. Wave power and wind statistics are shown for the Black Sea CMEMS multiyear products to identify the most suitable areas for wave energy exploitation and offshore wind power potential and to guide the safe and efficient design, installation and operation of marine energy sector assets. The results reveal that the average number of storm events is highest in the eastern basin. In contrast, the average lifetime reaches a maximum on the southwestern coast. Intensity peaks in the same region as the lifetime but is also high in the basin interior. Spatial mean extreme event analyses show a slight increase in event numbers and intensity but decreasing trends for the event lifetime and maximum area of storm events. In regions where wave conditions are strong, there have been increases in extremes relative to normal conditions in recent years. This can significantly affect designs. In terms of wave energy, mean wave power peaks in the southwestern area of the Black Sea. The wave power trend follows a pattern similar to that of the SWH with a pronounced east–west difference; its variation is higher, resulting in a coefficient of variation of ∼2.5.},
note = {Online available at: \url{https://doi.org/10.1080/1755876X.2022.2095169} (DOI). Staneva, J.; Ricker, M.; Akpınar, A.; Behrens, A.; Giesen, R.; von Schuckmann, K.: Long-term interannual changes in extreme winds and waves in the Black Sea. Journal of Operational Oceanography. 2022. vol. 15, no. sup1: Copernicus Ocean State Report, issue 6, s56-s64. DOI: 10.1080/1755876X.2022.2095169}}
@misc{akhtar_impacts_of_2022, 
author={Akhtar, N.,Geyer, B.,Schrum, C.},
title={Impacts of accelerating deployment of offshore windfarms on near-surface climate},
year={2022},
howpublished = {journal article},
doi = {https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-022-22868-9},
abstract = {The European Union has set the ambitious goal of becoming climate neutral by 2050, which has stimulated renewable energy production and accelerated the deployment of offshore wind energy in the North Sea. Here, a high-resolution regional climate model was used to investigate the impact on the sea surface climate of large-scale offshore wind farms that are proposed for the North Sea. The results show a significant reduction in the air-sea heat fluxes and a local, annual mean net cooling of the lower atmosphere in the wind farm areas down to more than 2.0 Wm−2, due to a decrease in 10 m wind speed and turbulent kinetic energy and an increase in low-level clouds. Mean surface winds decreased by approximately 1 ms−1 downstream of wind farms. Furthermore, an increase of approximately 5% in mean precipitation was found over the wind farm areas. At a seasonal timescale, these differences are higher during winter and autumn than in other seasons. Although the offshore wind farms reduce the heat transport from the ocean to the atmosphere in the region of large wind farms, the atmospheric layers below the hub height show an increase in temperature, which is on the order of up to 10% of the climate change signal at the end of the century, but it is much smaller than the interannual climate variability. In contrast, wind speed changes are larger than projected mean wind speed changes due to climate change. Our results suggest that the impacts of large clustered offshore wind farms should be considered in climate change impact studies. Moreover, the identified offshore windfarm impacts on the sea surface climate and the introduced spatial pattern in atmospheric conditions, in particular the modeled wind speed changes, suggest potential impacts on local ocean dynamics and the structure of the marine ecosystem. This should be considered in future scenarios for the North Sea marine environment and taken into account as a structuring influence in the offshore environment.},
note = {Online available at: \url{https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-022-22868-9} (DOI). Akhtar, N.; Geyer, B.; Schrum, C.: Impacts of accelerating deployment of offshore windfarms on near-surface climate. Scientific Reports. 2022. vol. 12, no. 1, 18307. DOI: 10.1038/s41598-022-22868-9}}
@misc{snchezarcilla_barriers_and_2022, 
author={Sánchez-Arcilla, A.,Cáceres, I.,Le Roux, X.,Hinkel, J.,Schuerch, M.,Nicholls, R.,Otero, d.,Staneva, J.,de Vries, M.,Pernice, U.,Briere, C.,Caiola, N.,Gracia, V.,Ibáñez, C.,Torresan, S.},
title={Barriers and enablers for upscaling coastal restoration},
year={2022},
howpublished = {journal article},
doi = {https://doi.org/10.1016/j.nbsj.2022.100032},
abstract = {Coastal restoration is often distrusted and, at best, implemented at small scales, which hampers its potential for coastal adaptation. Present technical, economic and management barriers stem from sectoral and poorly coordinated local interventions, which are insufficiently monitored and maintained, precluding the upscaling required to build up confidence in ecosystem restoration. The paper posits that there is enough knowledge, technology, financial and governance capabilities for increasing the pace and scale of restoration, before the onset of irreversible coastal degradation. We propose a systemic restoration, which integrates Nature based Solutions (NbS) building blocks, to provide climate-resilient ecosystem services and improved biodiversity to curb coastal degradation. The result should be a reduction of coastal risks from a decarbonised coastal protection, which at the same time increases coastal blue carbon. We discuss barriers and enablers for coastal adaptation-through-restoration plans, based on vulnerable coastal archetypes, such as deltas, estuaries, lagoons and coastal bays. These plans, based on connectivity and accommodation space, result in enhanced resilience and biodiversity under increasing climatic and human pressures. The paper concludes with a review of the interconnections between the technical, financial and governance dimensions of restoration, and discusses how to fill the present implementation gap.},
note = {Online available at: \url{https://doi.org/10.1016/j.nbsj.2022.100032} (DOI). Sánchez-Arcilla, A.; Cáceres, I.; Le Roux, X.; Hinkel, J.; Schuerch, M.; Nicholls, R.; Otero, d.; Staneva, J.; de Vries, M.; Pernice, U.; Briere, C.; Caiola, N.; Gracia, V.; Ibáñez, C.; Torresan, S.: Barriers and enablers for upscaling coastal restoration. Nature-Based Solutions. 2022. vol. 2, 100032. DOI: 10.1016/j.nbsj.2022.100032}}
@misc{arlinghaus_smallscale_benthic_2022, 
author={Arlinghaus, P.,Zhang, W.,Schrum, C.},
title={Small-scale benthic faunal activities may lead to large-scale morphological change- A model based assessment},
year={2022},
howpublished = {journal article},
doi = {https://doi.org/10.3389/fmars.2022.1011760},
abstract = {A novel 3-dimensional numerical model resolving dynamic interactions between environmental drivers and benthic fauna was applied to an idealized domain as analogous to typical tidal embayments. The aim is to derive insights into the role of benthic fauna in guiding long-term (decadal to centennial) coastal morphological evolution at a system scale. Three major functions by benthic fauna on sediment dynamics, namely bio-destabilization, bio-deposition and bio-stabilization, were incorporated. Results indicate that each of the three functions is able to guide a unique and profound long-term change of the embayment morphology. Bioturbation-induced sediment mixing and bio-destabilization may result in net sediment export out of the embayment, whilst bio-deposition and bio-stabilization tend to alter the embayment toward a net sediment import environment. Benthic fauna is able to modify large-scale hydro-morphology toward a state favorable for living. A combined effect of the three functions is not just a simple neutralization of the opposing impacts between sediment stabilization and destabilization. Rather, it leads to a unique response of the embayment morphology due to interactions between different benthic functional groups. Comparison with a real tidal embayment (Jade Bay from the Wadden Sea) justified a general validity of the model results in terms of statistics in both morphology and benthic fauna, and suggested an equal importance of interactions between benthic fauna and bed morphology and between different benthic functional groups in guiding morphological development of complex coastal systems.},
note = {Online available at: \url{https://doi.org/10.3389/fmars.2022.1011760} (DOI). Arlinghaus, P.; Zhang, W.; Schrum, C.: Small-scale benthic faunal activities may lead to large-scale morphological change- A model based assessment. Frontiers in Marine Science. 2022. vol. 9, 1011760. DOI: 10.3389/fmars.2022.1011760}}
@misc{christiansen_tidal_mitigation_2022, 
author={Christiansen, N.,Daewel, U.,Schrum, C.},
title={Tidal mitigation of offshore wind wake effects in coastal seas},
year={2022},
howpublished = {journal article},
doi = {https://doi.org/10.3389/fmars.2022.1006647},
abstract = {With increasing offshore wind development, more and more marine environments are confronted with the effects of atmospheric wind farm wakes on hydrodynamic processes. Recent studies have highlighted the impact of the wind wakes on ocean circulation and stratification. In this context, however, previous studies indicated that wake effects appear to be attenuated in areas strongly determined by tidal energy. In this study, we therefore determine the role of tides in wake-induced hydrodynamic perturbations and assess the importance of the local hydrodynamic conditions on the magnitude of the emerging wake effects on hydrodynamics. By using an existing high-resolution model setup for the southern North Sea, we performed different scenario simulations to identify the tidal impact. The results show the impact of the alignment between wind and ocean currents in relation to the hydrodynamic changes that occur. In this regard, tidal currents can deflect emerging changes in horizontal surface currents and even mitigate the mean changes in horizontal flow due to periodic perturbations of wake signals. We identified that, particularly in shallower waters, tidal stirring influences how wind wake effects translate to changes in vertical transport and density stratification. In this context, tidal mixing fronts can serve as a natural indicator of the expected magnitude of stratification changes due to atmospheric wakes. Ultimately, tide-related hydrodynamic features, like periodic currents and mixing fronts, influence the development of wake effects in the coastal ocean. Our results provide important insights into the role of hydrodynamic conditions in the impact of atmospheric wake effects, which are essential for assessing the consequences of offshore wind farms in different marine environments.},
note = {Online available at: \url{https://doi.org/10.3389/fmars.2022.1006647} (DOI). Christiansen, N.; Daewel, U.; Schrum, C.: Tidal mitigation of offshore wind wake effects in coastal seas. Frontiers in Marine Science. 2022. vol. 9, 1006647. DOI: 10.3389/fmars.2022.1006647}}
@misc{garciaoliva_sizedependent_and_2022, 
author={Garcia-Oliva, O.,Wirtz, K.},
title={Size-dependent and -independent prey selection of dinoflagellates},
year={2022},
howpublished = {journal article},
doi = {https://doi.org/10.1007/s00227-022-04102-2},
abstract = {Mechanisticapproachestoplanktonfood-websoftenrelyonsize-basedmodels.Thesemodelsdescribe predator–preyrelationshipsbasedonpredator body or cell size. However, size-based representations of trophic relationships fail to encompass the diverse feeding behavior of dinoflagellates, which play an essential role in the food-web due to their abundance and ubiquity. Here, we introduce the specialization factor (s) as an effective trait, which aggregates over aspects of morphology, trophic strategy, and feeding behavior and quantifies the degree of specialization towards a specific prey size. We found that specialization to either the upper or lower edge of the prey size spectrum is connected to size independent trophic relations. As a result, dinoflagellates can be divided into three groups with distinct dependencies of optimal prey size on predator size: (1) mixotrophic engulfers specialized on small prey (s=−1), (2) pallium feeders on large prey (s=1), and (3) neutral feeders (s=0) encompassing generalist engulfers and tube feeders. Our trait based approach elucidates the evolutionary significance of diverse feeding modes and specialization in dinoflagellates compared to phylogenetically older groups such as ciliates. It furthermore leads to a more accurate representation of trophic relationships of dinoflagellates in models and can provide, more generally, an efficient description of complex and diverse feeding relations in plankton food-webs.},
note = {Online available at: \url{https://doi.org/10.1007/s00227-022-04102-2} (DOI). Garcia-Oliva, O.; Wirtz, K.: Size-dependent and -independent prey selection of dinoflagellates. Marine Biology. 2022. vol. 169, no. 9, 122. DOI: 10.1007/s00227-022-04102-2}}
@misc{grayek_consistent_data_2022, 
author={Grayek, S.,Stanev, E.,Pham, N.,Bonaduce, A.,Staneva, J.},
title={Consistent data set of coastal sea level: The synergy between tidal gauge data and numerical modelling},
year={2022},
howpublished = {journal article},
doi = {https://doi.org/10.1080/1755876X.2022.2095169},
abstract = {The multiannual (1993–2020) variability of sea level in the Baltic Sea is reconstructed by applying a Kalman filter approach. This technique learns how to generate data sets with the same statistics as the training data set, which in the studied case was taken from the CMEMS Baltic MFC operational model. It is demonstrated that using tide gauge data and statistical characteristics of the Baltic Sea from the model enables the generation of a high-resolution reconstruction of the sea surface height. Results obtained in this study demonstrated that the reconstruction method offers comprehensive high-resolution estimates (space and time) of sea level variability in the Baltic Sea based on tide gauge observations with high temporal resolution (e.g. hourly). The approach represents a valuable extension to the existing observing capabilities from altimetry, which do not capture sub-daily variations of sea level (e.g. storm surges). At the same time, the method consumes only a small fraction of the computational resources required by an assimilative model with comparable temporal/spatial resolution.},
note = {Online available at: \url{https://doi.org/10.1080/1755876X.2022.2095169} (DOI). Grayek, S.; Stanev, E.; Pham, N.; Bonaduce, A.; Staneva, J.: Consistent data set of coastal sea level: The synergy between tidal gauge data and numerical modelling. Journal of Operational Oceanography. 2022. vol. 15, no. sup1: Copernicus Ocean State Report, issue 6, s110-s118. DOI: 10.1080/1755876X.2022.2095169}}
@misc{krieger_skillful_decadal_2022, 
author={Krieger, D.,Brune, S.,Pieper, P.,Weisse, R.,Baehr, J.},
title={Skillful decadal prediction of German Bight storm activity},
year={2022},
howpublished = {journal article},
doi = {https://doi.org/10.5194/nhess-22-3993-2022},
abstract = {We evaluate the prediction skill of the Max Planck Institute Earth System Model (MPI-ESM) decadal hindcast system for German Bight storm activity (GBSA) on a multiannual to decadal scale. We define GBSA every year via the most extreme 3-hourly geostrophic wind speeds, which are derived from mean sea-level pressure (MSLP) data. Our 64-member ensemble of annually initialized hindcast simulations spans the time period 1960–2018. For this period, we compare deterministically and probabilistically predicted winter MSLP anomalies and annual GBSA with a lead time of up to 10 years against observations. The model produces poor deterministic predictions of GBSA and winter MSLP anomalies for individual years but fair predictions for longer averaging periods. A similar but smaller skill difference between short and long averaging periods also emerges for probabilistic predictions of high storm activity. At long averaging periods (longer than 5 years), the model is more skillful than persistence- and climatology-based predictions. For short aggregation periods (4 years and less), probabilistic predictions are more skillful than persistence but insignificantly differ from climatological predictions. We therefore conclude that, for the German Bight, probabilistic decadal predictions (based on a large ensemble) of high storm activity are skillful for averaging periods longer than 5 years. Notably, a differentiation between low, moderate, and high storm activity is necessary to expose this skill.},
note = {Online available at: \url{https://doi.org/10.5194/nhess-22-3993-2022} (DOI). Krieger, D.; Brune, S.; Pieper, P.; Weisse, R.; Baehr, J.: Skillful decadal prediction of German Bight storm activity. Natural Hazards and Earth System Sciences. 2022. vol. 22, no. 12, 3993-4009. DOI: 10.5194/nhess-22-3993-2022}}
@misc{schwarzkopf_comparison_of_2022, 
author={Schwarzkopf, D.,Petrik, R.,Matthias, V.,Quante, M.,Yu, G.,Zhang, Y.},
title={Comparison of the Impact of Ship Emissions in Northern Europe and Eastern China},
year={2022},
howpublished = {journal article},
doi = {https://doi.org/10.3390/atmos13060894},
abstract = {It is well known that ship emissions contribute significantly to atmospheric pollution. However, the impact on air quality can regionally vary, as influenced by parameters such as the composition of the regional shipping fleet, state of background atmospheric pollution, and meteorological aspects. This study compared two regions with high shipping densities in 2015. These include the North and Baltic Seas in Europe and the Yellow and East China Seas in China. Here, a key focal point is an evaluation of differences and similarities of the impacts of ship emissions under different environmental conditions, particularly between regions with medium (Europe) and high air pollution (China). To assess this, two similarly performed chemical transport model runs were carried out with highly resolved bottom-up ship emission inventories for northern Europe and China, calculated with the recently developed MoSES model, publicly available emissions data for nonshipping sources (EDGAR, MEIC). The performance of the model was evaluated against measurement data recorded at coastal stations. Annual averages at affected coastal regions for NO2, SO2, O3 and PM2.5 were modeled in Europe to be 3, below 0.3, 2.5, 1 and in China 3, 2, 2–8, 1.5, respectively, all given in μg/m3. In highly affected regions, such as large harbors, the contributions of ship-related emissions modeled in Europe were 15%, 0.3%, −12.5%, 1.25% and in China were 15%, 6%, −7.5%, 2%, respectively. Absolute pollutant concentrations from ships were modeled slightly higher in China than in Europe, albeit the relative impact was smaller in China due to higher emissions from other sectors. The different climate zones of China and the higher level of atmospheric pollution were found to seasonally alter the chemical transformation processes of ship emissions. Especially in northern China, high PM concentrations during winter were found to regionally inhibit the transformation of ship exhausts to secondary PM, and reduce the impact of ship-related aerosols, compared to Europe.},
note = {Online available at: \url{https://doi.org/10.3390/atmos13060894} (DOI). Schwarzkopf, D.; Petrik, R.; Matthias, V.; Quante, M.; Yu, G.; Zhang, Y.: Comparison of the Impact of Ship Emissions in Northern Europe and Eastern China. Atmosphere. 2022. vol. 13, no. 6, 894. DOI: 10.3390/atmos13060894}}
@misc{mathis_seamless_integration_2022, 
author={Mathis, M.,Logemann, K.,Maerz, J.,Lacroix, F.,Hagemann, S.,Chegini, F.,Ramme, L.,Ilyina, T.,Korn, P.,Schrum, C.},
title={Seamless Integration of the Coastal Ocean in Global Marine Carbon Cycle Modeling},
year={2022},
howpublished = {journal article},
doi = {https://doi.org/10.1029/2021MS002789},
abstract = {We present the first global ocean-biogeochemistry model that uses a telescoping high resolution for an improved representation of coastal carbon dynamics: ICON-Coast. Based on the unstructured triangular grid topology of the model, we globally apply a grid refinement in the land-ocean transition zone to better resolve the complex circulation of shallow shelves and marginal seas as well as ocean-shelf exchange. Moreover, we incorporate tidal currents including bottom drag effects, and extend the parameterizations of the model's biogeochemistry component to account explicitly for key shelf-specific carbon transformation processes. These comprise sediment resuspension, temperature-dependent remineralization in the water column and sediment, riverine matter fluxes from land including terrestrial organic carbon, and variable sinking speed of aggregated particulate matter. The combination of regional grid refinement and enhanced process representation enables for the first time a seamless incorporation of the global coastal ocean in model-based Earth system research. In particular, ICON-Coast encompasses all coastal areas around the globe within a single, consistent ocean-biogeochemistry model, thus naturally accounting for two-way coupling of ocean-shelf feedback mechanisms at the global scale. The high quality of the model results as well as the efficiency in computational cost and storage requirements proves this strategy a pioneering approach for global high-resolution modeling. We conclude that ICON-Coast represents a new tool to deepen our mechanistic understanding of the role of the land-ocean transition zone in the global carbon cycle, and to narrow related uncertainties in global future projections.},
note = {Online available at: \url{https://doi.org/10.1029/2021MS002789} (DOI). Mathis, M.; Logemann, K.; Maerz, J.; Lacroix, F.; Hagemann, S.; Chegini, F.; Ramme, L.; Ilyina, T.; Korn, P.; Schrum, C.: Seamless Integration of the Coastal Ocean in Global Marine Carbon Cycle Modeling. Journal of Advances in Modeling Earth Systems : JAMES. 2022. vol. 14, no. 8, e2021MS002789. DOI: 10.1029/2021MS002789}}
@misc{ye_distribution_characteristics_2022, 
author={Ye, Q.,Yang, Z.,Bao, M.,Shi, W.,Shi, H.,You, Z.,Zhang, W.},
title={Distribution characteristics of wave energy in the Zhe-Min coastal area},
year={2022},
howpublished = {journal article},
doi = {https://doi.org/10.1007/s13131-021-1859-2},
abstract = {A 10-year (2003–2012) hindcast was conducted to study the wave field in the Zhe-Min coastal area (Key Area OE-W2) located off Zhejiang and Fujian provinces of China. Forced by the wind field from a weather research and forecasting model (WRF), high-resolution wave modelling using the SWAN was carried out in the study area. The simulated wave fields show a good agreement with observations. Using the simulation results, we conducted statistical analysis of wave power density in terms of spatial distribution and temporal variation. The effective duration of wave energy in the sea area was discussed, and the stability of wave energy was evaluated using the coefficient of variation of wave power density. Results indicate that the wave energy resource in the study area was about 4.11×106 kW. The distribution of wave energy tends to increase from the north (off Zhejiang coast) to the south (off Fujian coast), and from near-shore area to the open sea. The sea areas with wave power density greater than 2 kW/m are mostly distributed seaward of the 10-m isobath, and the contours of the wave power density are almost parallel to the shoreline. The sea areas around the islands that are far from the mainland are rich in wave energy, usually more than 6 kW/m, and therefore are of obvious advantages in planning wave energy development and utilization. The effective duration of wave energy in the offshore area shows an increasing trend from north (off Zhejiang coast) to south (off Fujian coast), with values of ∼3 500 h in the north and ∼4 450 h in the south. The coefficient of variation of wave energy in this region is mostly in the range of 1.5–3.0, and gradually decreases from the north to the south, suggesting that the wave energy in the south is more stable than that in the north.},
note = {Online available at: \url{https://doi.org/10.1007/s13131-021-1859-2} (DOI). Ye, Q.; Yang, Z.; Bao, M.; Shi, W.; Shi, H.; You, Z.; Zhang, W.: Distribution characteristics of wave energy in the Zhe-Min coastal area. Acta Oceanologica Sinica. 2022. vol. 41, no. 5, 163-172. DOI: 10.1007/s13131-021-1859-2}}
@misc{stanev_the_synergy_2022, 
author={Stanev, E.,Wahle, K.,Staneva, J.},
title={The Synergy of Data From Profiling Floats, Machine Learning and Numerical Modeling: Case of the Black Sea Euphotic Zone},
year={2022},
howpublished = {journal article},
doi = {https://doi.org/10.1029/2021JC018012},
abstract = {Data from profiling floats in the Black Sea revealed complex temporal and spatial relationships between physical variables and oxygen, chlorophyll and the backscattering coefficient at 700 nm, as well as some limits in understanding the details of biogeochemistry dynamics. To account for different interdependences between physical and biogeochemical properties, a feedforward backpropagation neural network (NN) was used. This NN learns from data recorded by profiling floats and predicts biogeochemical states using physical measurements only. The performance was very high, particularly for oxygen, but it decreased when the NN was applied to older data because the interrelationships between the physical and biogeochemical properties have changed recently. The biogeochemical states reconstructed by the NN using physical data produced by a coupled physical–biogeochemical operational model were better than the biogeochemical outputs of the same coupled model. Therefore, the use of data from profiling floats, physical properties from numerical models and NNs appears to be a powerful approach for reconstructing the 4D dynamics of the euphotic zone. Basin-wide patterns and temporal variabilities in oxygen, backscattering coefficient and chlorophyll were also analyzed. Of particular interest is the reconstruction of short-lived biogeochemical features, particularly in coastal anticyclone areas, which are difficult to observe with available floats at the basin scale.},
note = {Online available at: \url{https://doi.org/10.1029/2021JC018012} (DOI). Stanev, E.; Wahle, K.; Staneva, J.: The Synergy of Data From Profiling Floats, Machine Learning and Numerical Modeling: Case of the Black Sea Euphotic Zone. Journal of Geophysical Research : Oceans. 2022. vol. 127, no. 8, e2021JC018012. DOI: 10.1029/2021JC018012}}
@misc{meyer_reconstruction_of_2022, 
author={Meyer, E.,Weisse, R.,Grabemann, I.,Tinz, B.,Scholz, R.},
title={Reconstruction of wind and surge of the 1906 storm tide at the German North Sea coast},
year={2022},
howpublished = {journal article},
doi = {https://doi.org/10.5194/nhess-22-2419-2022},
abstract = {Storm tides represent a major threat to the low-lying German North Sea coast. Knowledge of extremes is essential for the design of reliable and robust coastal defences. A storm tide that occurred on 12–13 March 1906 along the German Bight coastline still represents one of the strongest events on record. For this event, detailed knowledge of atmospheric and hydrodynamic conditions is still lacking. To assess the potential impact of such an event on today's coastline, century-long atmospheric reanalysis data together with a manual synoptic reconstruction based on archived weather data were used to drive a tide-surge model and to simulate water levels during the event. Sensitivity experiments were performed to estimate potential amplification of water levels that could have been caused by different time lags between the storm and the astronomical tide. Comparison between the model results and the limited available observational data indicated that the water levels could be reasonably reconstructed using wind fields from the manual synoptic approach and some of the reanalysis ensemble members. The amplification potential was found to be low because the storm occurred during spring tide and shifts in the phase of the astronomic tide yielded only small changes in total water levels. To summarise, if pressure data are available at relevant locations, historical storm surges can be simulated with reanalysis products and also with a manual synoptic reconstruction.},
note = {Online available at: \url{https://doi.org/10.5194/nhess-22-2419-2022} (DOI). Meyer, E.; Weisse, R.; Grabemann, I.; Tinz, B.; Scholz, R.: Reconstruction of wind and surge of the 1906 storm tide at the German North Sea coast. Natural Hazards and Earth System Sciences. 2022. vol. 22, no. 7, 2419-2432. DOI: 10.5194/nhess-22-2419-2022}}
@misc{wirtz_vertically_migrating_2022, 
author={Wirtz, K.,Smith, S.,Mathis, M.,Taucher, J.},
title={Vertically migrating phytoplankton fuel high oceanic primary production},
year={2022},
howpublished = {journal article},
doi = {https://doi.org/10.1038/s41558-022-01430-5},
abstract = {Marine net primary production (NPP) is remarkably high given the typical vertical separation of 50–150 m between the depth zones of light and nutrient sufficiency, respectively. Here we present evidence that many autotrophs bridge this gap through downward and upward migration, thereby facilitating biological nutrient pumping and high rates of oceanic NPP. Our model suggests that phytoplankton vertical migration (PVM) fuels up to 40% (>28 tg yr−1 N) of new production and directly contributes 25% of total oceanic NPP (herein estimated at 56 PgC yr−1). Confidence in these estimates is supported by good reproduction of seasonal, vertical and geographic variations in NPP. In contrast to common predictions, a sensitivity study of the PVM model indicates higher NPP under global warming when enhanced stratification reduces physical nutrient transport into the surface ocean. Our findings suggest that PVM is a key mechanism driving marine biogeochemistry and therefore requires consideration in global carbon budgets.},
note = {Online available at: \url{https://doi.org/10.1038/s41558-022-01430-5} (DOI). Wirtz, K.; Smith, S.; Mathis, M.; Taucher, J.: Vertically migrating phytoplankton fuel high oceanic primary production. Nature Climate Change. 2022. vol. 12, no. 8, 750-756. DOI: 10.1038/s41558-022-01430-5}}
@misc{kumar_multimodel_evaluation_2022, 
author={Kumar, A.,Gosling, S.N.,Johnson, M.F.,Jones, M.D.,Zaherpour, J.,Kumar, R.,Leng, G.,Schmied, H.M.,Kupzig, J.,Breuer, L.,Hanasaki, N.,Tang, Q.,Ostberg, S.,Stacke, T.,Pokhrel, Y.,Wada, Y.,Masaki, Y.},
title={Multi-model evaluation of catchment- and global-scale hydrological model simulations of drought characteristics across eight large river catchments},
year={2022},
howpublished = {journal article},
doi = {https://doi.org/10.1016/j.advwatres.2022.104212},
abstract = {Although global- and catchment-scale hydrological models are often shown to accurately simulate long-term runoff time-series, far less is known about their suitability for capturing hydrological extremes, such as droughts. Here we evaluated simulations of hydrological droughts from nine catchment scale hydrological models (CHMs) and eight global scale hydrological models (GHMs) for eight large catchments: Upper Amazon, Lena, Upper Mississippi, Upper Niger, Rhine, Tagus, Upper Yangtze and Upper Yellow. The simulations were conducted within the framework of phase 2a of the Inter-Sectoral Impact Model Intercomparison Project (ISIMIP2a). We evaluated the ability of the CHMs, GHMs and their respective ensemble means (Ens-CHM and Ens-GHM) to simulate observed hydrological droughts of at least one month duration, over 31 years (1971–2001). Hydrological drought events were identified from runoff-deficits and the Standardised Runoff Index (SRI). In all catchments, the CHMs performed relatively better than the GHMs, for simulating monthly runoff-deficits. The number of drought events identified under different drought categories (i.e. SRI values of -1 to -1.49, -1.5 to -1.99, and ≤-2) varied significantly between models. All the models, as well as the two ensemble means, have limited abilities to accurately simulate drought events in all eight catchments, in terms of their occurrence and magnitude. Overall, there are opportunities to improve both CHMs and GHMs for better characterisation of hydrological droughts.},
note = {Online available at: \url{https://doi.org/10.1016/j.advwatres.2022.104212} (DOI). Kumar, A.; Gosling, S.; Johnson, M.; Jones, M.; Zaherpour, J.; Kumar, R.; Leng, G.; Schmied, H.; Kupzig, J.; Breuer, L.; Hanasaki, N.; Tang, Q.; Ostberg, S.; Stacke, T.; Pokhrel, Y.; Wada, Y.; Masaki, Y.: Multi-model evaluation of catchment- and global-scale hydrological model simulations of drought characteristics across eight large river catchments. Advances in Water Resources. 2022. vol. 165, 104212. DOI: 10.1016/j.advwatres.2022.104212}}
@misc{behr_on_the_2022, 
author={Behr, L.,Luther, N.,Josey, S.A.,Luterbacher, J.,Wagner, S.,Xoplaki, E.},
title={On the Representation of Mediterranean Overflow Waters in Global Climate Models},
year={2022},
howpublished = {journal article},
doi = {https://doi.org/10.1175/JPO-D-21-0082.1},
abstract = {Accurate representation of the Atlantic–Mediterranean exchange in climate models is important for a reliable simulation of the circulation in the North Atlantic Ocean. We evaluate the performance of 10 global climate models in representing Mediterranean Overflow Water (MOW) over the recent period 1986–2005 by using various performance metrics. The metrics are based on the representation of the climatological mean state and the spatiotemporal variability of temperature, salinity, and volume transports. On the basis of analyses and observations, we perform a model ranking by calculating absolute, relative, and total relative errors Ej over each performance metric and model. The majority of models simulate at least six metrics well. The equilibrium depth of the MOW, the mean Atlantic–Mediterranean exchange flow, and the dominant pattern of the MOW are represented reasonably well by most of the models. Of those models considered, MPI-ESM-MR, MPI-ESM-LR, CSIRO Mk3.6.0, and MRI-CGCM3 provide the best MOW representation (Ej = 0.14, 0.19, 0.19, and 0.25, respectively). They are thus likely to be the most suitable choices for studies of MOW-dependent processes. However, the models experience salinity, temperature, and transport biases and do not represent temporal variability accurately. The implications of our results for future model analysis of the Mediterranean Sea overflow are discussed.},
note = {Online available at: \url{https://doi.org/10.1175/JPO-D-21-0082.1} (DOI). Behr, L.; Luther, N.; Josey, S.; Luterbacher, J.; Wagner, S.; Xoplaki, E.: On the Representation of Mediterranean Overflow Waters in Global Climate Models. Journal of Physical Oceanography. 2022. vol. 52, no. 7, 1397-1413. DOI: 10.1175/JPO-D-21-0082.1}}
@misc{chen_the_role_2022, 
author={Chen, W.,Staneva, J.,Grayek, S.,Schulz-Stellenfleth, J.,Greinert, J.},
title={The role of heat wave events in the occurrence and persistence of thermal stratification in the southern North Sea},
year={2022},
howpublished = {journal article},
doi = {https://doi.org/10.5194/nhess-22-1683-2022},
abstract = {Temperature extremes not only directly affect the marine environment and ecosystems but also indirectly influence hydrodynamics and marine life. In this study, the role of heat wave events in the occurrence and persistence of thermal stratification was analysed by simulating the water temperature of the North Sea from 2011 to 2018 using a fully coupled hydrodynamic and wave model within the framework of the Geesthacht Coupled cOAstal model SysTem (GCOAST). The model results were assessed against reprocessed satellite data and in situ observations from field campaigns and fixed Marine Environmental Monitoring Network (MARNET) stations. To quantify the degree of stratification, the potential energy anomaly throughout the water column was calculated. The air temperatures and potential energy anomalies in the North Sea (excluding the Norwegian Trench and the area south of 54∘ N) were linearly correlated. Different from the northern North Sea, where the water column is stratified in the warm season each year, the southern North Sea is seasonally stratified in years when a heat wave occurs. The influences of heat waves on the occurrence of summer stratification in the southern North Sea are mainly in the form of two aspects, i.e. a rapid rise in sea surface temperature at the early stage of the heat wave period and a higher water temperature during summer than the multiyear mean. Another factor that enhances the thermal stratification in summer is the memory of the water column to cold spells earlier in the year. Differences between the seasonally stratified northern North Sea and the heat wave-induced stratified southern North Sea were ultimately attributed to changes in water depth.},
note = {Online available at: \url{https://doi.org/10.5194/nhess-22-1683-2022} (DOI). Chen, W.; Staneva, J.; Grayek, S.; Schulz-Stellenfleth, J.; Greinert, J.: The role of heat wave events in the occurrence and persistence of thermal stratification in the southern North Sea. Natural Hazards and Earth System Sciences. 2022. vol. 22, no. 5, 1683-1698. DOI: 10.5194/nhess-22-1683-2022}}
@misc{meng_response_process_2022, 
author={Meng, Q.,Zhou, F.,Ma, X.,Xuan, J.,Zhang, H.,Wang, S.,Ni, Z.,Zhang, W.,Wang, B.,Li, D.,Tian, D.,Li, J.,Zeng, C.,Chen, J.,Huang, D.},
title={Response Process of Coastal Hypoxia to a Passing Typhoon in the East China Sea},
year={2022},
howpublished = {journal article},
doi = {https://doi.org/10.3389/fmars.2022.892797},
abstract = {Details of the development of coastal hypoxia in response to the passage of Typhoon Bavi (2020) in the East China Sea were reconstructed by numerical modeling using a three-dimensional coupled physical–biogeochemical model. The model was validated via repeated surveys along a transect across a submerged river valley off the Changjiang Estuary before and after the passage of Typhoon Bavi. Before Bavi’s arrival, survey data indicated that the coastal hypoxia had formed off the Changjiang Estuary. However, the hypoxia was not eliminated but instead migrated and aggravated along the observed transect after the typhoon passage. This phenomenon cannot be attributed to the typhoon-induced mixing. Simulation results reveal that the observed development and spatial migration of hypoxia was mainly controlled by typhoon-induced oceanic advection. Results show that Bavi stimulated a regional quasi-barotropic cyclonic loop circulation and coastal downwelling reversing general summer circulation patterns. The onshore transport of the warmer shelf water and subsequent downwelling resulted in a warming of coastal water. The southward coastal current and downwelling induced by the typhoon also led to a migration of the hypoxic zone. Meanwhile, a massive transport of resuspended planktonic detritus from the steep inner shelf and the shallow Changjiang bank toward the submerged river valley occurred. This study reveals that the typhoon-driven currents can play an important role in the development of hypoxia and redistribution of deposited organic matter in coastal shelf seas, which may have both short- and long-term effects on the regional marine biogeochemical environment.},
note = {Online available at: \url{https://doi.org/10.3389/fmars.2022.892797} (DOI). Meng, Q.; Zhou, F.; Ma, X.; Xuan, J.; Zhang, H.; Wang, S.; Ni, Z.; Zhang, W.; Wang, B.; Li, D.; Tian, D.; Li, J.; Zeng, C.; Chen, J.; Huang, D.: Response Process of Coastal Hypoxia to a Passing Typhoon in the East China Sea. Frontiers in Marine Science. 2022. vol. 9, 892797. DOI: 10.3389/fmars.2022.892797}}
@misc{pillai_a_digital_2022, 
author={Pillai, U.,Pinardi, N.,Alessandri, J.,Federico, I.,Causio, S.,Unguendoli, S.,Valentini, A.,Staneva, J.},
title={A Digital Twin modelling framework for the assessment of seagrass Nature Based Solutions against storm surges},
year={2022},
howpublished = {journal article},
doi = {https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2022.157603},
abstract = {In this paper we demonstrate a novel framework for assessing nature-based solutions (NBSs) in coastal zones using a new suite of numerical models that provide a virtual “replica” of the natural environment. We design experiments that use a Digital Twin strategy to establish the wave, sea level and current attenuation due to seagrass NBSs.,This Digital Twin modelling framework allows us to answer “what if” scenario questions such as: (i) are indigenous seagrass meadows able to reduce the energy of storm surges, and if so how? (ii) what are the best seagrass types and their landscaping for optimal wave and current attenuation? An important result of the study is to show that the landscaping of seagrasses is an important design choice and that seagrass does not directly attenuate the sea level but the current amplitudes. This framework reveals the link between seagrass NBS and the components of the disruptive potential of storm surges (waves and sea level) and opens up new avenues for future studies.},
note = {Online available at: \url{https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2022.157603} (DOI). Pillai, U.; Pinardi, N.; Alessandri, J.; Federico, I.; Causio, S.; Unguendoli, S.; Valentini, A.; Staneva, J.: A Digital Twin modelling framework for the assessment of seagrass Nature Based Solutions against storm surges. Science of the Total Environment. 2022. vol. 847, 157603. DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2022.157603}}
@misc{paasche_to_the_2022, 
author={Paasche, H.,Gross, M.,Lüttgau, J.,Greenberg, D.,Weigel, T.},
title={To the brave scientists: Aren't we strong enough to stand (and profit from) uncertainty in Earth system measurement and modelling?},
year={2022},
howpublished = {journal article},
doi = {https://doi.org/10.1002/gdj3.132},
abstract = {The current handling of data in earth observation, modelling and prediction measures gives cause for critical consideration, since we all too often carelessly ignore data uncertainty. We think that Earth scientists are generally aware of the importance of linking data to quantitative uncertainty measures. But we also think that uncertainty quantification of Earth observation data too often fails at very early stages. We claim that data acquisition without uncertainty quantification is not sustainable and machine learning and computational modelling cannot unfold their potential when analysing complex natural systems like the Earth. Current approaches such as stochastic perturbation of parameters or initial conditions cannot quantify uncertainty or bias arising from the choice of model, limiting scientific progress. We need incentives stimulating the honest treatment of uncertainty starting during data acquisition, continuing through analysis methodology and prediction results. Computational modellers and machine learning experts have a critical role, since they enjoy high esteem from stakeholders and their methodologies and their results critically depend on data uncertainty. If both want to advance their uncertainty assessment of models and predictions of complex systems like the Earth, they have a common problem to solve. Together, computational modellers and machine learners could develop new strategies for bias identification and uncertainty quantification offering a more all-embracing uncertainty quantification than any known methodology. But since it starts for computational modellers and machine learners with data and their uncertainty, the fundamental first step in such a development would be leveraging shareholder esteem to insistently advocate for reduction of ignorance when it comes to uncertainty quantification of data.},
note = {Online available at: \url{https://doi.org/10.1002/gdj3.132} (DOI). Paasche, H.; Gross, M.; Lüttgau, J.; Greenberg, D.; Weigel, T.: To the brave scientists: Aren't we strong enough to stand (and profit from) uncertainty in Earth system measurement and modelling?. Geoscience Data Journal. 2022. vol. 9, no. 2, 393-399. DOI: 10.1002/gdj3.132}}
@misc{chen_impacts_of_2021, 
author={Chen, W.,Schulz-Stellenfleth, J.,Grayek, S.,Staneva, J.},
title={Impacts of the Assimilation of Satellite Sea Surface Temperature Data on Volume and Heat Budget Estimates for the North Sea},
year={2021},
howpublished = {journal article},
doi = {https://doi.org/10.1029/2020JC017059},
abstract = {Mechanisms controlling the heat budget of the North Sea are investigated based on a combination of satellite sea surface temperature measurements and numerical model simulations. Lateral heat fluxes across the shelf edge and into the Baltic Sea as well as vertical ocean-atmosphere heat exchange are considered. A 3-D variational (3DVAR) data assimilation (DA) scheme is applied, which contains assumed model error correlations that depend on the mixed layer depth derived from a coupled circulation/ocean wave model. The analysis balances pressure gradients introduced by temperature modifications. Significant hydrodynamic model response to DA was found, which should be considered in the heat budget estimations. The observed change of the current velocity field decreases the lateral advective volume/heat exchanges between the North Sea and the Atlantic, yielding an increased heat flux from the Atlantic into the North Sea and more heat flux from the sea to the atmosphere. The largest DA impact on volume/heat transport is in the Norwegian Channel, where the dominant process is Eulerian transport, followed by tidal pumping and wind pumping. Further analysis reveals an acceleration of the along-shelf current at the northern edge of the North Sea, a decrease in the horizontal pressure gradient from the Atlantic to the North Sea, and a reduction of the Eulerian transport of volume/heat outward the North Sea. Furthermore, the coupling between the circulation model and the wave model has significant impacts on lateral heat advection in the DA run, which is due to the wave impact on the mixed layer depth.},
note = {Online available at: \url{https://doi.org/10.1029/2020JC017059} (DOI). Chen, W.; Schulz-Stellenfleth, J.; Grayek, S.; Staneva, J.: Impacts of the Assimilation of Satellite Sea Surface Temperature Data on Volume and Heat Budget Estimates for the North Sea. Journal of Geophysical Research : Oceans. 2021. vol. 126, no. 5, e2020JC017059. DOI: 10.1029/2020JC017059}}
@misc{yi_evolution_of_2021, 
author={Yi, X.,Hünicke, B.,Zorita, E.},
title={Evolution of the Arabian Sea Upwelling from the Last Millennium to the Future as Simulated by Earth System Models},
year={2021},
howpublished = {journal article},
doi = {https://doi.org/10.3390/cli9050072},
abstract = {Arabian Sea upwelling in the past has been generally studied based on the sediment records. We apply two earth system models and analyze the simulated water vertical velocity to investigate coastal upwelling in the western Arabian Sea over the last millennium. In addition, two models with slightly different configurations are also employed to study the upwelling in the 21st century under the strongest and the weakest greenhouse gas emission scenarios. With a negative long-term trend caused by the orbital forcing of the models, the upwelling over the last millennium is found to be closely correlated with the sea surface temperature, the Indian summer Monsoon and the sediment records. The future upwelling under the Representative Concentration Pathway (RCP) 8.5 scenario reveals a negative trend, in contrast with the positive trend displayed by the upwelling favorable along-shore winds. Therefore, it is likely that other factors, like water stratification in the upper ocean layers caused by the stronger surface warming, overrides the effect from the upwelling favorable wind. No significant trend is found for the upwelling under the RCP2.6 scenario, which is likely due to a compensation between the opposing effects of the increase in upwelling favorable winds and the water stratification.},
note = {Online available at: \url{https://doi.org/10.3390/cli9050072} (DOI). Yi, X.; Hünicke, B.; Zorita, E.: Evolution of the Arabian Sea Upwelling from the Last Millennium to the Future as Simulated by Earth System Models. Climate. 2021. vol. 9, no. 5, 72. DOI: 10.3390/cli9050072}}
@misc{skogen_disclosing_the_2021, 
author={Skogen, M.,Ji, R.,Akimova, A.,Daewel, U.,Hansen, C.,Hjøllo, S.,van Leeuwen, S.,Maar, M.,Macias, D.,Mousing, E.,Almroth-Rosell, E.,Sailley, S.,Spence, M.,Troost, T.,Wolfshaar, K.},
title={Disclosing the truth: Are models better than observations?},
year={2021},
howpublished = {journal article},
doi = {https://doi.org/10.3354/meps13574},
abstract = {The aphorism, ‘All models are wrong, but some models are useful’, originally referred to statistical models, but is now used for scientific models in general. When presenting results from a marine simulation model, this statement effectively stops discussions about the quality of the model, as there is always another observation to mismatch, and thereby another confirmation why the model cannot be trusted. It is common that observations are less challenged and are often viewed as a ‘gold standard’ for judging models, whereas proper interpretations and the true value of models are often overlooked. Models are not perfect, and there are many examples where models are used improperly to provide misleading answers with great confidence, but to what extent does an observation represent the truth? The precision of the observational gear may be high, but what about representativeness? The interpretation of observations is simply another model, but this time not coded in a computer language but rather formed by the individual observer. We submit that it would be more productive to initiate a process where the norm is that models and observations are joined to strengthen both. In the end, neither method is the goal, but both are useful tools for disclosing the truth. Biased views on either observational or modeling approaches would limit us from achieving this goal.},
note = {Online available at: \url{https://doi.org/10.3354/meps13574} (DOI). Skogen, M.; Ji, R.; Akimova, A.; Daewel, U.; Hansen, C.; Hjøllo, S.; van Leeuwen, S.; Maar, M.; Macias, D.; Mousing, E.; Almroth-Rosell, E.; Sailley, S.; Spence, M.; Troost, T.; Wolfshaar, K.: Disclosing the truth: Are models better than observations?. Marine Ecology Progress Series. 2021. vol. 680, 7-13. DOI: 10.3354/meps13574}}
@misc{vonstorch_chinese_lockdown_2021, 
author={von Storch, H.,Geyer, B.,Li, Y.,Matthias, V.,Rockel, B.},
title={Chinese lockdown as aerosol reduction experiment},
year={2021},
howpublished = {journal article},
doi = {https://doi.org/10.1016/j.accre.2021.03.003},
abstract = {The lockdown of large parts of Chinese economy beginning in late January 2020 lead to significant regional changes of aerosol loads, which suggests a reduction of backscatter and consequently a regional warming in the following months. Using local data and a numerical experiment with a limited area model, we have examined how strong this response may have been. The observed (local and reanalysis) observations point to a warming of less than 1.0 K, the simulations to a warming of the order of 0.5 K. These numbers are uncertain, because of large-scale natural variability and an ad-hoc choice of aerosol optical depth anomaly in the simulation. Thus, the result was, in short, that there was actually a weak warming of a few tenth of degrees, while noteworthy changes in circulation or in precipitation were not detected. More specifically, we found that at selected central China stations temperatures were found to be higher than in previous two years. This warming goes with a marked diurnal signal, with a maximum warming in the early afternoon (06 UTC), weakest at night (18 UTC). This may be related to a general warming of large swaths of Asia (including Siberia, which is not related to local aerosol forcing). Indeed, also the stations outside the immediate strong lockdown region are showing warming, albeit a weaker one. Thus, the difference 2020 minus 2019/2018 may overestimate the effect. The ad-hoc series of numerical experiments indicates that the simulated changes are robust and suffer little from internal dynamical variability. In particular, the overall reduction of the aerosol optical depth does not lead to phases of larger intermittent divergence among the model simulations, irrespective of the aerosol load. Instead, the simulations with reduced anthropogenic aerosol load show more a mere locally increased temperature. This may indicate that the aerosol effect is mostly thermodynamic in all local air columns in the region.},
note = {Online available at: \url{https://doi.org/10.1016/j.accre.2021.03.003} (DOI). von Storch, H.; Geyer, B.; Li, Y.; Matthias, V.; Rockel, B.: Chinese lockdown as aerosol reduction experiment. Advances in Climate Change Research. 2021. vol. 12, no. 5, 677-685. DOI: 10.1016/j.accre.2021.03.003}}
@misc{bntgen_recent_european_2021, 
author={Büntgen, U.,Urban, O.,Krusic, P.J.,Rybníček, M.,Kolář, T.,Kyncl, T.,Ač, A.,Koňasová, E.,Čáslavský, J.,Esper, J.,Wagner, S.,Saurer, M.,Tegel, W.,Dobrovolný, P.,Cherubini, P.,Reinig, F.,Trnka, M.},
title={Recent European drought extremes beyond Common Era background variability},
year={2021},
howpublished = {journal article},
doi = {https://doi.org/10.1038/s41561-021-00698-0},
abstract = {Europe’s recent summer droughts have had devastating ecological and economic consequences, but the severity and cause of these extremes remain unclear. Here we present 27,080 annually resolved and absolutely dated measurements of tree-ring stable carbon and oxygen (δ13C and δ18O) isotopes from 21 living and 126 relict oaks (Quercus spp.) used to reconstruct central European summer hydroclimate from 75 bce to 2018 ce. We find that the combined inverse δ13C and δ18O values correlate with the June–August Palmer Drought Severity Index from 1901–2018 at 0.73 (P < 0.001). Pluvials around 200, 720 and 1100 ce, and droughts around 40, 590, 950 and 1510 ce and in the twenty-first century, are superimposed on a multi-millennial drying trend. Our reconstruction demonstrates that the sequence of recent European summer droughts since 2015 ce is unprecedented in the past 2,110 years. This hydroclimatic anomaly is probably caused by anthropogenic warming and associated changes in the position of the summer jet stream.},
note = {Online available at: \url{https://doi.org/10.1038/s41561-021-00698-0} (DOI). Büntgen, U.; Urban, O.; Krusic, P.; Rybníček, M.; Kolář, T.; Kyncl, T.; Ač, A.; Koňasová, E.; Čáslavský, J.; Esper, J.; Wagner, S.; Saurer, M.; Tegel, W.; Dobrovolný, P.; Cherubini, P.; Reinig, F.; Trnka, M.: Recent European drought extremes beyond Common Era background variability. Nature Geoscience. 2021. vol. 14, no. 4, 190-196. DOI: 10.1038/s41561-021-00698-0}}
@misc{nonnenmacher_deep_emulators_2021, 
author={Nonnenmacher, M.,Greenberg, D.},
title={Deep Emulators for Differentiation, Forecasting, and Parametrization in Earth Science Simulators},
year={2021},
howpublished = {journal article},
doi = {https://doi.org/10.1029/2021MS002554},
abstract = {To understand and predict large, complex and chaotic systems, Earth scientists build simulators from physical laws. Simulators generalize better to new scenarios, require fewer tunable parameters and are more interpretable than non-physical deep learning, but procedures for obtaining their derivatives with respect to their inputs are often unavailable. These missing derivatives limit the application of many important tools for forecasting, model tuning, sensitivity analysis or sub-grid-scale parametrization. Here we propose to overcome this limitation with deep emulator networks that learn to calculate the missing derivatives. By training directly on simulation data without analyzing source code or equations, this approach supports simulators in any programming language on any hardware without specialized routines for each case. To demonstrate the effectiveness of our approach, we train emulators on complete or partial system states of the chaotic Lorenz-96 simulator, and evaluate the accuracy of their dynamics and derivatives as a function of integration time and training dataset size. We further demonstrate that emulator-derived derivatives enable accurate 4D-Var data assimilation and closed-loop training of parametrizations. These results provide a basis for further combining the parsimony and generality of physical models with the power and flexibility of machine learning.},
note = {Online available at: \url{https://doi.org/10.1029/2021MS002554} (DOI). Nonnenmacher, M.; Greenberg, D.: Deep Emulators for Differentiation, Forecasting, and Parametrization in Earth Science Simulators. Journal of Advances in Modeling Earth Systems. 2021. vol. 13, no. 7, e2021MS002554. DOI: 10.1029/2021MS002554}}
@misc{pyrina_surface_and_2021, 
author={Pyrina, M.,Moreno-Chamarro, E.,Wagner, S.,Zorita, E.},
title={Surface and Tropospheric Response of North Atlantic Summer Climate from Paleoclimate Simulations of the Past Millennium},
year={2021},
howpublished = {journal article},
doi = {https://doi.org/10.3390/atmos12050568},
abstract = {We investigate the effects of solar forcing on the North Atlantic (NA) summer climate, in climate simulations with Earth System Models (ESMs), over the preindustrial past millennium (AD 850–1849). We use one simulation and a four-member ensemble performed with the MPI-ESM-P and CESM-LME models, respectively, forced only by low-scaling variations in Total Solar Irradiance (TSI). We apply linear methods (correlation and regression) and composite analysis to estimate the NA surface and tropospheric climatic responses to decadal solar variability. Linear methods in the CESM ensemble indicate a weak summer response in sea-level pressure (SLP) and 500-hPa geopotential height to TSI, with decreased values over Greenland and increased values over the NA subtropics. Composite analysis indicates that, during high-TSI periods, SLP decreases over eastern Canada and the geopotential height at 500-hPa increases over the subtropical NA. The possible summer response of SSTs is overlapped by model internal variability. Therefore, for low-scaling TSI changes, state-of-the-art ESMs disagree on the NA surface climatic effect of solar forcing indicated by proxy-based studies during the preindustrial millennium. The analysis of control simulations indicates that, in all climatic variables studied, spurious patterns of apparent solar response may arise from the analysis of single model simulations.},
note = {Online available at: \url{https://doi.org/10.3390/atmos12050568} (DOI). Pyrina, M.; Moreno-Chamarro, E.; Wagner, S.; Zorita, E.: Surface and Tropospheric Response of North Atlantic Summer Climate from Paleoclimate Simulations of the Past Millennium. Atmosphere. 2021. vol. 12, no. 5, 568. DOI: 10.3390/atmos12050568}}
@misc{friedland_effects_of_2021, 
author={Friedland, R.,Macias, D.,Cossarini, G.,Daewel, U.,Estournel, C.,Garcia-Gorriz, E.,Grizzetti, B.,Grégoire, M.,Gustafson, B.,Kalaroni, S.,Kerimoglu, O.,Lazzari, P.,Lenhart, H.,Lessin, G.,Maljutenko, I.,Miladinova, S.,Müller-Karulis, B.,Neumann, T.,Parn, O.,Pätsch, J.,Piroddi, C.,Raudsepp, U.,Schrum, C.,Stegert, C.,Stips, A.,Tsiaras, K.,Ulses, C.,Vandenbulcke, L.},
title={Effects of Nutrient Management Scenarios on Marine Eutrophication Indicators: A Pan-European, Multi-Model Assessment in Support of the Marine Strategy Framework Directive},
year={2021},
howpublished = {journal article},
doi = {https://doi.org/10.3389/fmars.2021.596126},
abstract = {A novel pan-European marine model ensemble was established, covering nearly all seas under the regulation of the Marine Strategy Framework Directive (MSFD), with the aim of providing a consistent assessment of the potential impacts of riverine nutrient reduction scenarios on marine eutrophication indicators. For each sea region, up to five coupled biogeochemical models from institutes all over Europe were brought together for the first time. All model systems followed a harmonised scenario approach and ran two simulations, which varied only in the riverine nutrient inputs. The load reductions were evaluated with the catchment model GREEN and represented the impacts due to improved management of agriculture and wastewater treatment in all European river systems. The model ensemble, comprising 15 members, was used to assess changes to the core eutrophication indicators as defined within MSFD Descriptor 5. In nearly all marine regions, riverine load reductions led to reduced nutrient concentrations in the marine environment. However, regionally the nutrient input reductions led to an increase in the non-limiting nutrient in the water, especially in the case of phosphate concentrations in the Black Sea. Further core eutrophication indicators, such as chlorophyll-a, bottom oxygen and the Trophic Index TRIX, improved nearly everywhere, but the changes were less pronounced than for the inorganic nutrients. The model ensemble displayed strong consistency and robustness, as most if not all models indicated improvements in the same areas. There were substantial differences between the individual seas in the speed of response to the reduced nutrient loads. In the North Sea ensemble, a stable plateau was reached after only three years, while the simulation period of eight years was too short to obtain steady model results in the Baltic Sea. The ensemble exercise confirmed the importance of improved management of agriculture and wastewater treatments in the river catchments to reduce marine eutrophication. Several shortcomings were identified, the outcome of different approaches to compute the mean change was estimated and potential improvements are discussed to enhance policy support. Applying a model ensemble enabled us to obtain highly robust and consistent model results, substantially decreasing uncertainties in the scenario outcome.},
note = {Online available at: \url{https://doi.org/10.3389/fmars.2021.596126} (DOI). Friedland, R.; Macias, D.; Cossarini, G.; Daewel, U.; Estournel, C.; Garcia-Gorriz, E.; Grizzetti, B.; Grégoire, M.; Gustafson, B.; Kalaroni, S.; Kerimoglu, O.; Lazzari, P.; Lenhart, H.; Lessin, G.; Maljutenko, I.; Miladinova, S.; Müller-Karulis, B.; Neumann, T.; Parn, O.; Pätsch, J.; Piroddi, C.; Raudsepp, U.; Schrum, C.; Stegert, C.; Stips, A.; Tsiaras, K.; Ulses, C.; Vandenbulcke, L.: Effects of Nutrient Management Scenarios on Marine Eutrophication Indicators: A Pan-European, Multi-Model Assessment in Support of the Marine Strategy Framework Directive. Frontiers in Marine Science. 2021. vol. 8, 596126. DOI: 10.3389/fmars.2021.596126}}
@misc{pyrina_statistical_seasonal_2021, 
author={Pyrina, M.,Nonnenmacher, M.,Wagner, S.,Zorita, E.},
title={Statistical Seasonal Prediction of European Summer Mean Temperature Using Observational, Reanalysis, and Satellite Data},
year={2021},
howpublished = {journal article},
doi = {https://doi.org/10.1175/WAF-D-20-0235.1},
abstract = {Statistical climate prediction has sometimes demonstrated higher accuracy than coupled dynamical forecast systems. This study tests the applicability of springtime soil moisture (SM) over Europe and sea surface temperatures (SSTs) of three North Atlantic (NA) regions as statistical predictors of European mean summer temperature (t2m). We set up two statistical-learning (SL) frameworks, based on methods commonly applied in climate research. The SL models are trained with gridded products derived from station, reanalysis, and satellite data (ERA-20C, ERA-Land, CERA, COBE2, CRU, and ESA-CCI). The predictive potential of SM anomalies in statistical forecasting had so far remained elusive. Our statistical models trained with SM achieve high summer t2m prediction skill in terms of Pearson correlation coefficient (r), with r≥0.5 over Central and Eastern Europe. Moreover, we find that the reanalysis and satellite SM data contain similar information that can be extracted by our methods and used in fitting the forecast models.,Furthermore, the predictive potential of SSTs within different areas in the NA basin was tested. The predictive power of SSTs might increase, as in our case, when specific areas are selected. Forecasts based on extratropical SSTs achieve high prediction skill over South Europe. The combined prediction, using SM and SST predictor data, results in r≥0.5 over all European regions south of 50°N and east of 5°W. This is a better skill than the one achieved by other prediction schemes based on dynamical models. Our analysis highlights specific NA mid-latitude regions that are more strongly connected to summer mean European temperature.},
note = {Online available at: \url{https://doi.org/10.1175/WAF-D-20-0235.1} (DOI). Pyrina, M.; Nonnenmacher, M.; Wagner, S.; Zorita, E.: Statistical Seasonal Prediction of European Summer Mean Temperature Using Observational, Reanalysis, and Satellite Data. Weather and Forecasting. 2021. vol. 36, no. 4, 1537-1560. DOI: 10.1175/WAF-D-20-0235.1}}
@misc{akhtar_accelerating_deployment_2021, 
author={Akhtar, N.,Geyer, B.,Rockel, B.,Sommer, P.,Schrum, C.},
title={Accelerating deployment of offshore wind energy alter wind climate and reduce future power generation potentials},
year={2021},
howpublished = {journal article},
doi = {https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-021-91283-3},
abstract = {The European Union has set ambitious CO2 reduction targets, stimulating renewable energy production and accelerating deployment of offshore wind energy in northern European waters, mainly the North Sea. With increasing size and clustering, offshore wind farms (OWFs) wake effects, which alter wind conditions and decrease the power generation efficiency of wind farms downwind become more important. We use a high-resolution regional climate model with implemented wind farm parameterizations to explore offshore wind energy production limits in the North Sea. We simulate near future wind farm scenarios considering existing and planned OWFs in the North Sea and assess power generation losses and wind variations due to wind farm wake. The annual mean wind speed deficit within a wind farm can reach 2–2.5 ms−1 depending on the wind farm geometry. The mean deficit, which decreases with distance, can extend 35–40 km downwind during prevailing southwesterly winds. Wind speed deficits are highest during spring (mainly March–April) and lowest during November–December. The large-size of wind farms and their proximity affect not only the performance of its downwind turbines but also that of neighboring downwind farms, reducing the capacity factor by 20% or more, which increases energy production costs and economic losses. We conclude that wind energy can be a limited resource in the North Sea. The limits and potentials for optimization need to be considered in climate mitigation strategies and cross-national optimization of offshore energy production plans are inevitable.},
note = {Online available at: \url{https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-021-91283-3} (DOI). Akhtar, N.; Geyer, B.; Rockel, B.; Sommer, P.; Schrum, C.: Accelerating deployment of offshore wind energy alter wind climate and reduce future power generation potentials. Scientific Reports. 2021. vol. 11, no. 1, 11826. DOI: 10.1038/s41598-021-91283-3}}
@misc{koul_skilful_prediction_2021, 
author={Koul, V.,Sguotti, C.,Arthun, M.,Brune, S.,Düsterhus, A.,Bogstad, B.,Ottersen, G.,Baehr, J.,Schrum, C.},
title={Skilful prediction of cod stocks in the North and Barents Sea a decade in advance},
year={2021},
howpublished = {journal article},
doi = {https://doi.org/10.1038/s43247-021-00207-6},
abstract = {Reliable information about the future state of the ocean and fish stocks is necessary for informed decision-making by fisheries scientists, managers and the industry. However, decadal regional ocean climate and fish stock predictions have until now had low forecast skill. Here, we provide skilful forecasts of the biomass of cod stocks in the North and Barents Seas a decade in advance. We develop a unified dynamical-statistical prediction system wherein statistical models link future stock biomass to dynamical predictions of sea surface temperature, while also considering different fishing mortalities. Our retrospective forecasts provide estimates of past performance of our models and they suggest differences in the source of prediction skill between the two cod stocks. We forecast the continuation of unfavorable oceanic conditions for the North Sea cod in the coming decade, which would inhibit its recovery at present fishing levels, and a decrease in Northeast Arctic cod stock compared to the recent high levels.},
note = {Online available at: \url{https://doi.org/10.1038/s43247-021-00207-6} (DOI). Koul, V.; Sguotti, C.; Arthun, M.; Brune, S.; Düsterhus, A.; Bogstad, B.; Ottersen, G.; Baehr, J.; Schrum, C.: Skilful prediction of cod stocks in the North and Barents Sea a decade in advance. Communications Earth & Environment. 2021. vol. 2, no. 1, 140. DOI: 10.1038/s43247-021-00207-6}}
@misc{abram_global_climate_2021, 
author={Abram, N.,Kaufman, D.,McGregor, H.,Martrat, B.,Bothe, O.,Linderholm, H.},
title={Global climate goes regional, and vice versa: Reflecting on 14 years of the PAGES 2k Network},
year={2021},
howpublished = {journal article},
doi = {https://doi.org/10.22498/pages.29.1.16},
abstract = {For the past 14 years, the PAGES 2k Network has brought together a large, interdisciplinary community to better understand pre-industrial climate and give context to recent human-caused climate change.,The past 2000 years of Earth's history provides a critical context for understanding climate variability and change. This is a period where climate changes occurred as a result of well characterized natural climate forcing, as well as unforced internal variability, and has now transitioned into a climate that is strongly forced by human factors. It is also a period where a range of paleoclimate proxy records, often with annual or better resolution, can be used to build up a comprehensive spatial understanding of our climate system. Recent step changes in computing capabilities now allow for ensembles of millennial-length climate-model simulations with which researchers can test and improve our knowledge of the climate system. All of these factors provide a rich scientific backdrop for the work of the PAGES 2k Network.},
note = {Online available at: \url{https://doi.org/10.22498/pages.29.1.16} (DOI). Abram, N.; Kaufman, D.; McGregor, H.; Martrat, B.; Bothe, O.; Linderholm, H.: Global climate goes regional, and vice versa: Reflecting on 14 years of the PAGES 2k Network. Past Global Changes Magazine. 2021. vol. 29, no. 1, 16-17. DOI: 10.22498/pages.29.1.16}}
@misc{bothe_towards_increased_2021, 
author={Bothe, O.,Rehfeld, K.,Konecky, B.,Jonkers, L.},
title={Towards increased interoperability of paleoenvironmental observation data},
year={2021},
howpublished = {journal article},
doi = {https://doi.org/10.22498/pages.29.1.59},
note = {Online available at: \url{https://doi.org/10.22498/pages.29.1.59} (DOI). Bothe, O.; Rehfeld, K.; Konecky, B.; Jonkers, L.: Towards increased interoperability of paleoenvironmental observation data. Past Global Changes Magazine. 2021. vol. 29, no. 1, 59. DOI: 10.22498/pages.29.1.59}}
@misc{porz_densitydriven_bottom_2021, 
author={Porz, L.,Zhang, W.,Schrum, C.},
title={Density-driven bottom currents control development of muddy basins in the southwestern Baltic Sea},
year={2021},
howpublished = {journal article},
doi = {https://doi.org/10.1016/j.margeo.2021.106523},
abstract = {The development of two Holocene muddy depocenters in the southwestern Baltic Sea is investigated using sediment budget analysis and numerical modeling. Material derived from the erosion of coastal cliffs surrounding the study area is shown to dominate the supply of fine-grained sediment to the depocenters, while the riverine contribution is an order of magnitude smaller. Comparison with the sink terms, compiled from published geological data, reveals that a substantial additional source of at least 900 kt/yr is required to close the budget, and high-salinity dense inflows from the North Sea carrying suspended sediment are proposed as an additional source mechanism. Seismo-acoustic data show the long-term impact of strong bottom currents, likely linked to dense-water inflows, which produce contouritic deposits in flow-confining channels. We reproduce two distinct inflow events using a coupled hydrodynamic-sediment transport coastal ocean model. The simulations confirm that major inflows are capable of advecting a significant amount of fine-grained sediment into the study area. A scaling relationship based on the simulated fluxes estimates the average amount of sediment imported in this way to the order of 100–900 kt/yr, which is in agreement with the lower limit of the gap in the budget. The amount of sediment advected seems to scale non-linearly with the intensity of the inflow. More field data points are needed in order to improve the accuracy of modeled fluxes and the precision of the scaling relationship. This study shows how the relative contributions of episodic sedimentation events on the longer-term morphology may be quantified.},
note = {Online available at: \url{https://doi.org/10.1016/j.margeo.2021.106523} (DOI). Porz, L.; Zhang, W.; Schrum, C.: Density-driven bottom currents control development of muddy basins in the southwestern Baltic Sea. Marine Geology. 2021. vol. 438, 106523. DOI: 10.1016/j.margeo.2021.106523}}
@misc{abspoel_communicating_maritime_2021, 
author={Abspoel, A.,Mayer, I.,Keijser, X.,Warmelink, H.,Fairgrieve, R.,Ripken, M.,Abramic, A.,Kannen, A.,Cormier, R.,Kidd, S.},
title={Communicating Maritime Spatial Planning: The MSP Challenge approach},
year={2021},
howpublished = {journal article},
doi = {https://doi.org/10.1016/j.marpol.2019.02.057},
abstract = {The MSP Challenge uses game technology and role-play to support communication and learning for Marine/Maritime Spatial Planning. Since 2011, a role-playing game, a board game and a digital interactive simulation platform have been developed. The MSP Challenge editions have been used in workshops, conferences, education, as well as for real life stakeholder engagement. The authors give an overview of the development of the MSP Challenge and reflect on the value of the approach as an engaging and ‘fun’ tool for building mutual understanding and communicating MSP.},
note = {Online available at: \url{https://doi.org/10.1016/j.marpol.2019.02.057} (DOI). Abspoel, A.; Mayer, I.; Keijser, X.; Warmelink, H.; Fairgrieve, R.; Ripken, M.; Abramic, A.; Kannen, A.; Cormier, R.; Kidd, S.: Communicating Maritime Spatial Planning: The MSP Challenge approach. Marine Policy. 2021. vol. 132, 103486. DOI: 10.1016/j.marpol.2019.02.057}}
@misc{pein_seasonal_stratification_2021, 
author={Pein, J.,Eisele, A.,Sanders, T.,Daewel, U.,Stanev, E.,Beusekom, J.,Staneva, J.,Schrum, C.},
title={Seasonal Stratification and Biogeochemical Turnover in the Freshwater Reach of a Partially Mixed Dredged Estuary},
year={2021},
howpublished = {journal article},
doi = {https://doi.org/10.3389/fmars.2021.623714},
abstract = {The Elbe estuary is a substantially engineered tidal water body that receives high loads of organic matter from the eutrophied Elbe river. The organic matter entering the estuary at the tidal weir is dominated by diatom populations that collapse in the deepened freshwater reach. Although the estuary’s freshwater reach is considered to manifest vertically homogenous density distribution (i.e., to be well-mixed), several indicators like trapping of particulate organic matter, near-bottom oxygen depletion and ammonium accumulation suggest that the vertical exchange of organic particles and dissolved oxygen is weakened at least temporarily. To better understand the causal links between the hydrodynamics and the oxygen and nutrient cycling in the deepened freshwater reach of the Elbe estuary, we establish a three-dimensional coupled hydrodynamical-biogeochemical model. The model demonstrates good skill in simulating the variability of the physical and biogeochemical parameters in the focal area. Coupled simulations reveal that this region is a hotspot of the degradation of diatoms and organic matter transported from the shallow productive upper estuary and the tidal weir. In summer, the water column weakly stratifies when at the bathymetric jump warmer water from the shallow upper estuary spreads over the colder water of the deepened mid reaches. Enhanced thermal stratification also occurs also in the narrow port basins and channels. Model results show intensification of the particle trapping due to the thermal gradients. The stratification also reduces the oxygenation of the near-bottom region and sedimentary layer inducing oxygen depletion and accumulation of ammonium. The study highlights that the vertical resolution is important for the understanding and simulation of estuarine ecological processes, because even weak stratification impacts the cycling of nutrients via modulation of the vertical mixing of oxygen, particularly in deepened navigation channels and port areas.},
note = {Online available at: \url{https://doi.org/10.3389/fmars.2021.623714} (DOI). Pein, J.; Eisele, A.; Sanders, T.; Daewel, U.; Stanev, E.; Beusekom, J.; Staneva, J.; Schrum, C.: Seasonal Stratification and Biogeochemical Turnover in the Freshwater Reach of a Partially Mixed Dredged Estuary. Frontiers in Marine Science. 2021. vol. 8, 623714. DOI: 10.3389/fmars.2021.623714}}
@misc{bellou_global_assessment_2021, 
author={Bellou, N.,Gambardella, C.,Karantzalos, K.,Monteiro, J.G.,Canning-Clode, J.,Kemna, S.,Arrieta-Giron, C.A.,Lemmen, C.},
title={Global assessment of innovative solutions to tackle marine litter},
year={2021},
howpublished = {journal article},
doi = {https://doi.org/10.1038/s41893-021-00726-2},
abstract = {Marine litter is one of the most relevant pollution problems that our oceans are facing today. Marine litter in our oceans is a major threat to a sustainable planet. Here, we provide a comprehensive analysis of cutting-edge solutions developed globally to prevent, monitor and clean marine litter. Prevention in this research includes only innovative solutions to prevent litter entering oceans and seas rather than interventions such as waste reduction and recycling. On the basis of extensive search and data compilation, our analysis reveals that information is dispersed across platforms and is not easily accessible. In total, 177 solutions—the equivalent to <0.9% of the search hits—fulfilled our validation criteria and were evaluated. Most solutions (n = 106, 60%) primarily address monitoring and were developed during the past 3 years, with the scientific community being the key driver. Few solutions reached mature technical readiness and market availability, while none were validated for efficiency and environmental impact. Looking ahead, we elaborate on the limitations of the existing solutions, the challenges of developing new solutions, and provide recommendations for funding schemes and policy instruments to prevent, monitor and clean marine litter globally. In doing so, we encourage researchers, innovators and policy-makers worldwide to act towards achieving and sustaining a cleaner ocean for future generations.},
note = {Online available at: \url{https://doi.org/10.1038/s41893-021-00726-2} (DOI). Bellou, N.; Gambardella, C.; Karantzalos, K.; Monteiro, J.; Canning-Clode, J.; Kemna, S.; Arrieta-Giron, C.; Lemmen, C.: Global assessment of innovative solutions to tackle marine litter. Nature Sustainability. 2021. vol. 4, no. 6, 516-524. DOI: 10.1038/s41893-021-00726-2}}
@misc{stegert_evaluating_uncertainties_2021, 
author={Stegert, C.,Lenhart, H.,Blauw, A.,Friedland, R.,Leujak, W.,Kerimoglu, O.},
title={Evaluating Uncertainties in Reconstructing the Pre-eutrophic State of the North Sea},
year={2021},
howpublished = {journal article},
doi = {https://doi.org/10.3389/fmars.2021.637483},
abstract = {The North Sea is affected by eutrophication problems despite the decreasing riverine nutrient fluxes since the late 1980s. Formally, assessment of the eutrophication state of European marine environments is based on their historical state. Model estimates are increasingly used to support monitoring data that often do not encompass such pre-eutrophic conditions. However, various sources of uncertainties emerge when producing these estimates. In this study, we systematically quantify various sources of uncertainties in terms of variability, and assess their importance for the North Sea. For the reconstruction of the historical state, we use two coupled physical-biogeochemical model systems: ECOHAM on a 20-km grid for the European shelf and GPM on a high-resolution (1.5–4.5 km) grid for the Southern North Sea. To gain insights into the impacts due to the uncertainty in riverine loadings, we consider the historical nutrient inputs from two alternative watershed-models (MONERIS and E-HYPE). Overall, the modeled historic state based on E-HYPE shows higher nutrient concentrations compared to the state based on MONERIS, especially in the coastal regions. Assessing the degree of methodological uncertainties by an inter-comparison of different sources and against natural variabilities provides insight into the reliability of the model-based reconstruction of the historical state. We find that in regions influenced by freshwater from major rivers uncertainties owed to riverine loading scenarios exceed the natural sources of variability. For the offshore regions, natural sources of variability dominate over those caused by model- and scenario-related uncertainties. These findings are expected to assist decision makers and researchers in gaining insight into the degree of confidence in evaluating the model results, and prioritizing the need for refinement of models and scenarios for the production of reliable projections.},
note = {Online available at: \url{https://doi.org/10.3389/fmars.2021.637483} (DOI). Stegert, C.; Lenhart, H.; Blauw, A.; Friedland, R.; Leujak, W.; Kerimoglu, O.: Evaluating Uncertainties in Reconstructing the Pre-eutrophic State of the North Sea. Frontiers in Marine Science. 2021. vol. 8, 637483. DOI: 10.3389/fmars.2021.637483}}
@misc{jacob_understanding_the_2021, 
author={Jacob, B.,Stanev, E.},
title={Understanding the Impact of Bathymetric Changes in the German Bight on Coastal Hydrodynamics: One Step Toward Realistic Morphodynamic Modeling},
year={2021},
howpublished = {journal article},
doi = {https://doi.org/10.3389/fmars.2021.640214},
abstract = {The hydrodynamic response to morphodynamic variability in the coastal areas of the German Bight was analyzed via numerical experiments using time-referenced bathymetric data for the period 1982–2012. Time-slice experiments were conducted for each year with the Semi-implicit Cross-scale Hydroscience Integrated System Model (SCHISM). This unstructured-grid model resolves small-scale bathymetric features in the coastal zone, which are well-resolved in the high-resolution time-referenced bathymetric data (50 m resolution). Their analysis reveals the continuous migration of tidal channels, as well as rather complex change of the depths of tidal flats in different periods. The almost linear relationship between the cross-sectional inlet areas and the tidal prisms of the intertidal basins in the East Frisian Wadden Sea demonstrates that these bathymetric data describe a consistent morphodynamic evolutionary trend. The numerical experiment results are streamlined to explain the hydrodynamic evolution from 1982 to 2012. Although the bathymetric changes were mostly located in a relatively small part of the model area, they resulted in substantial changes in the M2 tidal amplitudes, i.e., larger than 5 cm in some areas. The hydrodynamic response to bathymetric changes largely exceeded the response to sea level rise. The tidal asymmetry estimated from the model appeared very sensitive to bathymetric evolution, particularly between the southern tip of Sylt Island and the Eider Estuary along the eastern coast. The peak current asymmetry weakened from 1982 to 1995 and even reversed within some tidal basins to become flood-dominant. This would suggest that the flushing trend in the 1980s was reduced or reversed in the second half of the studied period. Salinity also appeared sensitive to bathymetric changes; the deviations in the individual years reached ~22 psu in the tidal channels and tidal flats. One practical conclusion from the present numerical simulations is that wherever possible, the numerical modeling of near-coastal zones must employ time-referenced bathymetry data. The second, perhaps even more important conclusion, is that the progress of morphodynamic modeling in realistic ocean settings with multiple scales and varying bottom forms is strongly dependent on the availability of bathymetric data with appropriate temporal and spatial resolution.},
note = {Online available at: \url{https://doi.org/10.3389/fmars.2021.640214} (DOI). Jacob, B.; Stanev, E.: Understanding the Impact of Bathymetric Changes in the German Bight on Coastal Hydrodynamics: One Step Toward Realistic Morphodynamic Modeling. Frontiers in Marine Science. 2021. vol. 8, 640214. DOI: 10.3389/fmars.2021.640214}}
@misc{menard_scientific_and_2021, 
author={Menard, C.,Essery, R.,Krinner, G.,Arduini, G.,Bartlett, P.,Boone, A.,Brutel-vuilmet, C.,Burke, E.,Cuntz, M.,Dai, Y.,Decharme, B.,Dutra, E.,Fang, X.,Fierz, C.,Gusev, Y.,Hagemann, S.,Haverd, V.,Kim, H.,Lafaysse, M.,Marke, T.,Nasonova, O.,Nitta, T.,Niwano, M.,Pomeroy, J.,Schädler, G.,Semenov, V.,Smirnova, T.,Strasser,U.,Swenson, S.,Turkov, D.,Wever, N.,Yuan, H.},
title={Scientific and Human Errors in a Snow Model Intercomparison},
year={2021},
howpublished = {journal article},
doi = {https://doi.org/10.1175/BAMS-D-19-0329.1},
abstract = {Twenty-seven models participated in the Earth System Model - Snow Model Intercomparison Project (ESM-SnowMIP), the most data-rich MIP dedicated to snow modelling. Our findings do not support the hypothesis advanced by previous snow MIPs: evaluating models against more variables, and providing evaluation datasets extended temporally and spatially does not facilitate identification of key new processes requiring improvement to model snow mass and energy budgets, even at point scales. In fact, the same modelling issues identified by previous snow MIPs arose: albedo is a major source of uncertainty, surface exchange parametrizations are problematic and individual model performance is inconsistent. This lack of progress is attributed partly to the large number of human errors that led to anomalous model behaviour and to numerous resubmissions. It is unclear how widespread such errors are in our field and others; dedicated time and resources will be needed to tackle this issue to prevent highly sophisticated models and their research outputs from being vulnerable because of avoidable human mistakes. The design of and the data available to successive snow MIPs were also questioned. Evaluation of models against bulk snow properties was found to be sufficient for some but inappropriate for more complex snow models whose skills at simulating internal snow properties remained untested. Discussions between the authors of this paper on the purpose of MIPs revealed varied, and sometimes contradictory, motivations behind their participation. These findings started a collaborative effort to adapt future snow MIPs to respond to the diverse needs of the community.},
note = {Online available at: \url{https://doi.org/10.1175/BAMS-D-19-0329.1} (DOI). Menard, C.; Essery, R.; Krinner, G.; Arduini, G.; Bartlett, P.; Boone, A.; Brutel-vuilmet, C.; Burke, E.; Cuntz, M.; Dai, Y.; Decharme, B.; Dutra, E.; Fang, X.; Fierz, C.; Gusev, Y.; Hagemann, S.; Haverd, V.; Kim, H.; Lafaysse, M.; Marke, T.; Nasonova, O.; Nitta, T.; Niwano, M.; Pomeroy, J.; Schädler, G.; Semenov, V.; Smirnova, T.; Strasser, U.; Swenson, S.; Turkov, D.; Wever, N.; Yuan, H.: Scientific and Human Errors in a Snow Model Intercomparison. Bulletin of the American Meteorological Society. 2021. vol. 102, no. 1, E61-E79. DOI: 10.1175/BAMS-D-19-0329.1}}
@misc{dinardo_a_ripbased_2021, 
author={Dinardo, S.,Fenoglio-Marc, L.,Becker, M.,Fernandes, J.,Staneva, J.,Grayek, S.,Benveniste, J.},
title={A RIP-based SAR retracker and its application in North East Atlantic with Sentinel-3},
year={2021},
howpublished = {journal article},
doi = {https://doi.org/10.1016/j.asr.2020.06.004},
abstract = {Just as CryoSat-2, Sentinel-3 embarks on board a radar altimeter (SRAL) with the novel Synthetic Aperture Radar (SAR) mode that enables higher resolution and more accurate altimeter-derived parameters in the coastal zone, thanks to the reduced along-track footprint. Exploiting the SAR data in the recent years, many researchers have already proven that the performance of SAR altimetry with specific coastal retrackers is superior to collocated Pseudo-Low Resolution Mode (PLRM) coastal altimetry algorithms but they also pointed out that residual errors due to land contamination are still present in the very proximity of the land (0–3 km).,The objective of this work is to further improve these results by exploiting extra information provided by SAR altimeters, namely the so-called Range Integrated Power (RIP), the new waveform built by a simple integration of the Doppler beams in the range direction. The RIP characterizes the backscattering state of the ground cell, towards which all the Doppler beams have been steered. These developments lead to a new retracker, here coined SAMOSA++, in which the RIP, as computed from the L1B-S data, is converted into a surface backscattering profile and directly integrated in the SAMOSA retracker as part of the model formulation itself. In this way, the modified SAMOSA model is automatically and autonomously able to cope with the different return waveform shapes from different surface types: either diffusive or specular. The mean square slope computed from the RIP is also estimated, representing a new output of the retracker.,The performance of this new retracker is here cross-compared against its previous version, SAMOSA+, and against the standard Sentinel-3 marine PDGS (Payload Data Ground Segment) SAR retracker (SAMOSA2) in both coastal zone and open ocean in order to ensure a seamless transition between these zones.,The new retracker SAMOSA++ is validated in the North East Atlantic region, where appropriate in situ validation data are available. The retrievals from the new retracker are cross-compared against the network of tide gauges and buoys in the German Bight and versus the output of the GCOAST Helmholtz-Zentrum Geesthacht (HZG) regional circulation and wave model. In addition, sea level estimates derived with different ocean tide and wet path delay geophysical correction models are compared. Results indicate that in this region the best geophysical correction models are the FES2014b tide model and the GPD+ wet tropospheric correction that incorporates data from the Sentinel-3 on-board radiometer.,Analyses show that both SAMOSA+ and SAMOSA++ ensure the continuity of the PDGS SAR Marine retracker in the open ocean, leading to clear improvements in the coastal zone, larger for SAMOSA++ than for SAMOSA+. In summary, the new SAMOSA++ retracker retrieves more accurate altimetric parameters in the coastal zone, with a better consistency with respect to regional ocean models and in situ data.},
note = {Online available at: \url{https://doi.org/10.1016/j.asr.2020.06.004} (DOI). Dinardo, S.; Fenoglio-Marc, L.; Becker, M.; Fernandes, J.; Staneva, J.; Grayek, S.; Benveniste, J.: A RIP-based SAR retracker and its application in North East Atlantic with Sentinel-3. Advances in Space Research. 2021. vol. 68, no. 2, 892-929. DOI: 10.1016/j.asr.2020.06.004}}
@misc{petrik_on_the_2021, 
author={Petrik, R.,Geyer, B.,Rockel, B.},
title={On the diurnal cycle and variability of winds in the lower planetary boundary layer: evaluation of regional reanalyses and hindcasts},
year={2021},
howpublished = {journal article},
doi = {https://doi.org/10.1080/16000870.2020.1804294},
abstract = {To accurately calculate the impact of renewables on power production in complex electric power grids, high-resolution and ideally seamless data within the planetary boundary layer are required. Therefore, the quality of different regional reanalyses and hindcasts is evaluated with respect to the representation of the planetery boundary layer and related sub-daily processes. On the one hand, high resolution regional reanalysis from the UERRA (UE-SMHI, UE-UKMO) and a similar project (COSMO-REA6) are considered. On the other hand, two hindcasts based on the COSMO-REA6 configuration are included in this study, i.e. a simulation with perfect boundaries and a simulation additionally utilizing spectral nudging. The focus of the evaluation is on measurements at four flux towers that are not part of any assimilation procedure. In this paper, we will show that the model’s quality depends on both the complete model system – assimilation method, resolution and physical parameterization – as well as on the performance measure. The daily cycle is best depicted by the hindcasts and even COSMO-REA6 hardly introduces spurious variability. UE-SMHI (3D-Var) suffers from spin-up in particular visible at the elevated levels, whereas the spin-up is damped in UE-UKMO (4D-Var). Investigation of atmospheric stability reveals that diurnal variation of stratification is for the most part well reproduced, but strong deficits were found for all COSMO simulations in reproducing strong stratification and corresponding wind speed gradients. Moreover, an overestimation of superadiabatic lapse rates and corresponding overly weak turbulent mixing is found for UE-UKMO. Furthermore, a combination of ramp statistics and contingency tables is utilized to detect a clear advantage of sophisticated assimilation systems over hindcasts. The evaluation framework presented underpins the importance of ramp statistics and vertical measurement profiles, especially with respect to assessing long-term simulations.},
note = {Online available at: \url{https://doi.org/10.1080/16000870.2020.1804294} (DOI). Petrik, R.; Geyer, B.; Rockel, B.: On the diurnal cycle and variability of winds in the lower planetary boundary layer: evaluation of regional reanalyses and hindcasts. Tellus A. 2021. vol. 73, no. 1, 1-28. DOI: 10.1080/16000870.2020.1804294}}
@misc{staneva_effects_of_2021, 
author={Staneva, J.,Ricker, M.,Alvarez, R.,Breivik, Ø.,Schrum, C.},
title={Effects of Wave-Induced Processes in a Coupled Wave–Ocean Model on Particle Transport Simulations},
year={2021},
howpublished = {journal article},
doi = {https://doi.org/10.3390/w13040415},
abstract = {This study investigates the effects of wind–wave processes in a coupled wave–ocean circulation model on Lagrangian transport simulations. Drifters deployed in the southern North Sea from May to June 2015 are used. The Eulerian currents are obtained by simulation from the coupled circulation model (NEMO) and the wave model (WAM), as well as a stand-alone NEMO circulation model. The wave–current interaction processes are the momentum and energy sea state dependent fluxes, wave-induced mixing and Stokes–Coriolis forcing. The Lagrangian transport model sensitivity to these wave-induced processes in NEMO is quantified using a particle drift model. Wind waves act as a reservoir for energy and momentum. In the coupled wave–ocean circulation model, the momentum that is transferred into the ocean model is considered as a fraction of the total flux that goes directly to the currents plus the momentum lost from wave dissipation. Additional sensitivity studies are performed to assess the potential contribution of windage on the Lagrangian model performance. Wave-induced drift is found to significantly affect the particle transport in the upper ocean. The skill of particle transport simulations depends on wave–ocean circulation interaction processes. The model simulations were assessed using drifter and high-frequency (HF) radar observations. The analysis of the model reveals that Eulerian currents produced by introducing wave-induced parameterization into the ocean model are essential for improving particle transport simulations. The results show that coupled wave–circulation models may improve transport simulations of marine litter, oil spills, larval drift or transport of biological materials.},
note = {Online available at: \url{https://doi.org/10.3390/w13040415} (DOI). Staneva, J.; Ricker, M.; Alvarez, R.; Breivik, Ø.; Schrum, C.: Effects of Wave-Induced Processes in a Coupled Wave–Ocean Model on Particle Transport Simulations. Water. 2021. vol. 13, no. 4, 415. DOI: 10.3390/w13040415}}
@misc{feser_north_atlantic_2021, 
author={Feser, F.,Krueger, O.,Woth, K.,van Garderen, L.},
title={North Atlantic Winter Storm Activity in Modern Reanalyses and Pressure-Based Observations},
year={2021},
howpublished = {journal article},
doi = {https://doi.org/10.1175/JCLI-D-20-0529.1},
abstract = {This study analyzes changes in extratropical windstorms over the North Atlantic during the last decades. We assessed and compared North Atlantic winter storm activity in a comprehensive approach from three different data sources: modern reanalysis data sets, a dynamically downscaled high-resolution global atmospheric climate simulation, and observations. The multi-decadal observations comprise both a storm index derived from geostrophic wind speed triangles and an observational record of low pressure systems counted from weather analyses. Both observational data sets have neither been compared to the most recent reanalyses nor to the downscaled global climate simulation with respect to North Atlantic winter storms before.,The similarity of the geostrophic wind speed storm index to reanalyzed high wind speed percentiles and storm numbers confirms its suitability to describe storm frequencies and intensities for multi-decadal time scales. The results show that high wind speeds, storm numbers, and spatial storm track distributions are generally alike in high-resolution reanalyses and downscaled data sets and they reveal an increasing similarity to observations over time. Strong decadal and multi-decadal variability emerged in high wind speed percentiles and storm frequency, but no long-term changes for the last decades were detected.},
note = {Online available at: \url{https://doi.org/10.1175/JCLI-D-20-0529.1} (DOI). Feser, F.; Krueger, O.; Woth, K.; van Garderen, L.: North Atlantic Winter Storm Activity in Modern Reanalyses and Pressure-Based Observations. Journal of Climate. 2021. vol. 34, no. 7, 2411-2428. DOI: 10.1175/JCLI-D-20-0529.1}}
@misc{evans_the_cordexaustralasia_2021, 
author={Evans, J.,Di Virgilio, G.,Hirsch, A.,Hoffmann, P.,Remedio, A.,Ji, F.,Rockel, B.,Coppola, E.},
title={The CORDEX-Australasia ensemble: evaluation and future projections},
year={2021},
howpublished = {journal article},
doi = {https://doi.org/10.1007/s00382-020-05459-0},
abstract = {A new regional climate projection ensemble has been created for the Australasia region as part of the World Climate Research Programs Coordinated Regional Downscaling Experiment (CORDEX). The CORDEX-Australasia ensemble is the largest regional climate projection ensemble ever created for the region. It is a 20-member ensemble made by 6 regional climate models downscaling 11 global climate models. Overall the ensemble produces a good representation of recent climate. Consistent biases within the ensemble include an underestimation of the diurnal temperature range and an underestimation of precipitation across much of southern Australia. Under a high emissions scenario projected temperature changes by the end of the twenty-first century reach ~ 5 K in the interior of Australia with smaller increases found toward the coast. Projected precipitation changes are towards drying, particularly in the most populated areas of the southwest and southeast of the continent. The projected precipitation change is very seasonal with summer projected to see little change leaning toward an increase. These results provide a foundation enabling future studies of regional climate changes, climate change impacts, and adaptation options for Australia.},
note = {Online available at: \url{https://doi.org/10.1007/s00382-020-05459-0} (DOI). Evans, J.; Di Virgilio, G.; Hirsch, A.; Hoffmann, P.; Remedio, A.; Ji, F.; Rockel, B.; Coppola, E.: The CORDEX-Australasia ensemble: evaluation and future projections. Climate Dynamics. 2021. vol. 57, no. 5-6, 1385-1401. DOI: 10.1007/s00382-020-05459-0}}
@misc{brfuss_airborne_lidar_2021, 
author={Bärfuss, K.,Djath, B.,Lampert, A.,Schulz-Stellenfleth, J.},
title={Airborne LiDAR Measurements of Sea Surface Properties in the German Bight},
year={2021},
howpublished = {journal article},
doi = {https://doi.org/10.1109/TGRS.2020.3017861},
abstract = {Sea surface measurements are mainly gathered using satellite altimeter, buoy, and platform measurements. Satellite measurements typically have a coarse spatial resolution and need recalibration in coastal regions, whereas point measurements of buoys only represent limited areas around the measurement point because of the complex coastal bathymetry. Wave models (WAM) are used to expand the sparse observations in space and time. As a part of the project WIndPArk far-field (WIPAFF), which focused on wakes behind offshore wind farms, extensive airborne light detection and ranging (LiDAR) measurements of ocean waves in the German Bight were performed for more than 90 h. The LiDAR data processed for significant wave height can be used to validate and improve WAM models for complex areas and fill the observation gap between satellite altimeter and point measurements. This creates a detailed picture of the sea surface for coastal engineering and environmental applications. After introducing the measurement techniques and the data situation, intercomparisons between the available airborne measurements, buoy data, and WAM model output are presented to provide an insight into the potential of airborne LiDAR measurements for wave characterization and wave model validation.},
note = {Online available at: \url{https://doi.org/10.1109/TGRS.2020.3017861} (DOI). Bärfuss, K.; Djath, B.; Lampert, A.; Schulz-Stellenfleth, J.: Airborne LiDAR Measurements of Sea Surface Properties in the German Bight. IEEE Transactions on Geoscience and Remote Sensing. 2021. vol. 59, no. 6, 4608-4617. DOI: 10.1109/TGRS.2020.3017861}}
@misc{krieger_german_bight_2021, 
author={Krieger, D.,Krueger, O.,Feser, F.,Weisse, R.,Tinz, B.,von Storch, H.},
title={German Bight storm activity; 1897-2018},
year={2021},
howpublished = {journal article},
doi = {https://doi.org/10.1002/joc.6837},
abstract = {This study investigates the evolution of German Bight (southeastern North Sea) storminess from 1897 to 2018 through analysing upper quantiles of geostrophic wind speeds, which act as a proxy for past storm activity. Here, geostrophic wind speeds are calculated from triplets of mean sea level pressure observations that form triangles over the German Bight. The data used in the manuscript are provided by the International Surface Pressure Databank and the national meteorological services of Denmark, Germany, and the Netherlands. The derivation of storm activity is achieved by enhancing the established triangle proxy method via combining and merging storminess time series from numerous partially overlapping triangles in an ensemble‐like manner. The utilized approach allows for the construction of robust, long‐term and subdaily German Bight storminess time series. Further, the method provides insights into the underlying uncertainty of the time series. The results show that storm activity over the German Bight is subject to multidecadal variability. The latest decades are characterized by an increase in activity from the 1960s to the 1990s, followed by a decline lasting into the 2000s and below‐average activity up until present. The results are backed through a comparison with reanalysis products from four datasets, which provide high‐resolution wind and pressure data starting in 1979 and offshore wind speed measurements taken from the FINO‐WIND project. This study also finds that German Bight storminess positively correlates with storminess in the NE Atlantic in general. In certain years, however, notably different levels of storm activity in the two regions can be found, which likely result from shifted large‐scale circulation patterns.},
note = {Online available at: \url{https://doi.org/10.1002/joc.6837} (DOI). Krieger, D.; Krueger, O.; Feser, F.; Weisse, R.; Tinz, B.; von Storch, H.: German Bight storm activity; 1897-2018. International Journal of Climatology. 2021. vol. 41, no. S1, E2159-E2177. DOI: 10.1002/joc.6837}}
@misc{ryabov_shape_matters_2021, 
author={Ryabov, A.,Kerimoglu, O.,Litchman, E.,Olenina, I.,Roselli, L.,Basset, A.,Stanca, E.,Blasius, B.},
title={Shape matters: the relationship between cell geometry and diversity in phytoplankton},
year={2021},
howpublished = {journal article},
doi = {https://doi.org/10.1111/ele.13680},
abstract = {Size and shape profoundly influence an organism’s ecophysiological performance and evolutionary fitness, suggesting a link between morphology and diversity. However, not much is known about how body shape is related to taxonomic richness, especially in microbes. Here we analyse global datasets of unicellular marine phytoplankton, a major group of primary producers with an exceptional diversity of cell sizes and shapes and, additionally, heterotrophic protists. Using two measures of cell shape elongation, we quantify taxonomic diversity as a function of cell size and shape. We find that cells of intermediate volume have the greatest shape variation, from oblate to extremely elongated forms, while small and large cells are mostly compact (e.g. spherical or cubic). Taxonomic diversity is strongly related to cell elongation and cell volume, together explaining up to 92% of total variance. Taxonomic diversity decays exponentially with cell elongation and displays a log-normal dependence on cell volume, peaking for intermediate-volume cells with compact shapes. These previously unreported broad patterns in phytoplankton diversity reveal selective pressures and ecophysiological constraints on the geometry of phytoplankton cells which may improve our understanding of marine ecology and the evolutionary rules of life.},
note = {Online available at: \url{https://doi.org/10.1111/ele.13680} (DOI). Ryabov, A.; Kerimoglu, O.; Litchman, E.; Olenina, I.; Roselli, L.; Basset, A.; Stanca, E.; Blasius, B.: Shape matters: the relationship between cell geometry and diversity in phytoplankton. Ecology Letters. 2021. vol. 24, no. 4, 847-861. DOI: 10.1111/ele.13680}}
@misc{fenoglio_advances_in_2021, 
author={Fenoglio, L.,Dinardo, S.,Uebbing, B.,Buchhaupt, C.,Gärtner, M.,Staneva, J.,Becker, M.,Klos, A.,Kusche, J.},
title={Advances in NE-Atlantic coastal sea level change monitoring by Delay Doppler altimetry},
year={2021},
howpublished = {journal article},
doi = {https://doi.org/10.1016/j.asr.2020.10.041},
abstract = {A significant part of the World population lives in the coastal zone, which is affected by sea level rise and extreme events. Consistent and precise new measurements are needed to assess and predict these changes. New altimeter missions equipped with Synthetic Aperture Radar (SAR) mode provide more accurate sea level heights. In this work we analyse their impacts on the estimation of the coastal sea level variability in the last 10 km. First, by analysing various standard and improved SAR altimetric products it is found that SAR altimetry will reduce the minimum usable distance from five to three kilometres. The best performance is achieved with the SAR coastal retrackers SAMOSA+ and SAMOSA++. A comparable performance is obtained in low resolution Reduced SAR (RDSAR) mode with the Spatio-Temporal Altimeter sub-waveform Retracker (STAR). In both cases, sea level heights are recovered with 4 cm accuracy up to 3 km from the coast at the Helgoland station, and the accuracy does not decrease with the distance to coast. In estuaries and coastal zones with hight tidal regimes, the discrepancy between altimetry and in-situ observations remains large (40 cm standard deviation difference (stdd) with SAR-SAM+). CryoSat-2 and Sentinel-3A have similar accuracy, despite their different repeat cycle and sampling, which require a different post-processing. The monthly coastal variability from the SAR-SAM+ product agrees most favourably with the NEMO-WAM model, with stdd 3.9 and correlation 0.90 for Sentinel-3A. Instead, the maximum departure between altimeter data products is between SAR-SAM+ and RDSAR-TALES CryoSat-2 data (stdd 2.3 and correlation 0.96).,An average trend of about 3,1.3 mm/yr has been detected using low resolution altimetry at ninetheen in-situ stations along the German coast over time intervals longer than 15 years. The difference of the trends of altimetry and tide gauge co-located time-series (al-tg) agrees with the GNSS rates within 1.5 mm/yr at half of the co-located locations, with error of al-tg larger than the error of the GPS rate by a factor bigger than two.,The larger departure between monthly tide gauge and LRM altimetric time-series as between tide gauge and SAR altimetric time-series confirms the higher accuracy of SAR data compared to LRM. Finally, the sea level trends of the merged LRM and SAR altimetry time-series are consistent with the LRM trends.},
note = {Online available at: \url{https://doi.org/10.1016/j.asr.2020.10.041} (DOI). Fenoglio, L.; Dinardo, S.; Uebbing, B.; Buchhaupt, C.; Gärtner, M.; Staneva, J.; Becker, M.; Klos, A.; Kusche, J.: Advances in NE-Atlantic coastal sea level change monitoring by Delay Doppler altimetry. Advances in Space Research. 2021. vol. 68, no. 2, 571-592. DOI: 10.1016/j.asr.2020.10.041}}
@misc{vangarderen_a_methodology_2021, 
author={van Garderen, L.,Feser, F.,Shepherd, T.},
title={A methodology for attributing the role of climate change in extreme events: a global spectrally nudged storyline},
year={2021},
howpublished = {journal article},
doi = {https://doi.org/10.5194/nhess-21-171-2021},
abstract = {Extreme weather events are generally associated with unusual dynamical conditions, yet the signal-to-noise ratio of the dynamical aspects of climate change that are relevant to extremes appears to be small, and the nature of the change can be highly uncertain. On the other hand, the thermodynamic aspects of climate change are already largely apparent from observations and are far more certain since they are anchored in agreed-upon physical understanding. The storyline method of extreme-event attribution, which has been gaining traction in recent years, quantitatively estimates the magnitude of thermodynamic aspects of climate change, given the dynamical conditions. There are different ways of imposing the dynamical conditions. Here we present and evaluate a method where the dynamical conditions are enforced through global spectral nudging towards reanalysis data of the large-scale vorticity and divergence in the free atmosphere, leaving the lower atmosphere free to respond. We simulate the historical extreme weather event twice: first in the world as we know it, with the events occurring on a background of a changing climate, and second in a “counterfactual” world, where the background is held fixed over the past century. We describe the methodology in detail and present results for the European 2003 heatwave and the Russian 2010 heatwave as a proof of concept. These show that the conditional attribution can be performed with a high signal-to-noise ratio on daily timescales and at local spatial scales. Our methodology is thus potentially highly useful for realistic stress testing of resilience strategies for climate impacts when coupled to an impact model.},
note = {Online available at: \url{https://doi.org/10.5194/nhess-21-171-2021} (DOI). van Garderen, L.; Feser, F.; Shepherd, T.: A methodology for attributing the role of climate change in extreme events: a global spectrally nudged storyline. Natural Hazards and Earth System Sciences. 2021. vol. 21, no. 1, 171-186. DOI: 10.5194/nhess-21-171-2021}}
@misc{stanev_geothermal_convection_2021, 
author={Stanev, E.,Chtirkova, B.,Peneva, E.},
title={Geothermal Convection and Double Diffusion Based on Profiling Floats in the Black Sea},
year={2021},
howpublished = {journal article},
doi = {https://doi.org/10.1029/2020GL091788},
abstract = {Here, we revisit the existing concepts of the vertical structure of deep layers in the Black Sea using data from sensors deployed on profiling floats. The deep transition layer (DTL) between 700 and 1700 m acts as an interface between the baroclinic layer and the largest bottom convective layer (BCL) of the world oceans. On top of DTL are the warm intermediate layer (WIL) and deep cold intermediate layer (DCIL). They both showed strong trends in the last fifteen years due to warmer climate and intensification of warmer intrusions from Bosporus. A “salinity wave” was detected in 2005‐2009 below ∼1700 m, which evidenced for the first time the penetration of gravity flow from Bosporus down to the bottom. The layering of water masses was explained as resulting from the different distribution of sources of heat and salt, double duffusion and balances between the geothermal and salinity flows in the BCL.},
note = {Online available at: \url{https://doi.org/10.1029/2020GL091788} (DOI). Stanev, E.; Chtirkova, B.; Peneva, E.: Geothermal Convection and Double Diffusion Based on Profiling Floats in the Black Sea. Geophysical Research Letters. 2021. vol. 48, no. 2, 2020GL091788. DOI: 10.1029/2020GL091788}}
@misc{peng_a_roadmap_2021, 
author={Peng, J.,Albergel, C.,Balenzano, A.,Brocca, L.,Cartus, O.,Cosh, M.H.,Crow, W.T.,Dabrowska-Zielinska, K.,Dadson, S.,Davidson, M.W.J.,de Rosnay, P.,Dorigo, W.,Gruber, A.,Hagemann, S.,Hirschi, M.,Kerr, Y.H.,Lovergine, F.,Mahecha, M.D.,Marzahn, P.,Mattia, F.,Musial, J.P.,Preuschmann, S.,Reichle, R.H.,Satalino, G.,Silgram, M.,van Bodegom, P.M.,Verhoest, N.E.C.,Wagner, W.,Walker, J.P.,Wegmüller, U.,Loew, A.},
title={A roadmap for high-resolution satellite soil moisture applications – confronting product characteristics with user requirements},
year={2021},
howpublished = {journal article},
doi = {https://doi.org/10.1016/j.rse.2020.112162},
abstract = {Soil moisture observations are of broad scientific interest and practical value for a wide range of applications. The scientific community has made significant progress in estimating soil moisture from satellite-based Earth observation data, particularly in operationalizing coarse-resolution (25-50 km) soil moisture products. This review summarizes existing applications of satellite-derived soil moisture products and identifies gaps between the characteristics of currently available soil moisture products and the application requirements from various disciplines. We discuss the efforts devoted to the generation of high-resolution soil moisture products from satellite Synthetic Aperture Radar (SAR) data such as Sentinel-1 C-band backscatter observations and/or through downscaling of existing coarse-resolution microwave soil moisture products. Open issues and future opportunities of satellite-derived soil moisture are discussed, providing guidance for further development of operational soil moisture products and bridging the gap between the soil moisture user and supplier communities.},
note = {Online available at: \url{https://doi.org/10.1016/j.rse.2020.112162} (DOI). Peng, J.; Albergel, C.; Balenzano, A.; Brocca, L.; Cartus, O.; Cosh, M.; Crow, W.; Dabrowska-Zielinska, K.; Dadson, S.; Davidson, M.; de Rosnay, P.; Dorigo, W.; Gruber, A.; Hagemann, S.; Hirschi, M.; Kerr, Y.; Lovergine, F.; Mahecha, M.; Marzahn, P.; Mattia, F.; Musial, J.; Preuschmann, S.; Reichle, R.; Satalino, G.; Silgram, M.; van Bodegom, P.; Verhoest, N.; Wagner, W.; Walker, J.; Wegmüller, U.; Loew, A.: A roadmap for high-resolution satellite soil moisture applications – confronting product characteristics with user requirements. Remote Sensing of Environment. 2021. vol. 252, 112162. DOI: 10.1016/j.rse.2020.112162}}
@misc{stanev_interannual_change_2021, 
author={Stanev, E.,Chtirkova, B.},
title={Interannual change in mode waters: Case of the Black Sea},
year={2021},
howpublished = {journal article},
doi = {https://doi.org/10.1029/2020JC016429},
abstract = {More than 6000 profiles from profiling floats in the Black Sea over the 2005‐2020 period were used to study the ventilation of this basin and the mixing pathways along isopycnals. The layer of the minimum potential vorticity (PV), the Black Sea pycnostad, approximately follows the core of the cold intermediate layer (CIL), similar to the case of oceanic mode waters. However, unlike in the ocean, the horizontal patterns of PV are shaped by cyclonic gyre circulation. There is a principle difference in the probability distribution of the thermohaline properties presented in geopotential coordinates from those presented in density coordinates. In the latter case, several mixing pathways, which are not known from previous studies, dominate the ocean states. These formed after three intermittent events of cold water formation. The density ratio decreased three times during the last 15 years, revealing the decreasing role of temperature in the vertical layering of the Black Sea halocline. The basin‐wide distribution of PV above σθ = 16, which is where the maximum vertical density gradient appears, is opposite to the distribution below this depth. This finding suggests a complex change in the mesoscale dynamics in different layers. Comparisons of observations with data from the Copernicus Black Sea operational model demonstrate that the mixing parameterizations of models need further improvements.},
note = {Online available at: \url{https://doi.org/10.1029/2020JC016429} (DOI). Stanev, E.; Chtirkova, B.: Interannual change in mode waters: Case of the Black Sea. Journal of Geophysical Research : Oceans. 2021. vol. 126, no. 2, e2020JC016429. DOI: 10.1029/2020JC016429}}
@misc{logemann_global_tide_2021, 
author={Logemann, K.,Linardakis, L.,Korn, P.,Schrum, C.},
title={Global tide simulations with ICON-O: testing the model performance on highly irregular meshes},
year={2021},
howpublished = {journal article},
doi = {https://doi.org/10.1007/s10236-020-01428-7},
abstract = {The global tide is simulated with the global ocean general circulation model ICON-O using a newly developed tidal module, which computes the full tidal potential. The simulated coastal M2 amplitudes, derived by a discrete Fourier transformation of the output sea level time series, are compared with the according values derived from satellite altimetry (TPXO-8 atlas). The experiments are repeated with four uniform and sixteen irregular triangular grids. The results show that the quality of the coastal tide simulation depends primarily on the coastal resolution and that the ocean interior can be resolved up to twenty times lower without causing considerable reductions in quality. The mesh transition zones between areas of different resolutions are formed by cell bisection and subsequent local spring optimisation tolerating a triangular cell’s maximum angle up to 84°. Numerical problems with these high-grade non-equiangular cells were not encountered. The results emphasise the numerical feasibility and potential efficiency of highly irregular computational meshes used by ICON-O.},
note = {Online available at: \url{https://doi.org/10.1007/s10236-020-01428-7} (DOI). Logemann, K.; Linardakis, L.; Korn, P.; Schrum, C.: Global tide simulations with ICON-O: testing the model performance on highly irregular meshes. Ocean Dynamics. 2021. vol. 71, 43-57. DOI: 10.1007/s10236-020-01428-7}}
@misc{zhou_soil_moistureatmosphere_2021, 
author={Zhou, S.,William, A.,Lintner, B.,Berg, A.,Zhang, Y.,Keenan, T.,Cook, B.,Hagemann, S.,Seneviratne, S.,Gentine, P.},
title={Soil moisture–atmosphere feedbacks mitigate declining water availability in drylands},
year={2021},
howpublished = {journal article},
doi = {https://doi.org/10.1038/s41558-020-00945-z},
abstract = {Global warming alters surface water availability (precipitation minus evapotranspiration, P–E) and hence freshwater resources. However, the influence of land–atmosphere feedbacks on future P–E changes and the underlying mechanisms remain unclear. Here we demonstrate that soil moisture (SM) strongly impacts future P–E changes, especially in drylands, by regulating evapotranspiration and atmospheric moisture inflow. Using modelling and empirical approaches, we find a consistent negative SM feedback on P–E, which may offset ~60% of the decline in dryland P–E otherwise expected in the absence of SM feedbacks. The negative feedback is not caused by atmospheric thermodynamic responses to declining SM; rather, reduced SM, in addition to limiting evapotranspiration, regulates atmospheric circulation and vertical ascent to enhance moisture transport into drylands. This SM effect is a large source of uncertainty in projected dryland P–E changes, underscoring the need to better constrain future SM changes and improve the representation of SM–atmosphere processes in models.},
note = {Online available at: \url{https://doi.org/10.1038/s41558-020-00945-z} (DOI). Zhou, S.; William, A.; Lintner, B.; Berg, A.; Zhang, Y.; Keenan, T.; Cook, B.; Hagemann, S.; Seneviratne, S.; Gentine, P.: Soil moisture–atmosphere feedbacks mitigate declining water availability in drylands. Nature Climate Change. 2021. vol. 11, 38-44. DOI: 10.1038/s41558-020-00945-z}}
@misc{abdalla_altimetry_for_2021, 
author={Abdalla, S.,Abdeh Kolahchi, A.,Adusumilli, S.,Stanev, E.,Staneva, J.},
title={Altimetry for the future: Building on 25 years of progress},
year={2021},
howpublished = {journal article},
doi = {https://doi.org/10.1016/j.asr.2021.01.022},
abstract = {In 2018 we celebrated 25 years of development of radar altimetry, and the progress achieved by this methodology in the fields of global and coastal oceanography, hydrology, geodesy and cryospheric sciences. Many symbolic major events have celebrated these developments, e.g., in Venice, Italy, the 15th (2006) and 20th (2012) years of progress and more recently, in 2018, in Ponta Delgada, Portugal, 25 Years of Progress in Radar Altimetry. On this latter occasion it was decided to collect contributions of scientists, engineers and managers involved in the worldwide altimetry community to depict the state of altimetry and propose recommendations for the altimetry of the future. This paper summarizes contributions and recommendations that were collected and provides guidance for future mission design, research activities, and sustainable operational radar altimetry data exploitation. Recommendations provided are fundamental for optimizing further scientific and operational advances of oceanographic observations by altimetry, including requirements for spatial and temporal resolution of altimetric measurements, their accuracy and continuity. There are also new challenges and new openings mentioned in the paper that are particularly crucial for observations at higher latitudes, for coastal oceanography, for cryospheric studies and for hydrology.},
note = {Online available at: \url{https://doi.org/10.1016/j.asr.2021.01.022} (DOI). Abdalla, S.; Abdeh Kolahchi, A.; Adusumilli, S.; Stanev, E.; Staneva, J.: Altimetry for the future: Building on 25 years of progress. Advances in Space Research. 2021. vol. 68, no. 2, 319-363. DOI: 10.1016/j.asr.2021.01.022}}
@misc{porz_physical_processes_2021, 
author={Porz, L.,Zhang, W.,Hanebuth, T.,Schrum, C.},
title={Physical processes controlling mud depocenter development on continental shelves – Geological, oceanographic, and modeling concepts},
year={2021},
howpublished = {journal article},
doi = {https://doi.org/10.1016/j.margeo.2020.106402},
abstract = {Mud depocenters (MDCs) represent major proximal-marine sinks for fine-grained terrigenous material, carbon, and contaminants on modern continental shelves. Throughout the past decades, several studies have shed light on the physical processes controlling MDC development at various timescales, ranging from controlled flume experiments and in-situ oceanographic monitoring, to stratigraphic analyses of recent and ancient deposits based on seismo-acoustic and sediment-core data. Thereby, key mechanisms related to the formation and maintenance dynamics of MDCs have been discovered: a) cross-shore bottom transport of suspended mud through gravity flows, b) interaction of mud with density gradients associated with oceanic fronts, c) resuspension and dispersal control of mud by internal waves, d) bedload deposition of mud forming laminated bedding under energetic flow conditions, and e) mud resuspension resulting from chronic bottom trawling.Among the physical processes identified or proposed, three conceptual paradigms for MDC development can be distinguished: 1. continuous supply, associated with a steady sediment supply and hemipelagic settling in relatively calm conditions; 2. continual resuspension-deposition cycles, wherein parts of an MDC area are subject to multiple cycles of resuspension, redeposition and reworking before ultimate burial; and 3. episodic sedimentation and erosion, in which extreme events such as riverine floods and atmospheric storms dominate the total, long-term sediment flux. Although the predominance of each of these paradigms within a single MDC depends to a large degree on the timescales considered, case studies tend to emphasize processes associated with only one of these three paradigms. As a result, the relative, long-term contribution of individual processes remains largely uncertain for many MDCs.,The ability of numerical models to accurately predict medium to long-term mud accumulation is restricted not only by computational costs, but also by insufficient parametrizations of the muddy sedimentation process. These remain challenging to constrain due to the multiplicity and complexity of factors affecting the cohesive properties of mud, including its state of consolidation, and the amount and type of organic matter present. Bridging the gap between individual events and long-term accumulation is the key to a more complete understanding of sedimentation processes in MDCs.},
note = {Online available at: \url{https://doi.org/10.1016/j.margeo.2020.106402} (DOI). Porz, L.; Zhang, W.; Hanebuth, T.; Schrum, C.: Physical processes controlling mud depocenter development on continental shelves – Geological, oceanographic, and modeling concepts. Marine Geology. 2021. vol. 432, 106402. DOI: 10.1016/j.margeo.2020.106402}}
@misc{weinert_climate_change_2021, 
author={Weinert, M.,Mathis, M.,Kröncke, I.,Pohlmann, T.,Reiss, H.},
title={Climate change effects on marine protected areas: Projected decline of benthic species in the North Sea},
year={2021},
howpublished = {journal article},
doi = {https://doi.org/10.1016/j.marenvres.2020.105230},
abstract = {Climate change is a global threat for marine ecosystems, their biodiversity and consequently ecosystem services. In the marine realm, marine protected areas (MPAs) were designated to counteract regional pressures, but they might be ineffective to protect vulnerable species and habitats, if their distribution is affected by global climate change. We used six Species Distribution Models (GLM, MARS, FDA, RF, GBM, MAXENT) to project changes in the distribution of eight benthic indicator and key species under climate change in the North Sea MPAs for 2050 and 2099. The projected distribution area of most species will be stable or even increase within the MPAs between 2001 and 2050. Thereafter, the distribution area decreased, especially within MPAs in the central North Sea by 2099, and some key species even disappeared from the MPAs. Consequently, the monitoring and protection of benthic species might not be possible within static MPA borders under climate change.},
note = {Online available at: \url{https://doi.org/10.1016/j.marenvres.2020.105230} (DOI). Weinert, M.; Mathis, M.; Kröncke, I.; Pohlmann, T.; Reiss, H.: Climate change effects on marine protected areas: Projected decline of benthic species in the North Sea. Marine Environmental Research. 2021. vol. 163, 105230. DOI: 10.1016/j.marenvres.2020.105230}}
@misc{geyer_limits_of_2021, 
author={Geyer, B.,Ludwig, T.,von Storch, H.},
title={Limits of reproducibility and hydrodynamic noise in atmospheric regional modelling},
year={2021},
howpublished = {journal article},
doi = {https://doi.org/10.1038/s43247-020-00085-4},
abstract = {Reproducibility of research results is a fundamental quality criterion in science; thus, computer architecture effects on simulation results must be determined. Here, we investigate whether an ensemble of runs of a regional climate model with the same code on different computer platforms generates the same sequences of similar and dissimilar weather streams when noise is seeded using different initial states of the atmosphere. Both ensembles were produced using a regional climate model named COSMO-CLM5.0 model with ERA-Interim forcing. Divergent phase timing was dependent on the dynamic state of the atmosphere and was not affected by noise seeded by changing computers or initial model state variations. Bitwise reproducibility of numerical results is possible with such models only if everything is fixed (i.e., computer, compiler, chosen options, boundary values, and initial conditions) and the order of mathematical operations is unchanged between program runs; otherwise, at best, statistically identical simulation results can be expected.},
note = {Online available at: \url{https://doi.org/10.1038/s43247-020-00085-4} (DOI). Geyer, B.; Ludwig, T.; von Storch, H.: Limits of reproducibility and hydrodynamic noise in atmospheric regional modelling. Communications Earth & Environment. 2021. vol. 2, no. 1, 17. DOI: 10.1038/s43247-020-00085-4}}
@misc{chen_depositional_architecture_2021, 
author={Chen, H.,Stow, D.,Xie, X.,Ren, J.,Mao, K.,Gao, Y.,Chen, B.,Zhang, W.,Vandorpe, T.,Van Rooij, D.},
title={Depositional architecture and evolution of basin-floor fan systems since the Late Miocene in the Northwest Sub-Basin, South China Sea},
year={2021},
howpublished = {journal article},
doi = {https://doi.org/10.1016/j.marpetgeo.2020.104803},
abstract = {The sediment budget of the Northwest Sub-basin, South China Sea since the Late Miocene (11.6 Ma, average thickness > 1000 m) accounts for more than two-thirds of the total infill since the initial ocean spreading of the sub-basin (32 Ma). The sediment sources and architectural pattern of these deposits, however, are poorly known. Using high-resolution 2D reflection seismic data with age constraint from IODP boreholes, we have documented two interdigitating basin-floor fan systems that developed since the Late Miocene. These were fed by two of the largest deep-water canyon systems worldwide, from the west (the Central Canyon/Xisha Trough) and the northeast (the Pearl River Canyon), as well as from smaller headless canyons and gullies across the surrounding slopes. Based on careful analysis of seismic facies, their geometry and occurrence, we identify the principal deep-water architectural elements, including the multi-scale channels, channel-levee complexes, lobes, sheets and drapes, mass-transport deposits, volcanic intrusions, turbidity-current sediment-wave fields, and a contourite drift/terrace.},
note = {Online available at: \url{https://doi.org/10.1016/j.marpetgeo.2020.104803} (DOI). Chen, H.; Stow, D.; Xie, X.; Ren, J.; Mao, K.; Gao, Y.; Chen, B.; Zhang, W.; Vandorpe, T.; Van Rooij, D.: Depositional architecture and evolution of basin-floor fan systems since the Late Miocene in the Northwest Sub-Basin, South China Sea. Marine and Petroleum Geology. 2021. vol. 126, 104803. DOI: 10.1016/j.marpetgeo.2020.104803}}
@misc{pokhrel_global_terrestrial_2021, 
author={Pokhrel, Y.,Felfelani, F.,Satoh, Y.,Boulange, J.,Burek, P.,Gädeke, A.,Gerten, D.,Gosling, S.N.,Grillakis, M.,Gudmundsson, L.,Hanasaki, N.,Kim, H.,Koutroulis, A.,Liu, J.,Papadimitriou, L.,Schewe, J.,Müller Schmied, H.,Stacke, T.,Telteu, C.-E.,Thiery, W.,Veldkamp, T.,Zhao, F.,Wada, Y.},
title={Global terrestrial water storage and drought severity under climate change},
year={2021},
howpublished = {journal article},
doi = {https://doi.org/10.1038/s41558-020-00972-w},
abstract = {Terrestrial water storage (TWS) modulates the hydrological cycle and is a key determinant of water availability and an indicator of drought. While historical TWS variations have been increasingly studied, future changes in TWS and the linkages to droughts remain unexamined. Here, using ensemble hydrological simulations, we show that climate change could reduce TWS in many regions, especially those in the Southern Hemisphere. Strong inter-ensemble agreement indicates high confidence in the projected changes that are driven primarily by climate forcing rather than land and water management activities. Declines in TWS translate to increases in future droughts. By the late twenty-first century, the global land area and population in extreme-to-exceptional TWS drought could more than double, each increasing from 3% during 1976–2005 to 7% and 8%, respectively. Our findings highlight the importance of climate change mitigation to avoid adverse TWS impacts and increased droughts, and the need for improved water resource management and adaptation.},
note = {Online available at: \url{https://doi.org/10.1038/s41558-020-00972-w} (DOI). Pokhrel, Y.; Felfelani, F.; Satoh, Y.; Boulange, J.; Burek, P.; Gädeke, A.; Gerten, D.; Gosling, S.; Grillakis, M.; Gudmundsson, L.; Hanasaki, N.; Kim, H.; Koutroulis, A.; Liu, J.; Papadimitriou, L.; Schewe, J.; Müller Schmied, H.; Stacke, T.; Telteu, C.; Thiery, W.; Veldkamp, T.; Zhao, F.; Wada, Y.: Global terrestrial water storage and drought severity under climate change. Nature Climate Change. 2021. vol. 11, no. 3, 226-233. DOI: 10.1038/s41558-020-00972-w}}
@misc{benetazzo_towards_a_2021, 
author={Benetazzo, A.,Barbariol, F.,Pezzutto, P.,Staneva, J.,Behrens, A.,Davison, S.,Bergamasco, F.,Sclavo, M.,Cavaleri, L.},
title={Towards a unified framework for extreme sea waves from spectral models: rationale and applications},
year={2021},
howpublished = {journal article},
doi = {https://doi.org/10.1016/j.oceaneng.2020.108263},
abstract = {Reliable predictions of oceanic waves during storms have always been foremost for offshore design and operation, coastal hazards, and navigation safety. Indeed, many accidents that occurred during storms were ascribed to the impact with unforeseen large waves. In this context, the purpose of this study is to improve the present state extreme wave estimate from spectral wave models. We describe an implementation for the WAM model, and we investigate the use of WAM and WAVEWATCH III fed with common routines designed to evaluate the short-term/range maximum wave statistics. An extensive assessment of models' results in the Adriatic and North Sea is performed using time and space-time wave measurements, and through an intercomparison between WAM and WAVEWATCH III applied with three different input/dissipation source term parametrizations (ST3/4/6). Further, models’ capabilities are investigated, and extreme waves characterized, in the Mediterranean Sea, aiming also at disentangling the wave spectrum bulk parameters that may point to favorable conditions for the generation of high waves. Based on the comparisons between model results and measurements, we conclude that for the model characterization of extremes, the accuracy of the significant wave height is pivotal; differences between models of other spectral parameters seem to have a minor effect.},
note = {Online available at: \url{https://doi.org/10.1016/j.oceaneng.2020.108263} (DOI). Benetazzo, A.; Barbariol, F.; Pezzutto, P.; Staneva, J.; Behrens, A.; Davison, S.; Bergamasco, F.; Sclavo, M.; Cavaleri, L.: Towards a unified framework for extreme sea waves from spectral models: rationale and applications. Ocean Engineering. 2021. vol. 219, 108263. DOI: 10.1016/j.oceaneng.2020.108263}}
@misc{zhang_importance_of_2021, 
author={Zhang, Y.,Ren, J.,Zhang, W.,Wu, J.},
title={Importance of salinity-induced stratification on flocculation in tidal estuaries},
year={2021},
howpublished = {journal article},
doi = {https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jhydrol.2021.126063},
abstract = {Flocculation of suspended particles in tidal estuaries exhibits large spatiotemporal variability due to an interplay of various physical and biogeochemical drivers. Salinity (S) is known to promote flocculation of fine-grained suspended particulate matter (SPM). However, the influence of salinity and salinity-induced stratification on flocculation has not been sufficiently investigated yet. This study aims to understand how these two factors, interactively with turbulent shear (G) and SPM concentration (C), control the vertical variation of floc size and flocculation process in different depth layers in a typical tide-dominated estuarine environment. Analysis of field observation data shows that flocculi (diameter < 20 μm) are mainly affected by C and originate primarily from local resuspension. Macroflocs (> 200 μm) are mainly controlled by stratification that greatly improves aggregate collision efficiency; Microflocs (20-200 μm), as a transition group between flocculi and macroflocs, are affected by dynamics of both sides. They are influenced jointly by C, G and stratification. Besides, the fresh water-dominated surface layer is dominated by small particles (flocculi and microflocs), confined in a relatively narrow particle size range between Ο (100) and Ο (101) as a result of the low level of both C (13-20 mg/L) and S (< 2 practical salinity units). Below the surface layer, floc size increases drastically along with an increased salinity-induced density gradient and achieves maximum particle size (Ο (102)) within the stratified layer. Because of its high efficiency in promoting flocculation and formation of macroflocs, the stratified layer around the halocline can be regarded as an optimal flocculation zone. The benthic layer is characterized by high C (> 30 mg/L), gentle G (∼5/s), and periodic stratification, which result in a wide size range between Ο (101) and Ο (102) with microflocs as the dominant group. Finally, we found that the accuracy of flocculation modeling can be significantly improved by integrating a simple relationship between particle collision and stratification.},
note = {Online available at: \url{https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jhydrol.2021.126063} (DOI). Zhang, Y.; Ren, J.; Zhang, W.; Wu, J.: Importance of salinity-induced stratification on flocculation in tidal estuaries. Journal of Hydrology. 2021. vol. 596, 126063. DOI: 10.1016/j.jhydrol.2021.126063}}
@misc{vanpham_icon_in_2021, 
author={Van Pham, T.,Steger, C.,Rockel, B.,Keuler, K.,Kirchner, I.,Mertens, M.,Rieger, D.,Zängl, G.,Früh, B.},
title={ICON in Climate Limited-area Mode (ICON release version 2.6.1): a new regional climate model},
year={2021},
howpublished = {journal article},
doi = {https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-14-985-2021},
abstract = {For the first time, the Limited-Area Mode of the new ICON (Icosahedral Nonhydrostatic) weather and climate model has been used for a continuous long-term regional climate simulation over Europe. Built upon the Limited-Area Mode of ICON (ICON-LAM), ICON-CLM (ICON in Climate Limited-area Mode, hereafter ICON-CLM, available in ICON release version 2.6.1) is an adaptation for climate applications. A first version of ICON-CLM is now available and has already been integrated into a starter package (ICON-CLM_SP_beta1). The starter package provides users with a technical infrastructure that facilitates long-term simulations as well as model evaluation and test routines. ICON-CLM and ICON-CLM_SP were successfully installed and tested on two different computing systems. Tests with different domain decompositions showed bit-identical results, and no systematic outstanding differences were found in the results with different model time steps. ICON-CLM was also able to reproduce the large-scale atmospheric information from the global driving model. Comparison was done between ICON-CLM and the COnsortium for Small-scale MOdeling (COSMO)-CLM (the recommended model configuration by the CLM-Community) performance. For that, an evaluation run of ICON-CLM with ERA-Interim boundary conditions was carried out with the setup similar to the COSMO-CLM recommended optimal setup. ICON-CLM results showed biases in the same range as those of COSMO-CLM for all evaluated surface variables. While this COSMO-CLM simulation was carried out with the latest model version which has been developed and was carefully tuned for climate simulations on the European domain, ICON-CLM was not tuned yet. Nevertheless, ICON-CLM showed a better performance for air temperature and its daily extremes, and slightly better performance for total cloud cover. For precipitation and mean sea level pressure, COSMO-CLM was closer to observations than ICON-CLM. However, as ICON-CLM is still in the early stage of development, there is still much room for improvement.},
note = {Online available at: \url{https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-14-985-2021} (DOI). Van Pham, T.; Steger, C.; Rockel, B.; Keuler, K.; Kirchner, I.; Mertens, M.; Rieger, D.; Zängl, G.; Früh, B.: ICON in Climate Limited-area Mode (ICON release version 2.6.1): a new regional climate model. Geoscientific Model Development. 2021. vol. 14, no. 2, 985-1005. DOI: 10.5194/gmd-14-985-2021}}
@misc{bothe_technical_note_2021, 
author={Bothe, O.,Zorita, E.},
title={Technical note: Considerations on using uncertain proxies in the analogue method for spatiotemporal reconstructions of millennial-scale climate},
year={2021},
howpublished = {journal article},
doi = {https://doi.org/10.5194/cp-17-721-2021},
abstract = {Inferences about climate states and climate variability of the Holocene and the deglaciation rely on sparse paleo-observational proxy data. Combining these proxies with output from climate simulations is a means for increasing the understanding of the climate throughout the last tens of thousands of years. The analogue method is one approach to do this. The method takes a number of sparse proxy records and then searches within a pool of more complete information (e.g., model simulations) for analogues according to a similarity criterion. The analogue method is non-linear and allows considering the spatial covariance among proxy records.,Beyond the last two millennia, we have to rely on proxies that are not only sparse in space but also irregular in time and with considerably uncertain dating. This poses additional challenges for the analogue method, which have seldom been addressed previously. The method has to address the uncertainty of the proxy-inferred variables as well as the uncertain dating. It has to cope with the irregular and non-synchronous sampling of different proxies.,Here, we describe an implementation of the analogue method including a specific way of addressing these obstacles. We include the uncertainty in our proxy estimates by using “ellipses of tolerance” for tuples of individual proxy values and dates. These ellipses are central to our approach. They describe a region in the plane spanned by proxy dimension and time dimension for which a model analogue is considered to be acceptable. They allow us to consider the dating as well as the data uncertainty. They therefore form the basic criterion for selecting valid analogues.,We discuss the benefits and limitations of this approach. The results highlight the potential of the analogue method to reconstruct the climate from the deglaciation up to the late Holocene. However, in the present case, the reconstructions show little variability of their central estimates but large uncertainty ranges. The reconstruction by analogue provides not only a regional average record but also allows assessing the spatial climate field compliant with the used proxy predictors. These fields reveal that uncertainties are also locally large. Our results emphasize the ambiguity of reconstructions from spatially sparse and temporally uncertain, irregularly sampled proxies.},
note = {Online available at: \url{https://doi.org/10.5194/cp-17-721-2021} (DOI). Bothe, O.; Zorita, E.: Technical note: Considerations on using uncertain proxies in the analogue method for spatiotemporal reconstructions of millennial-scale climate. Climate of the Past. 2021. vol. 17, no. 2, 721-751. DOI: 10.5194/cp-17-721-2021}}
@misc{li_improving_regional_2021, 
author={Li, D.,Staneva, J.,Bidlot, J.,Grayek, S.,Zhu, Y.,Yin, B.},
title={Improving Regional Model Skills During Typhoon Events: A Case Study for Super Typhoon Lingling Over the Northwest Pacific Ocean},
year={2021},
howpublished = {journal article},
doi = {https://doi.org/10.3389/fmars.2021.613913},
abstract = {The ability of forecasting systems to simulate tropical cyclones is still insufficient, and currently, there is an increased interest in improving model performance for intense tropical cyclones. In this study, the impact of reducing surface drag at high wind speeds on modeling wind and wave conditions during the super Typhoon Lingling event over the northwest Pacific Ocean in 2019 is investigated. The model response with respect to the parameterization for momentum exchange at the ocean surface is demonstrated using a fully coupled regional atmosphere model (the Consortium for Small-Scale Modeling-Climate Limited-area Modeling, CCLM) and a wind wave model (WAM). The active two-way coupling between the atmosphere and ocean waves model is enabled through the introduction of sea state-dependent surface drag into the CCLM and updated winds into the WAM. The momentum exchange with the sea surface is modeled via the dependency of the roughness length (Z0) on the surface stress itself and, when applicable, on the wind speed. Several high-resolution runs are performed using one-way or two-way fully coupled regional atmosphere-wave (CCLM-WAM) models. The model simulations are assessed against the best track data as well as against buoy and satellite observations. The results show that the spectral nudging technique can improve the model’s ability to capture the large-scale circulation, track and intensity of Typhoon Lingling at regional scales. Under the precondition of large-scale constraining, the two-way coupling simulation with the proposed new roughness parameterization performs much better than the simulations used in older studies in capturing the maximum wind speed of Typhoon Lingling due to the reduced drag at extreme wind conditions for the new Z0.},
note = {Online available at: \url{https://doi.org/10.3389/fmars.2021.613913} (DOI). Li, D.; Staneva, J.; Bidlot, J.; Grayek, S.; Zhu, Y.; Yin, B.: Improving Regional Model Skills During Typhoon Events: A Case Study for Super Typhoon Lingling Over the Northwest Pacific Ocean. Frontiers in Marine Science. 2021. vol. 8, 613913. DOI: 10.3389/fmars.2021.613913}}
@misc{sanchezarcilla_cmemsbased_coastal_2021, 
author={Sanchez-Arcilla, A.,Staneva, J.,Cavaleri, L.,Badger, M.,Bidlot, J.,Sorensen, J.,Hansen, L.,Martin, A.,Saulter, A.,Espino, M.,Miglietta, M.,Mestres, M.,Bonaldo, D.,Pezzutto, P.,Schulz-Stellenfleth, J.,Wiese, A.,Larsen, X.,Carniel, S.,Bolaños, R.,Abdalla, S.,Tiesi, A.},
title={CMEMS-Based Coastal Analyses: Conditioning, Coupling and Limits for Applications},
year={2021},
howpublished = {journal article},
doi = {https://doi.org/10.3389/fmars.2021.604741},
abstract = {Recent advances in numerical modeling, satellite data, and coastal processes, together with the rapid evolution of CMEMS products and the increasing pressures on coastal zones, suggest the timeliness of extending such products toward the coast. The CEASELESS EU H2020 project combines Sentinel and in-situ data with high-resolution models to predict coastal hydrodynamics at a variety of scales, according to stakeholder requirements. These predictions explicitly introduce land discharges into coastal oceanography, addressing local conditioning, assimilation memory and anisotropic error metrics taking into account the limited size of coastal domains. This article presents and discusses the advances achieved by CEASELESS in exploring the performance of coastal models, considering model resolution and domain scales, and assessing error generation and propagation. The project has also evaluated how underlying model uncertainties can be treated to comply with stakeholder requirements for a variety of applications, from storm-induced risks to aquaculture, from renewable energy to water quality. This has led to the refinement of a set of demonstrative applications, supported by a software environment able to provide met-ocean data on demand. The article ends with some remarks on the scientific, technical and application limits for CMEMS-based coastal products and how these products may be used to drive the extension of CMEMS toward the coast, promoting a wider uptake of CMEMS-based predictions.},
note = {Online available at: \url{https://doi.org/10.3389/fmars.2021.604741} (DOI). Sanchez-Arcilla, A.; Staneva, J.; Cavaleri, L.; Badger, M.; Bidlot, J.; Sorensen, J.; Hansen, L.; Martin, A.; Saulter, A.; Espino, M.; Miglietta, M.; Mestres, M.; Bonaldo, D.; Pezzutto, P.; Schulz-Stellenfleth, J.; Wiese, A.; Larsen, X.; Carniel, S.; Bolaños, R.; Abdalla, S.; Tiesi, A.: CMEMS-Based Coastal Analyses: Conditioning, Coupling and Limits for Applications. Frontiers in Marine Science. 2021. vol. 8, 604741. DOI: 10.3389/fmars.2021.604741}}
@misc{krishna_modelbased_data_2021, 
author={Krishna, S.,Ulloa, H.,Kerimoglu, O.,Minaudo, C.,Anneville, O.,Wüest, A.},
title={Model-based data analysis of the effect of winter mixing on primary production in a lake under reoligotrophication},
year={2021},
howpublished = {journal article},
doi = {https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ecolmodel.2020.109401},
abstract = {Nutrient loading, in combination with climate change are important drivers of primary productivity in lakes. Understanding and forecasting future changes in primary production (PP) in response to local and global forcing are major challenges for developing sustainable lake management. The objective of this study is to understand and characterize the mechanisms underlying the large differences in observed PP rates and nutrient concentrations between two consecutive years (2012 and 2013) in Lake Geneva, Switzerland. For this purpose, we apply a one-dimensional (1D) physical–biogeochemical model system. The Framework of Aquatic Biogeochemical models (FABM) interface is used to couple the General Ocean Turbulence Model (GOTM) with a biogeochemical model, the Ecological Regional Ocean Model (ERGOM). We calibrated GOTM, by adjusting physical parameters, with the observed temperature profiles. A model calibration method is implemented to minimize model-data misfits and to optimize the biological parameters related to phytoplankton growth dynamics.,According to our results, the simulated surface mixed layer depth is deeper and heat loss from the lake and turbulent kinetic energy in the water column are much higher in winter 2012 than that in 2013, pointing to a cooling-driven, deep mixing in the lake in 2012. We found significant differences in internal phosphorus loads in the epilimnion between the two years, with estimates for 2012 being higher than those for 2013. ERGOM predicts weak nutrient limitation on phytoplankton and higher growth rates in 2012. Apparently, the deep mixing event led to high turnover of nutrients (particularly dissolved inorganic phosphate) to the productive surface layers, and a massive algal bloom developed later in the productive season. In contrary, the turnover of nutrients in 2013 was weak and consequently the PP was low. Our findings demonstrate the utility of a coupled physical–biological model framework for the investigation of the meteorological and physical controls of PP dynamics in aquatic systems.},
note = {Online available at: \url{https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ecolmodel.2020.109401} (DOI). Krishna, S.; Ulloa, H.; Kerimoglu, O.; Minaudo, C.; Anneville, O.; Wüest, A.: Model-based data analysis of the effect of winter mixing on primary production in a lake under reoligotrophication. Ecological Modelling. 2021. vol. 440, 109401. DOI: 10.1016/j.ecolmodel.2020.109401}}
@misc{yi_modellgesttze_untersuchungen_2021, 
author={Yi, X.,Weisse, R.},
title={Modellgestütze Untersuchungen zum Einfluss großräumiger Faktoren auf die Tidedynamik in der Deutschen Bucht},
year={2021},
howpublished = {journal article},
doi = {https://doi.org/10.18171/1.089107},
abstract = {Increases in mean tidal range are observed at most tide gauges along the German North Sea coast. This increase is most pronounced since about the 1950s and is   superimposed with strong inter-annual and decadal variability. Amplitudes and characteristics of the increases vary among tide gauges but generally, a large-scale  increase  in  mean  tidal  high  water  relevant for  design  of  coastal  protection  is  observed.  There  are a number  of  local,  regional  and  large-scale  processes  that,  together  with  their  interactions,  may  potentially account for the observed changes. The objective of this study is to assess potential contributions from regional and  large-scale  factors  using  a  combination  of  modelling  and  statistical  approaches  and  techniques.  No  process was identified that could solely account for most of the observed changes. Instead, an interplay between large-scale, regional as well as local factors and their interactions appears to be the most likely explanation for the observed changes.},
note = {Online available at: \url{https://doi.org/10.18171/1.089107} (DOI). Yi, X.; Weisse, R.: Modellgestütze Untersuchungen zum Einfluss großräumiger Faktoren auf die Tidedynamik in der Deutschen Bucht. Die Küste. 2021. no. 89, 173-191. DOI: 10.18171/1.089107}}
@misc{irrgang_towards_neural_2021, 
author={Irrgang, C.,Boers, N.,Sonnewald, M.,Barnes, E.,Kadow, C.,Staneva, J.,Saynisch-Wagner, J.},
title={Towards neural Earth system modelling by integrating artificial intelligence in Earth system science},
year={2021},
howpublished = {journal article},
doi = {https://doi.org/10.1038/s42256-021-00374-3},
abstract = {Earth system models (ESMs) are our main tools for quantifying the physical state of the Earth and predicting how it might change in the future under ongoing anthropogenic forcing. In recent years, however, artificial intelligence (AI) methods have been increasingly used to augment or even replace classical ESM tasks, raising hopes that AI could solve some of the grand challenges of climate science. In this Perspective we survey the recent achievements and limitations of both process-based models and AI in Earth system and climate research, and propose a methodological transformation in which deep neural networks and ESMs are dismantled as individual approaches and reassembled as learning, self-validating and interpretable ESM–network hybrids. Following this path, we coin the term neural Earth system modelling. We examine the concurrent potential and pitfalls of neural Earth system modelling and discuss the open question of whether AI can bolster ESMs or even ultimately render them obsolete.},
note = {Online available at: \url{https://doi.org/10.1038/s42256-021-00374-3} (DOI). Irrgang, C.; Boers, N.; Sonnewald, M.; Barnes, E.; Kadow, C.; Staneva, J.; Saynisch-Wagner, J.: Towards neural Earth system modelling by integrating artificial intelligence in Earth system science. Nature Machine Intelligence. 2021. vol. 3, no. 8, 667-674. DOI: 10.1038/s42256-021-00374-3}}
@misc{david_considering_sociopolitical_2021, 
author={David, G.,Henning, A.,Ratter, B.,Roeber, V.,Zahid,Schlurmann, T.},
title={Considering socio-political framings when analyzing coastal climate change effects can prevent maldevelopment on small islands},
year={2021},
howpublished = {journal article},
doi = {https://doi.org/10.1038/s41467-021-26082-5},
abstract = {Adapting to climate change and sea level rise is challenging on small islands. False adaptation can lead to adverse impacts on natural and societal dynamics. Therefore, an interdisciplinary perspective on the interaction of natural dynamics, societal demands, and political decisions is crucial. In this sense, this study scrutinizes coastal processes and socio-political dimensions of erosion on the reef island Fuvahmulah, the Maldives. The national government and Fuvahmulah’s population have an opposed perception and attribution of the drivers and processes behind Fuvahmulah’s most pressing coastal issue – coastal erosion. To review these perceptions, natural dynamics are recreated with process-based methods and discussed regarding present and projected marine pressures. Population surveys and interviews with actors in coastal development complement the physical insights into erosion on Fuvahmulah and describe the socio-political dimension of climate change adaptation on small islands. This interdisciplinary approach demonstrates how small-islands’ adaptive capacities are typically impaired and disclose the potential of local knowledge to overcome maldevelopment.},
note = {Online available at: \url{https://doi.org/10.1038/s41467-021-26082-5} (DOI). David, G.; Henning, A.; Ratter, B.; Roeber, V.; Zahid; Schlurmann, T.: Considering socio-political framings when analyzing coastal climate change effects can prevent maldevelopment on small islands. Nature Communications. 2021. vol. 12, no. 1, 5882. DOI: 10.1038/s41467-021-26082-5}}
@misc{benetazzo_copernicus_marine_2021, 
author={Benetazzo, A.,Barbariol, F.,Staneva, J.,Davison, S.,Ricchi, A.,Behrens, A.,Gayer, G.,Pezzutto, P.},
title={Copernicus Marine Service Ocean State Report, Issue 5 : Climatology and 2019 anomaly of maximum waves in the Mediterranean and Black Seas},
year={2021},
howpublished = {journal article},
doi = {https://doi.org/10.1080/1755876X.2021.1946240},
abstract = {There is general consensus that high-quality predictions of extreme events during marine storms can substantially contribute to avoiding or minimising human and material damage, especially in busy waterways such as the Mediterranean and Black Seas. Reliable wave forecasts and hindcasts, together with long-term statistical analysis of extreme conditions, are then of utmost importance for monitoring marine areas. So far, however, the wave climate characterisation (average and anomaly relative to the average) has focused on the bulk characterisation of the significant wave height Hs, and it has lacked a description of the individual waves, such as the maximum ones that may occur at a given location in the sea. To fill this gap, in this section, we provide the intensity and geographical distribution of the maximum waves in the Mediterranean and Black Seas over 27 years (1993–2019), by representing the average annual (1993–2018) and anomaly for 2019 relative to the average of the 99th percentile of the expected maximum wave height Hm and crest height Cm. The analysis combines wave model hindcasts available through CMEMS model setup and the wave model WAVEWATCH III®, both forced with ECMWF ERA5 reanalysis winds. Results show that in 2019 maximum waves were smaller than usual in the Black Sea (anomalies of Hm up to −1.5 m), while in the Mediterranean Sea a markedly positive anomaly (+2.5 m for Hm) was found in the southern part of the basin. The peculiar 2019 configuration seems to be caused by a widespread atmospheric stability over the Black Sea and by depressions that rapidly passed over the Mediterranean Sea.},
note = {Online available at: \url{https://doi.org/10.1080/1755876X.2021.1946240} (DOI). Benetazzo, A.; Barbariol, F.; Staneva, J.; Davison, S.; Ricchi, A.; Behrens, A.; Gayer, G.; Pezzutto, P.: Copernicus Marine Service Ocean State Report, Issue 5 : Climatology and 2019 anomaly of maximum waves in the Mediterranean and Black Seas. Journal of Operational Oceanography. 2021. vol. 14, no. sup1, 59-64. DOI: 10.1080/1755876X.2021.1946240}}
@misc{thewes_the_north_2021, 
author={Thewes, D.,Stanev, E.,Zielinski, O.},
title={The North Sea Light Climate: Analysis of Observations and Numerical Simulations},
year={2021},
howpublished = {journal article},
doi = {https://doi.org/10.1029/2021JC017697},
abstract = {Recent studies have indicated changes in the light climate of the North Sea. An overall reduction of water clarity over the twentieth century could be observed in measurements, and more recent analysis suggests that these trends continue. Inorganic sediment is often named one of the driving factors in these changes and it has been shown to locally increase. With 20 years' worth of satellite-derived sediment data, we were able to conduct basin wide investigations of the temporal dynamics of the biogeochemical state of the North Sea. To identify the impact of inter-annual and seasonal changes in sediment, we fed from two different remote sensing sources (GlobColour & IFREMER) into a 3D coupled hydrodynamic and biological model. The light scheme in the Carbon Silicon Nitrogen Ecosystem model (CoSiNE) was modified to account for sediment specific attenuation. We performed a total of five numerical experiments for the period of 2000–2017. The main two experiments were conducted using monthly averaged data. Additionally, as controls, one experiment with annually averaged and one with a 20 years average of sediment, as well as a fifth one without sediment were performed. Our model showed a clear relation between changes in sediment and water clarity. Phytoplankton biomass was reduced only in areas with high nutrient availability.},
note = {Online available at: \url{https://doi.org/10.1029/2021JC017697} (DOI). Thewes, D.; Stanev, E.; Zielinski, O.: The North Sea Light Climate: Analysis of Observations and Numerical Simulations. Journal of Geophysical Research : Oceans. 2021. vol. 126, no. 11, e2021JC017697. DOI: 10.1029/2021JC017697}}
@misc{matthias_the_role_2021, 
author={Matthias, V.,Quante, M.,Arndt, J.,Badeke, R.,Fink, L.,Petrik, R.,Feldner, J.,Schwarzkopf, D.,Link, E.-M.,Ramacher, M.,Wedemann, R.},
title={The role of emission reductions and the meteorological situation for air quality improvements during the COVID-19 lockdown period in central Europe},
year={2021},
howpublished = {journal article},
doi = {https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-21-13931-2021},
abstract = {The lockdown measures taken to prevent a rapid spreading of the coronavirus in Europe in spring 2020 led to large emission reductions, particularly in road traffic and aviation. Atmospheric concentrations of NO2 and PM2.5 were mostly reduced when compared to observations taken for the same time period in previous years; however, concentration reductions may not only be caused by emission reductions but also by specific weather situations.,In order to identify the role of emission reductions and the meteorological situation for air quality improvements in central Europe, the meteorology chemistry transport model system COSMO-CLM/CMAQ was applied to Europe for the period 1 January to 30 June 2020. Emission data for 2020 were extrapolated from most recent reported emission data, and lockdown adjustment factors were computed from reported activity data changes, e.g. Google mobility reports. Meteorological factors were investigated through additional simulations with meteorological data from previous years.,The results showed that lockdown effects varied significantly among countries and were most prominent for NO2 concentrations in urban areas with 2-week-average reductions up to 55 % in the second half of March. Ozone concentrations were less strongly influenced (up to ±15 %) and showed both increasing and decreasing concentrations due to lockdown measures. This depended strongly on the meteorological situation and on the NOx /, VOC emission ratio. PM2.5 revealed 2 %–12 % reductions of 2-week-average concentrations in March and April, which is much less than a different weather situation could cause. Unusually low PM2.5 concentrations as observed in northern central Europe were only marginally caused by lockdown effects.,The lockdown can be seen as a big experiment about air quality improvements that can be achieved through drastic traffic emission reductions. From this investigation, it can be concluded that NO2 concentrations can be largely reduced, but effects on annual average values are small when the measures last only a few weeks. Secondary pollutants like ozone and PM2.5 depend more strongly on weather conditions and show a limited response to emission changes in single sectors.},
note = {Online available at: \url{https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-21-13931-2021} (DOI). Matthias, V.; Quante, M.; Arndt, J.; Badeke, R.; Fink, L.; Petrik, R.; Feldner, J.; Schwarzkopf, D.; Link, E.; Ramacher, M.; Wedemann, R.: The role of emission reductions and the meteorological situation for air quality improvements during the COVID-19 lockdown period in central Europe. Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics. 2021. vol. 21, no. 18, 13931-13971. DOI: 10.5194/acp-21-13931-2021}}
@misc{telteu_understanding_each_2021, 
author={Telteu, C.-E.,Müller Schmied, H.,Thiery, W.,Leng, G.,Burek, P.,Liu, X.,Boulange, J.E.S.,Andersen, L.S.,Grillakis, M.,Gosling, S.N.,Satoh, Y.,Rakovec, O.,Stacke, T.,Chang, J.,Wanders, N.,Shah, H.L.,Trautmann, T.,Mao, G.,Hanasaki, N.,Koutroulis, A.,Pokhrel, Y.,Samaniego, L.,Wada, Y.,Mishra, V.,Liu, J.,Döll, P.,Zhao, F.,Gädeke, A.,Rabin, S.S.,Herz, F.},
title={Understanding each other's models: an introduction and a standard representation of 16 global water models to support intercomparison, improvement, and communication},
year={2021},
howpublished = {journal article},
doi = {https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-14-3843-2021},
abstract = {Global water models (GWMs) simulate the terrestrial water cycle on the global scale and are used to assess the impacts of climate change on freshwater systems. GWMs are developed within different modelling frameworks and consider different underlying hydrological processes, leading to varied model structures. Furthermore, the equations used to describe various processes take different forms and are generally accessible only from within the individual model codes. These factors have hindered a holistic and detailed understanding of how different models operate, yet such an understanding is crucial for explaining the results of model evaluation studies, understanding inter-model differences in their simulations, and identifying areas for future model development. This study provides a comprehensive overview of how 16 state-of-the-art GWMs are designed. We analyse water storage compartments, water flows, and human water use sectors included in models that provide simulations for the Inter-Sectoral Impact Model Intercomparison Project phase 2b (ISIMIP2b). We develop a standard writing style for the model equations to enhance model intercomparison, improvement, and communication. In this study, WaterGAP2 used the highest number of water storage compartments, 11, and CWatM used 10 compartments. Six models used six compartments, while four models (DBH, JULES-W1, Mac-PDM.20, and VIC) used the lowest number, three compartments. WaterGAP2 simulates five human water use sectors, while four models (CLM4.5, CLM5.0, LPJmL, and MPI-HM) simulate only water for the irrigation sector. We conclude that, even though hydrological processes are often based on similar equations for various processes, in the end these equations have been adjusted or models have used different values for specific parameters or specific variables. The similarities and differences found among the models analysed in this study are expected to enable us to reduce the uncertainty in multi-model ensembles, improve existing hydrological processes, and integrate new processes.},
note = {Online available at: \url{https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-14-3843-2021} (DOI). Telteu, C.; Müller Schmied, H.; Thiery, W.; Leng, G.; Burek, P.; Liu, X.; Boulange, J.; Andersen, L.; Grillakis, M.; Gosling, S.; Satoh, Y.; Rakovec, O.; Stacke, T.; Chang, J.; Wanders, N.; Shah, H.; Trautmann, T.; Mao, G.; Hanasaki, N.; Koutroulis, A.; Pokhrel, Y.; Samaniego, L.; Wada, Y.; Mishra, V.; Liu, J.; Döll, P.; Zhao, F.; Gädeke, A.; Rabin, S.; Herz, F.: Understanding each other's models: an introduction and a standard representation of 16 global water models to support intercomparison, improvement, and communication. Geoscientific Model Development. 2021. vol. 14, no. 6, 3843-3878. DOI: 10.5194/gmd-14-3843-2021}}
@misc{grger_coupled_regional_2021, 
author={Gröger, M.,Dieterich, C.,Haapala, J.,Ho-Hagemann, H.,Hagemann, S.,Jakacki, J.,May, W.,Meier, H.,Miller, P.,Rutgersson, A.,Wu, L.},
title={Coupled regional Earth system modeling in the Baltic Sea region},
year={2021},
howpublished = {journal article},
doi = {https://doi.org/10.5194/esd-12-939-2021},
abstract = {Nonlinear responses to externally forced climate change are known to dampen or amplify the local climate impact due to complex cross-compartmental feedback loops in the Earth system. These feedbacks are less well represented in the traditional stand-alone atmosphere and ocean models on which many of today's regional climate assessments rely (e.g., EURO-CORDEX, NOSCCA and BACC II). This has promoted the development of regional climate models for the Baltic Sea region by coupling different compartments of the Earth system into more comprehensive models. Coupled models more realistically represent feedback loops than the information imposed on the region by prescribed boundary conditions and, thus, permit more degrees of freedom. In the past, several coupled model systems have been developed for Europe and the Baltic Sea region. This article reviews recent progress on model systems that allow two-way communication between atmosphere and ocean models; models for the land surface, including the terrestrial biosphere; and wave models at the air–sea interface and hydrology models for water cycle closure. However, several processes that have mostly been realized by one-way coupling to date, such as marine biogeochemistry, nutrient cycling and atmospheric chemistry (e.g., aerosols), are not considered here.,In contrast to uncoupled stand-alone models, coupled Earth system models can modify mean near-surface air temperatures locally by up to several degrees compared with their stand-alone atmospheric counterparts using prescribed surface boundary conditions. The representation of small-scale oceanic processes, such as vertical mixing and sea-ice dynamics, appears essential to accurately resolve the air–sea heat exchange over the Baltic Sea, and these parameters can only be provided by online coupled high-resolution ocean models. In addition, the coupling of wave models at the ocean–atmosphere interface allows for a more explicit formulation of small-scale to microphysical processes with local feedbacks to water temperature and large-scale processes such as oceanic upwelling. Over land, important climate feedbacks arise from dynamical terrestrial vegetation changes as well as the implementation of land-use scenarios and afforestation/deforestation that further alter surface albedo, roughness length and evapotranspiration. Furthermore, a good representation of surface temperatures and roughness length over open sea and land areas is critical for the representation of climatic extremes such as heavy precipitation, storms, or tropical nights (defined as nights where the daily minimum temperature does not fall below 20 ∘C), and these parameters appear to be sensitive to coupling.,For the present-day climate, many coupled atmosphere–ocean and atmosphere–land surface models have demonstrated the added value of single climate variables, in particular when low-quality boundary data were used in the respective stand-alone model. This makes coupled models a prospective tool for downscaling climate change scenarios from global climate models because these models often have large biases on the regional scale. However, the coupling of hydrology models to close the water cycle remains problematic, as the accuracy of precipitation provided by atmosphere models is, in most cases, insufficient to realistically simulate the runoff to the Baltic Sea without bias adjustments.,Many regional stand-alone ocean and atmosphere models are tuned to suitably represent present-day climatologies rather than to accurately simulate climate change. Therefore, more research is required into how the regional climate sensitivity (e.g., the models' response to a given change in global mean temperature) is affected by coupling and how the spread is altered in multi-model and multi-scenario ensembles of coupled models compared with uncoupled ones.},
note = {Online available at: \url{https://doi.org/10.5194/esd-12-939-2021} (DOI). Gröger, M.; Dieterich, C.; Haapala, J.; Ho-Hagemann, H.; Hagemann, S.; Jakacki, J.; May, W.; Meier, H.; Miller, P.; Rutgersson, A.; Wu, L.: Coupled regional Earth system modeling in the Baltic Sea region. Earth System Dynamics. 2021. vol. 12, no. 3, 939-973. DOI: 10.5194/esd-12-939-2021}}
@misc{kerimoglu_fabmnflexpd_10_2021, 
author={Kerimoglu, O.,Anugerahanti, P.,Smith, S.},
title={FABM-NflexPD 1.0: assessing an instantaneous acclimation approach for modeling phytoplankton growth},
year={2021},
howpublished = {journal article},
doi = {https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-14-6025-2021},
abstract = {Coupled physical–biogeochemical models can generally reproduce large-scale patterns of primary production and biogeochemistry, but they often underestimate observed variability and gradients. This is partially caused by insufficient representation of systematic variations in the elemental composition and pigment density of phytoplankton. Although progress has been made through approaches accounting for the dynamics of phytoplankton composition with additional state variables, formidable computational challenges arise when these are applied in spatially explicit setups. The instantaneous acclimation (IA) approach addresses these challenges by assuming that Chl:C:nutrient ratios are instantly optimized locally (within each modeled grid cell, at each time step), such that they can be resolved as diagnostic variables. Here, we present the first tests of IA in an idealized 1-D setup: we implemented the IA in the Framework for Aquatic Biogeochemical Models (FABM) and coupled it with the General Ocean Turbulence Model (GOTM) to simulate the spatiotemporal dynamics in a 1-D water column. We compare the IA model against a fully dynamic, otherwise equivalently acclimative (dynamic acclimation; DA) variant with an additional state variable and a third, non-acclimative and fixed-stoichiometry (FS) variant. We find that the IA and DA variants, which require the same parameter set, behave similarly in many respects, although some differences do emerge especially during the winter–spring and autumn–winter transitions. These differences however are relatively small in comparison to the differences between the DA and FS variants, suggesting that the IA approach can be used as a cost-effective improvement over a fixed-stoichiometry approach. Our analysis provides insights into the roles of acclimative flexibilities in simulated primary production and nutrient drawdown rates, seasonal and vertical distribution of phytoplankton biomass, formation of thin chlorophyll layers and stoichiometry of detrital material.},
note = {Online available at: \url{https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-14-6025-2021} (DOI). Kerimoglu, O.; Anugerahanti, P.; Smith, S.: FABM-NflexPD 1.0: assessing an instantaneous acclimation approach for modeling phytoplankton growth. Geoscientific Model Development. 2021. vol. 14, no. 10, 6025-6047. DOI: 10.5194/gmd-14-6025-2021}}
@misc{wilckens_the_erosive_2021, 
author={Wilckens, H.,Miramontes, E.,Schwenk, T.,Artana, C.,Zhang, W.,Piola, A.,Baqueseg, M.,Provost, C.,Hernández-Molina, J.,Felgendreher, M.,Spieß, V.,Kasten, S.},
title={The erosive power of the Malvinas Current: Influence of bottom currents on morpho-sedimentary features along the northern Argentine margin (SW Atlantic Ocean)},
year={2021},
howpublished = {journal article},
doi = {https://doi.org/10.1016/j.margeo.2021.106539},
abstract = {Sediment deposits formed mainly under the influence of bottom currents (contourites) are widely used as high-resolution archives for reconstructing past ocean conditions. However, the driving processes of Contourite Depositional Systems (CDS) are not entirely understood. The aim of this study is to establish a clearer link between contourite features and the oceanographic processes that form them. The morphosedimentary characteristics of a large CDS were analysed together with the current dynamics along the northern Argentine continental margin. This study combines multibeam bathymetry, seismo-acoustic data, sediment samples, vessel-mounted Acoustic Doppler Current Profiler (VM-ADCP) data and numerical modelling of ocean currents.,The contouritic features include large contourite terraces (La Plata Terrace, Ewing Terrace) and an abraded surface connecting the terraces, as well as smaller erosional and depositional features like moats, erosion surfaces on the Ewing Terrace, sediment waves and contourite drifts. Measured and modelled near-bottom currents are vigorous (up to 63 cm/s at 150–200 m above the seafloor) where abraded surfaces and moats are present, and relatively weak (below 30 cm/s) on the La Plata Terrace and the Ewing Terrace. Generally, bottom currents follow the upper and middle slope morphology. Decreasing velocity of water masses flowing northward leads to less erosion and finer sediment deposits. ADCP data and the hydrodynamic model show the formation of eddies near the seafloor which probably lead to the small erosion surfaces on the Ewing Terrace, even though it is mainly a depositional environment. Overall, this study contributes to a better understanding of the formation of CDS and can help future reconstructions of past ocean conditions based on sedimentary structures.},
note = {Online available at: \url{https://doi.org/10.1016/j.margeo.2021.106539} (DOI). Wilckens, H.; Miramontes, E.; Schwenk, T.; Artana, C.; Zhang, W.; Piola, A.; Baqueseg, M.; Provost, C.; Hernández-Molina, J.; Felgendreher, M.; Spieß, V.; Kasten, S.: The erosive power of the Malvinas Current: Influence of bottom currents on morpho-sedimentary features along the northern Argentine margin (SW Atlantic Ocean). Marine Geology. 2021. vol. 439, 106539. DOI: 10.1016/j.margeo.2021.106539}}
@misc{gilek_in_search_2021, 
author={Gilek, M.,Armoskaite, A.,Gee, K.,Saunders, F.,Tafon, R.,Zaucha, J.},
title={In search of social sustainability in marine spatial planning: A review of scientific literature published 2005–2020},
year={2021},
howpublished = {journal article},
doi = {https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ocecoaman.2021.105618},
abstract = {A number of commentators have argued that up until now marine/maritime spatial planning (MSP) research and practice have been dominated by blue economy and environmental concerns and have tended to neglect what might be regarded as social sustainability concerns. To gain more insight into the character and extent of such a gap, as well as how to address it, this article examines how social sustainability has been addressed in peer reviewed scientific articles on MSP between 2005 and 2020. Using search terms such as participation, democracy, social inclusion, social cohesion, equity we systematically identify and review 310 scientific articles that address diverse social sustainability concerns within MSP and marine governance. The review showed that very few papers systematically conceptualised or developed a coherent framework for engaging with social sustainability. Instead, they mostly addressed particular social concerns including participation and engagement, equity and social justice, socio-cultural values and preferences. Marine management and planning efficiency, as well as related instrumental framings of the merits of participation were the key arguments for including these dimensions of social sustainability in MSP. In terms of how to better include social sustainability in MSP, most attention was given to social-cultural mapping and ways to improve social inclusion/participation while also redressing exclusion and maldistribution of outcomes in MSP practice. We conclude that there is a need to deepen and diversify MSP inquiry with respect to social sustainability. In particular, scholars would do well to delve deeper and more broadly in social science literature to find inspiration on ways to understand and elucidate social issues. Here, the enormous body of relevant work on justice, power, critical institutionalism, political ecology and terrestrial planning literatures has hardly been tapped. It is also evident from this review that there is a need for both the academic and practice-based communities to more comprehensively address how the multidimensions of social sustainability interact with each other, as well as with economic and environmental aspects of marine planning and governance. Based on these observations, we highlight a set of suggestions on how to develop MSP research and practice on social sustainability. Most importantly, we argue that more in-depth co-production, linking scholars, practitioners and society actors, is needed.},
note = {Online available at: \url{https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ocecoaman.2021.105618} (DOI). Gilek, M.; Armoskaite, A.; Gee, K.; Saunders, F.; Tafon, R.; Zaucha, J.: In search of social sustainability in marine spatial planning: A review of scientific literature published 2005–2020. Ocean & Coastal Management. 2021. vol. 208, 105618. DOI: 10.1016/j.ocecoaman.2021.105618}}
@misc{przedrzymirska_multiuse_of_2021, 
author={Przedrzymirska, J.,Zaucha, J.,Calado, H.,Lukic, I.,Bocci, M.,Ramieri, E.,Varona, M.C.,Barbanti, A.,Depellegrin, D.,De Sousa Vergílio, M.,Schultz-Zehden, A.,Onyango, V.,Papaioannou, E.,Buck, B.H.,Krause, G.,Felix Schupp, M.,Läkamp, R.,Szefler, K.,Michałek, M.,Maniopoulou, M.,Vassilopoulou, V.,Kyriazi, Z.,Gawlikowska-Hueckel, K.,Szultka, S.,Orobello, C.,Gee, K.,Buchanan, B.,Lazić, M.},
title={Multi-Use of the Sea as a Sustainable Development Instrument in Five EU Sea Basins},
year={2021},
howpublished = {journal article},
doi = {https://doi.org/10.3390/su13158159},
abstract = {This paper examines the concept of maritime multi-use as a territorial/SPATIAL governance instrument for the enhancement of sustainable development in five EU sea basins. Multi-use (MU) is expected to enhance the productivity of blue economy sectors, as well as deliver additional socio-economic benefits related to the environmental and social dimensions of sustainable development. The paper provides a definition of maritime multi-use and identifies the multi-uses with the highest potential in EU sea basins. In each sea basin, multi-use plays a different role as concerns sustainable development. For the Eastern Baltic Sea, the Mediterranean Sea and the Black Sea, the MU focus should remain on the environmental pillar of sustainable development. In the North Sea, North Atlantic and Western Baltic Sea, addressing social sustainability seems a key precondition for success of MU in enhancement of sustainable spatial development at sea. Moreover, it has been suggested to introduce MU key global strategies such as SDGs or Macroregional strategies and action plans and to supplement maritime spatial planning with sectoral incentives and educational efforts as key vehicles supporting MU. The paper concludes by identifying aspects which, in order to inform maritime spatial planning and maritime governance regarding a more conscious application of the aforementioned concept, require further investigation. Key tasks are related to: more profound evaluation of performance of policies supporting MUs, researching the impact of MU on societal goals and on the MU costs and benefits, including external ones, and finally identifying the impact of MU on the development of various sectors and regions on land.},
note = {Online available at: \url{https://doi.org/10.3390/su13158159} (DOI). Przedrzymirska, J.; Zaucha, J.; Calado, H.; Lukic, I.; Bocci, M.; Ramieri, E.; Varona, M.; Barbanti, A.; Depellegrin, D.; De Sousa Vergílio, M.; Schultz-Zehden, A.; Onyango, V.; Papaioannou, E.; Buck, B.; Krause, G.; Felix Schupp, M.; Läkamp, R.; Szefler, K.; Michałek, M.; Maniopoulou, M.; Vassilopoulou, V.; Kyriazi, Z.; Gawlikowska-Hueckel, K.; Szultka, S.; Orobello, C.; Gee, K.; Buchanan, B.; Lazić, M.: Multi-Use of the Sea as a Sustainable Development Instrument in Five EU Sea Basins. Sustainability. 2021. vol. 13, no. 15, 8159. DOI: 10.3390/su13158159}}
@misc{stelzenmller_evaluation_of_2021, 
author={Stelzenmüller, V.,Comier, R.,Gee, K.,Shucksmith, R.,Gubbins, M.,Yates, K.,Morf, A.,Nic Aonghusa, C.,Mikkelsen, E.,Tweddle, J.,Pecceu, E.,Kannen, A.,Clarke, S.},
title={Evaluation of marine spatial planning requires fit for purpose monitoring strategies},
year={2021},
howpublished = {journal article},
doi = {https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jenvman.2020.111545},
abstract = {Marine spatial planning (MSP) has rapidly become the most widely used integrated, place-based management approach in the marine environment. Monitoring and evaluation of MSP is key to inform best practices, adaptive management and plan iteration. While standardised evaluation frameworks cannot be readily applied, accounting for evaluation essentials such as the definition of evaluation objectives, indicators and stakeholder engagement of stakeholders is a prerequisite for meaningful evaluation outcomes. By way of a literature review and eleven practical MSP case studies, we analysed present day trends in evaluation approaches and unravelled the adoption of evaluation essentials for three categories for monitoring and evaluation for plan making, plan outcomes, and policy implementation. We found that at a global scale the focus of MSP evaluation has shifted over the past decade from evaluating predominantly plan outcomes towards the evaluation of plan making. Independent of the scope of the evaluation, evaluation approaches varied greatly from formal and structured processes, building for instance on MSP goals and objectives, to informal processes based on stakeholder interviews. We noted a trend in the adoption of formalised approaches where MSP evaluations have increasingly become linked to MSP policy goals and objectives. However, the enhanced use of MSP objectives and indicators did not result in a more straightforward reporting of outcomes, e.g. such as the achievement of specific MSP objectives. Overall, we found weak linkages between defined MSP objectives, indicators and available monitoring data. While the apparent shift towards a focus on objectives is promising, we highlight the need of fit-for-purpose monitoring data to enable effective evaluation of those objectives. Hence, effective MSP and adaptive management processes require customised and concurrent monitoring and evaluation strategies and procedures. We argue that evaluation processes would also benefit from a better understanding of the general environmental, socio-economic and socio-cultural effects of MSP. Therefore, to understand better environmental effects of MSP, we praise that forthcoming MSP processes need to deepen the understanding and considerations of cause-effect pathways between human activities and changes of ecosystem state through the adoption of targeted cumulative effects assessments.},
note = {Online available at: \url{https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jenvman.2020.111545} (DOI). Stelzenmüller, V.; Comier, R.; Gee, K.; Shucksmith, R.; Gubbins, M.; Yates, K.; Morf, A.; Nic Aonghusa, C.; Mikkelsen, E.; Tweddle, J.; Pecceu, E.; Kannen, A.; Clarke, S.: Evaluation of marine spatial planning requires fit for purpose monitoring strategies. Journal of Environmental Management. 2021. vol. 278, no. 2, 111545. DOI: 10.1016/j.jenvman.2020.111545}}
@misc{brfuss_the_impact_2021, 
author={Bärfuss, K.,Schulz-Stellenfleth, J.,Lampert, A.},
title={The Impact of Offshore Wind Farms on Sea State Demonstrated by Airborne LiDAR Measurements},
year={2021},
howpublished = {journal article},
doi = {https://doi.org/10.3390/jmse9060644},
abstract = {The increasing number of wind farms installed in the North Sea has an impact on the downstream wind speed. This has been hypothesized as well for sea state properties. Wave effects can be expected in particular in fetch-limited conditions with offshore wind directions. With systematic flights deploying an airborne laser scanner, these impacts are shown directly for the first time. The flights were conducted perpendicular to the main wind direction upstream and downstream of the cluster of the offshore wind parks Amrumbank West, Nordsee Ost, and Meerwind Süd/Ost. The flight legs covered the area potentially influenced by the wind parks and the undisturbed area next to the wind parks. The analysis of the spectral energy distribution shows a re-distribution of the wave energy in the downstream area with enhanced energy at smaller wavelengths. The effect is still clearly visible at a distance of 55 km. As the sea surface constitutes the link between the atmosphere and the ocean, it is very likely that wind parks modify the properties of the water column as well.},
note = {Online available at: \url{https://doi.org/10.3390/jmse9060644} (DOI). Bärfuss, K.; Schulz-Stellenfleth, J.; Lampert, A.: The Impact of Offshore Wind Farms on Sea State Demonstrated by Airborne LiDAR Measurements. Journal of Marine Science and Engineering. 2021. vol. 9, no. 6, 644. DOI: 10.3390/jmse9060644}}
@misc{bonaduce_ocean_mesoscale_2021, 
author={Bonaduce, A.,Cipollone, A.,Johannessen, J.,Staneva, J.,Raj, R.,Aydogdu, A.},
title={Ocean Mesoscale Variability: A Case Study on the Mediterranean Sea From a Re-Analysis Perspective},
year={2021},
howpublished = {journal article},
doi = {https://doi.org/10.3389/feart.2021.724879},
abstract = {The mesoscale variability in the Mediterranean Sea is investigated through eddy detection techniques. The analysis is performed over 24 years (1993–2016) considering the three-dimensional (3D) fields from an ocean re-analysis of the Mediterranean Sea (MED-REA). The objective is to achieve a fit-for-purpose assessment of the 3D mesoscale eddy field. In particular, we focus on the contribution of eddy-driven anomalies to ocean dynamics and thermodynamics. The accuracy of the method used to disclose the 3D eddy contributions is assessed against pointwise in-situ measurements and observation-based data sets. Eddy lifetimes ≥ 2 weeks are representative of the 3D mesoscale field in the basin, showing a high probability (> 60%) of occurrence in the areas of the main quasi-stationary mesoscale features. The results show a dependence of the eddy size and thickness on polarity and lifetime: anticyclonic eddies (ACE) are significantly deeper than cyclonic eddies (CE), and their size tends to increase in long-lived structures which also show a seasonal variability. Mesoscale eddies result to be a significant contribution to the ocean dynamics in the Mediterranean Sea, as they account for a large portion of the sea-surface height variability at temporal scales longer than 1 month and for the kinetic energy (50–60%) both at the surface and at depth. Looking at the contributions to ocean thermodynamics, the results exhibit the existence of typical warm (cold) cores associated with ACEs (CEs) with exceptions in the Levantine basin (e.g., Shikmona gyre) where a structure close to a mode-water ACE eddy persists with a positive salinity anomaly. In this area, eddy-induced temperature anomalies can be affected by a strong summer stratification in the surface water, displaying an opposite sign of the anomaly whether looking at the surface or at depth. The results show also that temperature anomalies driven by long-lived eddies (≥ 4 weeks) can affect up to 15–25% of the monthly variability of the upper ocean heat content in the Mediterranean basin.},
note = {Online available at: \url{https://doi.org/10.3389/feart.2021.724879} (DOI). Bonaduce, A.; Cipollone, A.; Johannessen, J.; Staneva, J.; Raj, R.; Aydogdu, A.: Ocean Mesoscale Variability: A Case Study on the Mediterranean Sea From a Re-Analysis Perspective. Frontiers in Earth Science. 2021. vol. 9, 724879. DOI: 10.3389/feart.2021.724879}}
@misc{carvalhooliveira_subtle_influence_2021, 
author={Carvalho-Oliveira, J.,Borchert, L.,Duchez, A.,Dobrynin, M.,Baehr, J.},
title={Subtle influence of the Atlantic Meridional Overturning Circulation (AMOC) on seasonal sea surface temperature (SST) hindcast skill in the North Atlantic},
year={2021},
howpublished = {journal article},
doi = {https://doi.org/10.5194/wcd-2-739-2021},
abstract = {We investigate the impact of the strength of the Atlantic Meridional Overturning Circulation (AMOC) at 26∘ N on the prediction of North Atlantic sea surface temperature anomalies (SSTAs) a season ahead. We test the dependence of sea surface temperate (SST) predictive skill in initialised hindcasts on the phase of the AMOC at 26∘N, invoking a seesaw mechanism driven by AMOC fluctuations, with positive SSTAs north of 26∘ N and negative SSTAs south of 26∘ N after a strong AMOC and vice versa. We use initialised simulations with the MPI-ESM-MR (where MR is mixed resolution) seasonal prediction system. First, we use an assimilation experiment between 1979–2014 to confirm that the AMOC leads a SSTA dipole pattern in the tropical and subtropical North Atlantic, with the strongest AMOC fingerprints after 2–4 months. Going beyond previous studies, we find that the AMOC fingerprint has a seasonal dependence and is sensitive to the length of the observational window used, i.e. stronger over the last decade than for the entire time series back to 1979. We then use a set of ensemble hindcast simulations with 30 members, starting each February, May, August and November between 1982 and 2014. We compare the changes in skill between composites based on the AMOC phase a month prior to each start date to simulations without considering the AMOC phase and find subtle influence of the AMOC mechanism on seasonal SST prediction skill. We find higher subtropical SST hindcast skill at a 2–4-month lead time for June–July–August (JJA) SSTA composites based on the AMOC phase at May start dates than for the full time period. In other regions and seasons, we find a negligible impact of the AMOC seesaw mechanism on seasonal SST predictions due to atmospheric influence, calling for caution when considering such a mechanism. Our method shows that, for May start dates following strong AMOC phases, summer SST hindcast skill over the subtropics increases significantly compared to that of weak AMOC phases. This suggests that in the assessment of SST skill for a season ahead an eye should be kept on the initial AMOC state.},
note = {Online available at: \url{https://doi.org/10.5194/wcd-2-739-2021} (DOI). Carvalho-Oliveira, J.; Borchert, L.; Duchez, A.; Dobrynin, M.; Baehr, J.: Subtle influence of the Atlantic Meridional Overturning Circulation (AMOC) on seasonal sea surface temperature (SST) hindcast skill in the North Atlantic. Weather and Climate Dynamics. 2021. vol. 2, no. 3, 739-757. DOI: 10.5194/wcd-2-739-2021}}
@misc{liu_can_environmental_2021, 
author={Liu, F.,Daewel, U.,Samuelsen, A.,Brune, S.,Hanz, U.,Pohlmann, H.,Baehr, J.,Schrum, C.},
title={Can Environmental Conditions at North Atlantic Deep-Sea Habitats Be Predicted Several Years Ahead? Taking Sponge Habitats as an Example},
year={2021},
howpublished = {journal article},
doi = {https://doi.org/10.3389/fmars.2021.703297},
abstract = {Predicting the ambient environmental conditions in the coming several years to one decade is of key relevance for elucidating how deep-sea habitats, like for example sponge habitats, in the North Atlantic will evolve under near-future climate change. However, it is still not well known to what extent the deep-sea environmental properties can be predicted in advance. A regional downscaling prediction system is developed to assess the potential predictability of the North Atlantic deep-sea environmental factors. The large-scale climate variability predicted with the coupled Max Planck Institute Earth System Model with low-resolution configuration (MPI-ESM-LR) is dynamically downscaled to the North Atlantic by providing surface and lateral boundary conditions to the regional coupled physical-ecosystem model HYCOM-ECOSMO. Model results of two physical fields (temperature and salinity) and two biogeochemical fields (concentrations of silicate and oxygen) over 21 sponge habitats are taken as an example to assess the ability of the downscaling system to predict the interannual to decadal variations of the environmental properties based on ensembles of retrospective predictions over the period from 1985 to 2014. The ensemble simulations reveal skillful predictions of the environmental conditions several years in advance with distinct regional differences. In areas closely tied to large-scale climate variability and ice dynamics, both the physical and biogeochemical fields can be skillfully predicted more than 4 years ahead, while in areas under strong influence of upper oceans or open boundaries, the predictive skill for both fields is limited to a maximum of 2 years. The simulations suggest higher predictability for the biogeochemical fields than for the physical fields, which can be partly attributed to the longer persistence of the former fields. Predictability is improved by initialization in areas away from the influence of Mediterranean outflow and areas with weak coupling between the upper and deep oceans. Our study highlights the ability of the downscaling regional system to predict the environmental variations at deep-sea benthic habitats on time scales of management relevance. The downscaling system therefore will be an important part of an integrated approach towards the preservation and sustainable exploitation of the North Atlantic benthic habitats.},
note = {Online available at: \url{https://doi.org/10.3389/fmars.2021.703297} (DOI). Liu, F.; Daewel, U.; Samuelsen, A.; Brune, S.; Hanz, U.; Pohlmann, H.; Baehr, J.; Schrum, C.: Can Environmental Conditions at North Atlantic Deep-Sea Habitats Be Predicted Several Years Ahead? Taking Sponge Habitats as an Example. Frontiers in Marine Science. 2021. vol. 8, 703297. DOI: 10.3389/fmars.2021.703297}}
@misc{schwarzkopf_a_ship_2021, 
author={Schwarzkopf, D.,Petrik, R.,Matthias, V.,Quante, M.,Majamäki, E.,Jalkanen, J.},
title={A ship emission modeling system with scenario capabilities},
year={2021},
howpublished = {journal article},
doi = {https://doi.org/10.1016/j.aeaoa.2021.100132},
abstract = {A bottom-up modular ship emission modeling system (MoSES) is presented that calculates highly spatiotemporally resolved ship exhaust emissions, based on ship position data recorded from the automatic identification system. MoSES is built in a modularized architecture, which guarantees good expandability. Several ship-type specific methods have been developed for estimating missing ship characteristics that are important for ship emission modeling, such as the gross tonnage, main or auxiliary engine power, engine rating or the service speed, since these characteristics are often not available in present data. Additionally, most recent emission factors for sulfate and black carbon were derived from literature that cover formerly neglected low-sulfur fuels. MoSES is demonstrated by the creation of an emissions inventory for the North and Baltic Sea region, but it may readily be applied to other regions as well. The results were evaluated and compared to ship emission data calculated with the established Ship Traffic Assessment Model (STEAM 3). A good agreement with the daily shipping activity and CO2 emissions was found, although fewer emissions were calculated with MoSES for SO2, SO4 and NOX due to differences in the method for calculating the power consumption, the assumed fuel sulfur content, and applied emission factors. Furthermore, the impact of different emissions factors and uncertainties due to missing ship characteristics has been investigated. Additionally, extensive functionalities for scenario generation were implemented that allow the modification of a ship fleet in a model run. A filtering algorithm was developed to support scenario generation by the creation of sub-emission inventories. These contain only emissions of ships moving between two specific harbors or points of interest. This feature is demonstrated for the ship traffic between the five busiest harbors in the North Sea among each other, and between the English Channel. The scenario capability of the model is exemplified on a case based on sub-emission inventories, that investigates a decreased trade volume between representative ports of mainland Europe and the United Kingdom.},
note = {Online available at: \url{https://doi.org/10.1016/j.aeaoa.2021.100132} (DOI). Schwarzkopf, D.; Petrik, R.; Matthias, V.; Quante, M.; Majamäki, E.; Jalkanen, J.: A ship emission modeling system with scenario capabilities. Atmospheric Environment: X. 2021. vol. 12, 100132. DOI: 10.1016/j.aeaoa.2021.100132}}
@misc{pein_channel_curvature_2021, 
author={Pein, J.,Staneva, J.,Daewel, U.,Schrum, C.},
title={Channel curvature improves water quality and nutrient filtering in an artificially deepened mesotidal idealized estuary},
year={2021},
howpublished = {journal article},
doi = {https://doi.org/10.1016/j.csr.2021.104582},
abstract = {Estuarine ecology suffers from both physical aspects of human influence, such as dredging, and biogeochemical aspects, such as eutrophication. Apart from being dredged, modern estuaries often manifest rectified geometries deprived of meanders or other nonlinear topographic features. This study has two overarching aims, a theoretical and a practical one. The theoretical objective is to establish an understanding of the effect of physical dynamics induced by channel meanders on the biogeochemical dynamics in a typical estuarine oxygen minimum zone. The practical aim is to clarify whether and how channel curvature can mitigate the consequences of human intervention, such as dredging and eutrophication. To answer these questions, a coupled hydrodynamic and water quality model is applied to a pair of idealized funnel-shaped topographies with dimensions and axial depth distribution similar to the Elbe Estuary, Germany, serving as the prototype estuary in this study. The first topography is symmetric about the channel axis (straight channel), while the second topography contains a small section of sinusoidal meanders in the dredged limnic reach of the estuary. The setups are forced by an M-2 tide and daily salinity and temperature data at the seaward open boundary. Atmospheric and river forcings are based on regional operational and observational data to impose seasonal temperature variability and biogeochemical cycles. The model simulates tidally driven estuarine physics, as well as seasonal estuarine cycles and axial gradients of nutrients, oxygen and plankton that characterize alluvial human-shaped and eutrophied estuaries. The channel meanders in the lower limnic reaches lead to locally enhanced ebb dominance, vertical overturning and increased levels of turbulent kinetic energy. The curvature-induced dynamics decrease turbidity levels by up to 12.5% and increase oxygen concentrations by up to 14% in the area of the oxygen minimum zone, improving the ecological status of the eutrophied estuary. Finally, we assess the sustainability of the ecological benefits of the channel meanders in the face of global warming by applying a simple 2 °C warming scenario to the straight and meandering channel cases. We demonstrate that channel meanders potentially improve estuarine ecology even under increased pressure due to climate change.},
note = {Online available at: \url{https://doi.org/10.1016/j.csr.2021.104582} (DOI). Pein, J.; Staneva, J.; Daewel, U.; Schrum, C.: Channel curvature improves water quality and nutrient filtering in an artificially deepened mesotidal idealized estuary. Continental Shelf Research. 2021. vol. 231, 104582. DOI: 10.1016/j.csr.2021.104582}}
@misc{arlinghaus_impact_of_2021, 
author={Arlinghaus, P.,Zhang, W.,Wrede, A.,Schrum, C.,Neumann, A.},
title={Impact of benthos on morphodynamics from a modeling perspective},
year={2021},
howpublished = {journal article},
doi = {https://doi.org/10.1016/j.earscirev.2021.103803},
abstract = {Benthic organisms and their bioturbation activities have a profound effect on a multitude of sediment properties. While many studies have already explored benthic impacts at small temporal and spatial scales, little is known on how the small-scale effects accumulate and interactively guide large-scale (km-scale) morphological evolution. Here we firstly summarize the most important processes of benthos affecting sediment stability and then explore existing biomorphodynamic modeling studies both at small- and large-scales. In general, microbenthos (body size <0.1 mm) mainly stabilizes sediments while meio- (0.1–1 mm) and macrobenthos (>1 mm) may stabilize or destabilize sediments. Among all types of sediment, fine-grained fraction (silt and clay) is most sensitive to the impact of benthos. Benthic organisms have the capability to mediate sediment transport and sedimentation patterns beyond their habitats on the long-term and over a large-scale. However, so far, numerical models evaluating benthic impact are limited to explorative studies and have not reached a stage where they can be used for predictive modeling. The barriers hindering a further development of biomorphodynamic models include not only limited understanding of fundamental biological/bio-physical processes affecting morphological development and dynamic feedback loops among them but also a shortage of data for model calibration and confirmation of simulation results. On the other hand, thriving for higher model complexity does not necessarily lead to better performance. Before conducting biomorphodynamic modeling, researchers must figure out which questions can be answered in a meaningful sense with simulation results that can be compared with observations and which level of modeling complexity is sufficient for that purpose.},
note = {Online available at: \url{https://doi.org/10.1016/j.earscirev.2021.103803} (DOI). Arlinghaus, P.; Zhang, W.; Wrede, A.; Schrum, C.; Neumann, A.: Impact of benthos on morphodynamics from a modeling perspective. Earth-Science Reviews. 2021. vol. 221, 103803. DOI: 10.1016/j.earscirev.2021.103803}}
@misc{chaikalis_optical_properties_2021, 
author={Chaikalis, S.,Parinos, C.,Möbius, J.,Gogou, A.,Velaoras, D.,Hainbucher, D.,Sofianos, S.,Tanhua, T.,Cardin, V.,Proestakis, E.,Amiridis, V.,Androni, A.,Karageorgis, A.},
title={Optical Properties and Biochemical Indices of Marine Particles in the Open Mediterranean Sea: The R/V Maria S. Merian Cruise, March 2018},
year={2021},
howpublished = {journal article},
doi = {https://doi.org/10.3389/feart.2021.614703},
abstract = {A rich data set on particulate matter optical properties and parameters (beam attenuation coefficient, volume concentration, particle size and PSD slope), accompanied by measurements of biochemical indices (particulate organic carbon, particulate nitrogen and their stable isotopic composition) was obtained from the surface to deep waters across the Mediterranean Sea, in March-April 2018. A decrease of beam attenuation coefficients, total particle volume concentrations, particulate organic carbon and nitrogen concentrations was noted towards the eastern Mediterranean Sea (EMed) in comparison to the western Mediterranean Sea (WMed). LISST-derived optical properties were significantly correlated with water mass characteristics. Overall, the most turbid water mass identified in the Mediterranean Sea was the Surface Atlantic water (AW), and the most transparent was the Transitional Mediterranean Water (TMW) in the Cretan Sea, whereas a general decrease in particulate matter concentration is observed from the WMed towards the EMed. Relatively depleted δ13C-POC values in the particle pool of the open Mediterranean Sea can be attributed to contribution from terrestrial inputs, mainly via atmospheric deposition. Throughout the entire water column, a significant positive correlation between particle beam attenuation coefficient and particulate organic carbon concentration is observed in the open Mediterranean Sea. Such relationship suggests the predominance of organic particles with biogenic origin. POC concentration and particle median diameter D50 are significantly and negatively correlated both in the WMed and the EMed Sea, confirming that small particles are POC-rich. At depth, a prominent decrease of most measured parameters was observed, with the exception of particle median diameter that increased substantially in the EMed towards the deep sea, suggesting potentially enhanced aggregation processes. The low particle size distribution slope ξ observed in the EMed, corresponding to larger particle populations, supports the above notion. Basin-wide Rayleigh-type isotopic fractionation in vertical profiles of δ15N-PN across the Mediterranean Sea, underlines the differences in the trophic characters of the two sub-basins and highlights the role of circulation changes on biogeochemical parameters and the redistribution of particulate matter as a source of nutrients in the water column.},
note = {Online available at: \url{https://doi.org/10.3389/feart.2021.614703} (DOI). Chaikalis, S.; Parinos, C.; Möbius, J.; Gogou, A.; Velaoras, D.; Hainbucher, D.; Sofianos, S.; Tanhua, T.; Cardin, V.; Proestakis, E.; Amiridis, V.; Androni, A.; Karageorgis, A.: Optical Properties and Biochemical Indices of Marine Particles in the Open Mediterranean Sea: The R/V Maria S. Merian Cruise, March 2018. Frontiers in Earth Science. 2021. vol. 9, 614703. DOI: 10.3389/feart.2021.614703}}
@misc{zhang_quantifying_importance_2021, 
author={Zhang, W.,Neumann, A.,Daewel, U.,Wirtz, K.,van Beusekom, J.,Eisele, A.,Ma, M.,Schrum, C.},
title={Quantifying Importance of Macrobenthos for Benthic-Pelagic Coupling in a Temperate Coastal Shelf Sea},
year={2021},
howpublished = {journal article},
doi = {https://doi.org/10.1029/2020JC016995},
abstract = {Benthic oxygen fluxes consist mostly of advective and diffusive terms. Both terms in the German Bight exhibit a prominent annual cycle but with opposite variation patterns. To understand the driving mechanisms quantitatively, a novel 3-D benthic-pelagic coupled model resolving interactions among macrobenthos, bioturbation, oxygen consumption, and carbon early diagenesis was applied to reconstruct the benthic states. Simulation results show a satisfactory agreement with field data and reveal that the benthic oxygen flux is determined by not only pelagic drivers but also by internal dynamics associated with the interaction between organic carbon and macrobenthos, and bedform morphodynamics. Variation of advective flux, characterized by summer-low and winter-high, is mainly driven by hydrodynamics and bedform morphodynamics, while variation of diffusive flux, featured by summer-high and winter-low, is a compound effect of pelagic and benthic drivers with a dominant control by macrobenthos through bioturbation. The role of bioturbation in benthic oxygen consumption is twofold: (a) on the one hand, it alters the particulate organic carbon (POC) distribution in surface sediments, thereby changing the availability of POC to oxygen consumption; (b) on the other hand, it mixes oxygen down into sediments, thereby facilitating oxygen consumption. Our results indicate that the first role prevails in sandy seafloor characterized by energetic hydrodynamics, while the second role becomes increasingly important along with a weakening of bottom currents. We found that bioturbation contributes up to 87% urn:x-wiley:21699275:media:jgrc24733:jgrc24733-math-0001 4% and 55% urn:x-wiley:21699275:media:jgrc24733:jgrc24733-math-0002 8% of the total benthic oxygen fluxes in muddy seabed and at a regional scale (the German Bight), respectively.},
note = {Online available at: \url{https://doi.org/10.1029/2020JC016995} (DOI). Zhang, W.; Neumann, A.; Daewel, U.; Wirtz, K.; van Beusekom, J.; Eisele, A.; Ma, M.; Schrum, C.: Quantifying Importance of Macrobenthos for Benthic-Pelagic Coupling in a Temperate Coastal Shelf Sea. Journal of Geophysical Research : Oceans. 2021. vol. 126, no. 10, e2020JC016995. DOI: 10.1029/2020JC016995}}
@misc{kadow_introduction_to_2021, 
author={Kadow, C.,Illing, S.,Lucio-Eceiza, E.,Bergemann, M.,Ramadoss, M.,Sommer, P.,Kunst, O.,Schartner, T.,Pankatz, K.,Grieger, J.,Schuster, M.,Richling, A.,Thiemann, H.,Kirchner, I.,Rust, H.,Ludwig, T.,Cubasch, U.,Ulbrich, U.},
title={Introduction to Freva – A Free Evaluation System Framework for Earth System Modeling},
year={2021},
howpublished = {journal article},
doi = {https://doi.org/10.5334/jors.253},
abstract = {Freva – Free Evaluation System Framework for Earth system modeling is an efficient solution to handle evaluation systems of research projects, institutes or universities in the climate community. It is a scientific software framework for high performance computing that provides all its available features both in a shell and web environment. The main system design is equipped with the programming interface, history of evaluations, and a standardized model database. Plugin – a generic application programming interface allows scientific developers to connect their analysis tools with the evaluation system independently of the programming language. History – the configuration sub-system stores every analysis performed with the evaluation system in a database. Databrowser – an implemented meta data system with its advanced but easy-to-handle search tool supports scientists and their plugins to retrieve the required information of the database. The combination of these three core components, increases the scientific outcome and enables transparency and reproducibility for research groups using Freva as their framework for evaluation of Earth system models.},
note = {Online available at: \url{https://doi.org/10.5334/jors.253} (DOI). Kadow, C.; Illing, S.; Lucio-Eceiza, E.; Bergemann, M.; Ramadoss, M.; Sommer, P.; Kunst, O.; Schartner, T.; Pankatz, K.; Grieger, J.; Schuster, M.; Richling, A.; Thiemann, H.; Kirchner, I.; Rust, H.; Ludwig, T.; Cubasch, U.; Ulbrich, U.: Introduction to Freva – A Free Evaluation System Framework for Earth System Modeling. Journal of Open Research Software. 2021. vol. 9, no. 1, 13. DOI: 10.5334/jors.253}}
@misc{borchert_skillful_decadal_2021, 
author={Borchert, L.,Koul, V.,Menary, M.,Befort, D.,Swingedouw, D.,Sgubin, G.,Mignot, J.},
title={Skillful decadal prediction of unforced southern European summer temperature variations},
year={2021},
howpublished = {journal article},
doi = {https://doi.org/10.1088/1748-9326/ac20f5},
abstract = {We assess the capability of decadal prediction simulations from the Coupled Model Intercomparison Project phase 6 (CMIP6) archive to predict European summer temperature during the period 1970-2014. Using a multi-model ensemble average, we show that Southern European (SEU) summer temperatures are highly predictable for up to ten years in CMIP6. Much of this predictive skill, is related to the externally forced response: historical simulations explain about 90% of observed SEU summer temperature variance. Prediction skill for the unforced signal of SEU summer temperature is low: initialized model simulations explain less than 10% of observed variance after removing the externally forced response. An observed link between unforced SEU summer temperature and preceding spring Eastern North Atlantic - Mediterranean sea surface temperature (SST) motivates the application of a dynamical-statistical model to overcome the low summer temperature skill over Europe. This dynamical-statistical model uses dynamical spring SST predictions to predict European summer temperature, and significantly increases decadal prediction skill of unforced European summer temperature variations, showing significant prediction skill for unforced Southern European summer temperature 2-9 years ahead. As a result, dynamical-statistical models can benefit the decadal prediction of variables with initially limited skill beyond the forcing, such as summer temperature over Europe.},
note = {Online available at: \url{https://doi.org/10.1088/1748-9326/ac20f5} (DOI). Borchert, L.; Koul, V.; Menary, M.; Befort, D.; Swingedouw, D.; Sgubin, G.; Mignot, J.: Skillful decadal prediction of unforced southern European summer temperature variations. Environmental Research Letters. 2021. vol. 16, no. 10, 104017. DOI: 10.1088/1748-9326/ac20f5}}
@misc{peneva_interannual_variations_2021, 
author={Peneva, E.,Stanev, E.,Ciliberti, S.,Lima, L.,Aydogdu, A.,Marinova, V.,Valcheva, N.},
title={Interannual variations of the Black Sea Rim Current},
year={2021},
howpublished = {journal article},
doi = {https://doi.org/10.1080/1755876X.2021.1946240},
abstract = {Statement of the main outcome: The general circulation in the Black Sea features a cyclonic gyre encompassing the entire basin (Rim Current), which flows approximately over the continental slope, separating the coastal environment from the open sea. The speed of Rim Current varies from year to year giving an overall measure of the intensity of the circulation. The latter is important for many physical and biogeochemical processes such as the formation of the vertical stratification, replenishment of the Cold Intermediate Layer (CIL), dynamics of mesoscale eddies propagating along the gyre, biogeochemistry dynamics, heat redistribution within the basin, anchovy and other fish distribution, pollution dispersion. The data from satellite altimeters and physical modelling is used to identify the most representative areas where one can get stable estimates of the annual mean speed of the Rim Current for the period 1993–2019. An Ocean Monitoring Index, reflecting the annual state of the cyclonic circulation, referred as Black Sea Rim Current Index (BSRCI), is determined and its interannual variations are studied. The time-series of the BSRCI suggest that the Black Sea Rim current speed varies within ∼30% in the period 1993–2019 with positive trend of ∼0.1 m/s/decade. It is found that the Rim current is in close relation to the regional atmospheric circulation and the mean velocity variation is linked to the wind curl above the basin. This proves that the Sverdrup relation applies to the Black Sea Rim current.},
note = {Online available at: \url{https://doi.org/10.1080/1755876X.2021.1946240} (DOI). Peneva, E.; Stanev, E.; Ciliberti, S.; Lima, L.; Aydogdu, A.; Marinova, V.; Valcheva, N.: Interannual variations of the Black Sea Rim Current. Journal of Operational Oceanography. 2021. vol. 14, no. S1, 53-58. DOI: 10.1080/1755876X.2021.1946240}}
@misc{ciliberti_monitoring_and_2021, 
author={Ciliberti, S.A.,Grégoire, M.,Staneva, J.,Palazov, A.,Coppini, G.,Lecci, R.,Peneva, E.,Matreata, M.,Marinova, V.,Masina, S.,Pinardi, N.,Jansen, E.,Lima, L.,Aydoğdu, A.,Creti’, S.,Stefanizzi, L.,Azevedo, D.,Causio, S.,Vandenbulcke, L.,Capet, A.,Meulders, C.,Ivanov, E.,Behrens, A.,Ricker, M.,Gayer, G.,Palermo, F.,Ilicak, M.,Gunduz, M.,Valcheva, N.,Agostini, P.},
title={Monitoring and Forecasting the Ocean State and Biogeochemical Processes in the Black Sea: Recent Developments in the Copernicus Marine Service},
year={2021},
howpublished = {journal article},
doi = {https://doi.org/10.3390/jmse9101146},
abstract = {The Black Sea Monitoring and Forecasting Center (BS-MFC) is the European reference service for the provision of ocean analyses, forecasts, and reanalyses in the Black Sea basin. It is part of the Copernicus Marine Environment and Monitoring Service (CMEMS) and ensures a high level of efficiency in terms of operations, science, and technology for predictions and the monitoring of physical and biogeochemical processes in the Black Sea. The operational BS-MFC framework is based on state-of-the-art numerical models for hydrodynamics, biogeochemistry, and waves; analysis, forecast, and reanalysis are provided on a spatial grid with about 3 km of horizontal resolution that covers the whole Black Sea basin (the Azov Sea is not included). The scientific assessment of BS-MFC products is performed by implementing a product quality dashboard that provides pre-qualification and operational model skills according to GODAE/OceanPredict standards. Novel interfaces based on high-resolution models are part of the scientific development plan to ensure a strong connection with the nearest seas from a modelling point of view, in particular with the Mediterranean Sea. To improve forecasting skills, dedicated online coupled systems are being developed, which involve physics, biogeochemistry, and waves together with the atmosphere and, in the future, with ensemble forecasting methodologies and river-ocean interfaces.},
note = {Online available at: \url{https://doi.org/10.3390/jmse9101146} (DOI). Ciliberti, S.; Grégoire, M.; Staneva, J.; Palazov, A.; Coppini, G.; Lecci, R.; Peneva, E.; Matreata, M.; Marinova, V.; Masina, S.; Pinardi, N.; Jansen, E.; Lima, L.; Aydoğdu, A.; Creti’, S.; Stefanizzi, L.; Azevedo, D.; Causio, S.; Vandenbulcke, L.; Capet, A.; Meulders, C.; Ivanov, E.; Behrens, A.; Ricker, M.; Gayer, G.; Palermo, F.; Ilicak, M.; Gunduz, M.; Valcheva, N.; Agostini, P.: Monitoring and Forecasting the Ocean State and Biogeochemical Processes in the Black Sea: Recent Developments in the Copernicus Marine Service. Journal of Marine Science and Engineering. 2021. vol. 9, no. 10, 1146. DOI: 10.3390/jmse9101146}}
@misc{dring_i_show_2021, 
author={Döring, M.,Ratter, B.},
title={“I show you my coast…” - a relational study of coastscapes in the North Frisian Wadden Sea},
year={2021},
howpublished = {journal article},
doi = {https://doi.org/10.1007/s40152-021-00239-w},
abstract = {In recent years, there has been an upsurge in research on relational approaches in geography and in the study of cultural landscapes. Following these strands of research, the relationality of human beings with their natural environments has been highlighted, emphasising the various ways people engage with their lifeworlds. This development is motivated by the perceived need to analytically expand landscape research towards a more-than-representational point of view, challenging the still prevalent dichotomy of nature and culture. The paper takes these insights as a starting point and provides an insight into a more-than-representational understanding of coastscapes that is combined with a more-than-representational understanding of language. Its aim is threefold: to theoretically engage with a more-than-representational and enlanguaged understanding of coastscapes; to explore the relevance of mobile methods for such an approach; and to empirically illustrate the emotive and relational bonds coastal dwellers form with their littoral environs. To capture the dynamism of a more-than-representational understanding that coastal dwellers develop with their coastscape, walking interviews were conducted in the district of North Frisia (Germany). All interviews were examined following a grounded approach and refined by a linguistic in-depth investigation. The analysis revealed four prevailing interpretative repertoires reconfiguring the boundary between nature and culture. They exhibit what we call a coast-multiple that adds to coastal nature-society-mixes which might be of interest for future coastal management at the German Wadden Sea.},
note = {Online available at: \url{https://doi.org/10.1007/s40152-021-00239-w} (DOI). Döring, M.; Ratter, B.: “I show you my coast…” - a relational study of coastscapes in the North Frisian Wadden Sea. Maritime Studies. 2021. vol. 20, no. 3, 317-327. DOI: 10.1007/s40152-021-00239-w}}
@misc{lyu_spatial_patterns_2021, 
author={Lyu, Z.,Goosse, H.,Dalaiden, Q.,Klein, F.,Shi, F.,Wagner, S.,Braconnot, P.},
title={Spatial patterns of multi–centennial surface air temperature trends in Antarctica over 1–1000 CE: Insights from ice core records and modeling},
year={2021},
howpublished = {journal article},
doi = {https://doi.org/10.1016/j.quascirev.2021.107205},
abstract = {The spatial pattern of Antarctic surface air temperature variability on multi–decadal to multi–centennial time scales is poorly known because of the short instrumental records, the relatively small number of high–resolution paleoclimate observations, and biases in climate models. Here, changes in surface air temperature over Antarctica are reconstructed over the past two millennia using data assimilation constrained by different ice core water isotope records in order to identify robust signals. The comparison between previous statistically based temperature reconstructions and simulations covering the full Common Era driven by natural and anthropogenic forcings shows major discrepancies occurring in the period 1–1000 CE over East Antarctica, with the reconstructions displaying a warming over 1–500 CE that is not reproduced by the simulations. This suggests that the trends in the first millennium deduced from the statistically based reconstructions are unlikely to be entirely forced by external forcings. Our reconstructions show the high sensitivity of the 500-year temperature trend in Antarctica and its spatial distribution to selection of the records for the reconstructions, especially during 1–500 CE. A robust cooling over Antarctica during 501–1000 CE has been obtained in three data assimilation–based reconstructions with a larger magnitude in the WAIS than elsewhere over Antarctica, in agreement with previous estimates with the larger changes than simulated in climate models. The reconstructions for atmospheric circulation indicate that the pattern of temperature changes over 501–1000 CE is related to the positive trend of Southern Annular Mode and a deepening of Amundsen Sea Low. This confirms the role of internal variability in the temperature trends on multi–centennial scales.},
note = {Online available at: \url{https://doi.org/10.1016/j.quascirev.2021.107205} (DOI). Lyu, Z.; Goosse, H.; Dalaiden, Q.; Klein, F.; Shi, F.; Wagner, S.; Braconnot, P.: Spatial patterns of multi–centennial surface air temperature trends in Antarctica over 1–1000 CE: Insights from ice core records and modeling. Quaternary Science Reviews. 2021. vol. 271, 107205. DOI: 10.1016/j.quascirev.2021.107205}}
@misc{jungclaus_simulating_the_2021, 
author={Jungclaus, J.,Bothe, O.,Garcia-Bustamante, E.,González-Rouco, J.,Neukom, R.,Schurer, A.},
title={Simulating the Common Era: The Past2K working group of PMIP},
year={2021},
howpublished = {journal article},
doi = {https://doi.org/10.22498/pages.29.2.72},
abstract = {Simulations of Common Era climate evolution coordinated by PMIP's "Past2K" working group together with multi-proxy reconstructions from the PAGES 2k Network provide pivotal understanding for the evolution of the modern climate system and for expected changes in the near future.},
note = {Online available at: \url{https://doi.org/10.22498/pages.29.2.72} (DOI). Jungclaus, J.; Bothe, O.; Garcia-Bustamante, E.; González-Rouco, J.; Neukom, R.; Schurer, A.: Simulating the Common Era: The Past2K working group of PMIP. Past Global Changes Magazine. 2021. vol. 29, no. 2, 72-73. DOI: 10.22498/pages.29.2.72}}
@misc{sherrifftadano_pmip_contributions_2021, 
author={Sherriff-Tadano, S.,Klockmann, M.},
title={PMIP contributions to understanding the deep ocean circulation of the Last Glacial Maximum},
year={2021},
howpublished = {journal article},
doi = {https://doi.org/10.22498/pages.29.2.84},
abstract = {Simulations of the Last Glacial Maximum (LGM) within PMIP significantly improved our understanding of the mechanisms that control the Atlantic Meridional Overturning Circulation (AMOC) in a glacial climate. Nonetheless, reproducing the reconstructed shallowing of the LGM AMOC remains a challenge for many models.},
note = {Online available at: \url{https://doi.org/10.22498/pages.29.2.84} (DOI). Sherriff-Tadano, S.; Klockmann, M.: PMIP contributions to understanding the deep ocean circulation of the Last Glacial Maximum. Past Global Changes Magazine. 2021. vol. 29, no. 2, 84-85. DOI: 10.22498/pages.29.2.84}}
@misc{spinoni_global_exposure_2021, 
author={Spinoni, J.,Barbosa, P.,Bucchignani, E.,Cassano, J.,Cavazos, T.,Cescatti, A.,Christensen, J.H.,Christensen, O.B.,Coppola, E.,Evans, J.,Forzieri, G.,Geyer, B.,Giorgi, F.,Jacob, D.,Katzfey, J.,Koenigk, T.,Laprise, R.,Lennard, C.J.,Levent Kurnaz, M.,Li, D.,Llopart, M.,McCormick, N.,Naumann, G.,Nikulin, G.,Ozturk, T.,Panitz, H.-J.,da Rocha, R.P.,Solman, S.A.,Syktus, J.,Tangang, F.,Teichmann, C.,Vautard, R.,Vogt, J.V.,Winger, K.,Zittis, G.,Dosio, A.},
title={Global exposure of population and land-use to meteorological droughts under different warming levels and SSPs: A CORDEX-based study},
year={2021},
howpublished = {journal article},
doi = {https://doi.org/10.1002/joc.7302},
abstract = {Global warming is likely to cause a progressive drought increase in some regions, but how population and natural resources will be affected is still underexplored. This study focuses on global population, forests, croplands and pastures exposure to meteorological drought hazard in the 21st century, expressed as frequency and severity of drought events. As input, we use a large ensemble of climate simulations from the Coordinated Regional Climate Downscaling Experiment (CORDEX), population projections from the NASA-SEDAC dataset and land-use projections from the Land-Use Harmonization 2 project for 1981–2100. The exposure to drought hazard is presented for five Shared Socioeconomic Pathways (SSP1-SSP5) at four Global Warming Levels (GWLs: 1.5°C to 4°C). Results show that considering only Standardized Precipitation Index (SPI; based on precipitation), the SSP3 at GWL4 projects the largest fraction of the global population (14%) to experience an increase in drought frequency and severity (versus 1981–2010), with this value increasing to 60% if temperature is considered (indirectly included in the Standardized Precipitation-Evapotranspiration Index, SPEI). With SPEI, considering the highest GWL for each SSP, 8 (for SSP2, SSP4, SSP5) and 11 (SSP3) billion people, that is, more than 90%, will be affected by at least one unprecedented drought. For SSP5 at GWL4, approximately 2 × 106 km2 of forests and croplands (respectively, 6% and 11%) and 1.5 × 106 km2 of pastures (19%) will be exposed to increased drought frequency and severity according to SPI, but for SPEI this extent will rise to 17 × 106 km2 of forests (49%), 6 × 106 km2 of pastures (78%) and 12 × 106 km2 of croplands (67%), being mid-latitudes the most affected. The projected likely increase of drought frequency and severity significantly increases population and land-use exposure to drought, even at low GWLs, thus extensive mitigation and adaptation efforts are needed to avoid the most severe impacts of climate change.},
note = {Online available at: \url{https://doi.org/10.1002/joc.7302} (DOI). Spinoni, J.; Barbosa, P.; Bucchignani, E.; Cassano, J.; Cavazos, T.; Cescatti, A.; Christensen, J.; Christensen, O.; Coppola, E.; Evans, J.; Forzieri, G.; Geyer, B.; Giorgi, F.; Jacob, D.; Katzfey, J.; Koenigk, T.; Laprise, R.; Lennard, C.; Levent Kurnaz, M.; Li, D.; Llopart, M.; McCormick, N.; Naumann, G.; Nikulin, G.; Ozturk, T.; Panitz, H.; da Rocha, R.; Solman, S.; Syktus, J.; Tangang, F.; Teichmann, C.; Vautard, R.; Vogt, J.; Winger, K.; Zittis, G.; Dosio, A.: Global exposure of population and land-use to meteorological droughts under different warming levels and SSPs: A CORDEX-based study. International Journal of Climatology. 2021. vol. 41, no. 15, 6825-6853. DOI: 10.1002/joc.7302}}
@misc{stacke_hydropy_v10_2021, 
author={Stacke, T.,Hagemann, S.},
title={HydroPy (v1.0): a new global hydrology model written in Python},
year={2021},
howpublished = {journal article},
doi = {https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-14-7795-2021},
abstract = {Global hydrological models (GHMs) are a useful tool in the assessment of the land surface water balance. They are used to further the understanding of interactions between water balance components and their past evolution as well as potential future development under various scenarios. While GHMs have been part of the hydrologist's toolbox for several decades, the models are continuously being developed. In our study, we present the HydroPy model, a revised version of an established GHM, the Max Planck Institute for Meteorology's Hydrology Model (MPI-HM). Being rewritten in Python, the new model requires much less effort in maintenance, and due to its flexible infrastructure, new processes can be easily implemented. Besides providing a thorough documentation of the processes currently implemented in HydroPy, we demonstrate the skill of the model in simulating the land surface water balance. We find that evapotranspiration is reproduced realistically for the majority of the land surface but is underestimated in the tropics. The simulated river discharge correlates well with observations. Biases are evident for the annual accumulated discharge; however, they can – at least to some extent – be attributed to discrepancies between the meteorological model forcing data and the observations. Finally, we show that HydroPy performs very similarly to MPI-HM and thus conclude the successful transition from MPI-HM to HydroPy.},
note = {Online available at: \url{https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-14-7795-2021} (DOI). Stacke, T.; Hagemann, S.: HydroPy (v1.0): a new global hydrology model written in Python. Geoscientific Model Development. 2021. vol. 14, no. 12, 7795-7816. DOI: 10.5194/gmd-14-7795-2021}}
@misc{dicosmo_climate_and_2021, 
author={Di Cosmo, N.,Wagner, S.,Büntgen, U.},
title={Climate and environmental context of the Mongol invasion of Syria and defeat at ‘Ayn Jālūt (1258–1260 CE)},
year={2021},
howpublished = {journal article},
doi = {https://doi.org/10.3112/erdkunde.2021.02.02},
abstract = {After a successful conquest of large parts of Syria in 1258 and 1259 CE, the Mongol army lost the battle of 'Ayn Jālūt against Mamluks on September 3, 1260 CE. Recognized as a turning point in world history, their sudden defeat triggered the reconfiguration of strategic alliances and geopolitical power not only in the Middle East, but also across much of Eurasia. Despite decades of research, scholars have not yet reached consensus over the causes of the Mongol reverse. Here, we revisit previous arguments in light of climate and environmental changes in the aftermath of one the largest volcanic forcings in the past 2500 years, the Samalas eruption ~1257 CE. Regional tree ring-based climate reconstructions and state-of-the-art Earth System Model simulations reveal cooler and wetter conditions from spring 1258 to autumn 1259 CE for the eastern Mediterranean/Arabian region. We therefore hypothesize that the post-Samalas climate anomaly and associated environmental variability affected an estimated 120,000 Mongol soldiers and up to half a million of their horses during the conquest. More specifically, we argue that colder and wetter climates in 1258 and 1259 CE, while complicating and slowing the campaign in certain areas, such as the mountainous regions in the Caucasus and Anatolia, also facilitated the assault on Syria between January and March 1260. A return to warmer and dryer conditions in the summer of 1260 CE, however, likely reduced the regional carrying capacity and may therefore have forced a mass withdrawal of the Mongols from the region that contributed to the Mamluks’ victory. In pointing to a distinct environmental dependency of the Mongols, we offer a new explanation of their defeat at 'Ayn Jālūt, which effectively halted the further expansion of the largest ever land-based empire.},
note = {Online available at: \url{https://doi.org/10.3112/erdkunde.2021.02.02} (DOI). Di Cosmo, N.; Wagner, S.; Büntgen, U.: Climate and environmental context of the Mongol invasion of Syria and defeat at ‘Ayn Jālūt (1258–1260 CE). Erdkunde : Archive for Scientific Geography. 2021. vol. 75, no. 2, 87-104. DOI: 10.3112/erdkunde.2021.02.02}}
@misc{weisse_sea_level_2021, 
author={Weisse, R.,Dailidiene, I.,Hünicke, B.,Kahma, K.,Madsen, K.,Omstedt, A.,Parnell, K.,Schöne, T.,Soomere, T.,Zhang, W.,Zorita, E.},
title={Sea level dynamics and coastal erosion in the Baltic Sea region},
year={2021},
howpublished = {journal article},
doi = {https://doi.org/10.5194/esd-12-871-2021},
abstract = {There are a large number of geophysical processes affecting sea level dynamics and coastal erosion in the Baltic Sea region. These processes operate on a large range of spatial and temporal scales and are observed in many other coastal regions worldwide. This, along with the outstanding number of long data records, makes the Baltic Sea a unique laboratory for advancing our knowledge on interactions between processes steering sea level and erosion in a climate change context. Processes contributing to sea level dynamics and coastal erosion in the Baltic Sea include the still ongoing viscoelastic response of the Earth to the last deglaciation, contributions from global and North Atlantic mean sea level changes, or contributions from wind waves affecting erosion and sediment transport along the subsiding southern Baltic Sea coast. Other examples are storm surges, seiches, or meteotsunamis which primarily contribute to sea level extremes. Such processes have undergone considerable variation and change in the past. For example, over approximately the past 50 years, the Baltic absolute (geocentric) mean sea level has risen at a rate slightly larger than the global average. In the northern parts of the Baltic Sea, due to vertical land movements, relative mean sea level has decreased. Sea level extremes are strongly linked to variability and changes in large-scale atmospheric circulation. The patterns and mechanisms contributing to erosion and accretion strongly depend on hydrodynamic conditions and their variability. For large parts of the sedimentary shores of the Baltic Sea, the wave climate and the angle at which the waves approach the nearshore region are the dominant factors, and coastline changes are highly sensitive to even small variations in these driving forces. Consequently, processes contributing to Baltic sea level dynamics and coastline change are expected to vary and to change in the future, leaving their imprint on future Baltic sea level and coastline change and variability. Because of the large number of contributing processes, their relevance for understanding global figures, and the outstanding data availability, global sea level research and research on coastline changes may greatly benefit from research undertaken in the Baltic Sea.},
note = {Online available at: \url{https://doi.org/10.5194/esd-12-871-2021} (DOI). Weisse, R.; Dailidiene, I.; Hünicke, B.; Kahma, K.; Madsen, K.; Omstedt, A.; Parnell, K.; Schöne, T.; Soomere, T.; Zhang, W.; Zorita, E.: Sea level dynamics and coastal erosion in the Baltic Sea region. Earth System Dynamics. 2021. vol. 12, no. 3, 871-898. DOI: 10.5194/esd-12-871-2021}}
@misc{thiery_intergenerational_inequities_2021, 
author={Thiery, W.,Lange, S.,Rogelj, J.,Schleussner, C.-F.,Gudmundsson, L.,Seneviratne, S.I.,Andrijevic, M.,Frieler, K.,Emanuel, K.,Geiger, T.,Bresch, D.N.,Zhao, F.,Willner, S.N.,Büchner, M.,Volkholz, J.,Bauer, N.,Chang, J.,Ciais, P.,Dury, M.,François, L.,Grillakis, M.,Gosling, S.N.,Hanasaki, N.,Hickler, T.,Huber, V.,Ito, A.,Jägermeyr, J.,Khabarov, N.,Koutroulis, A.,Liu, W.,Lutz, W.,Mengel, M.,Müller, C.,Ostberg, S.,Reyer, C.P.O.,Stacke, T.,Wada, Y.},
title={Intergenerational inequities in exposure to climate extremes},
year={2021},
howpublished = {journal article},
doi = {https://doi.org/10.1126/science.abi7339},
abstract = {Under continued global warming, extreme events such as heat waves will continue to rise in frequency, intensity, duration, and spatial extent over the next decades (1–4). Younger generations are therefore expected to face more such events across their lifetimes compared with older generations. This raises important issues of solidarity and fairness across generations (5, 6) that have fueled a surge of climate protests led by young people in recent years and that underpin issues of intergenerational equity raised in recent climate litigation. However, the standard scientific paradigm is to assess climate change in discrete time windows or at discrete levels of warming (7), a “period” approach that inhibits quantification of how much more extreme events a particular generation will experience over its lifetime compared with another. By developing a “cohort” perspective to quantify changes in lifetime exposure to climate extremes and compare across generations (see the first figure), we estimate that children born in 2020 will experience a two- to sevenfold increase in extreme events, particularly heat waves, compared with people born in 1960, under current climate policy pledges. Our results highlight a severe threat to the safety of young generations and call for drastic emission reductions to safeguard their future.},
note = {Online available at: \url{https://doi.org/10.1126/science.abi7339} (DOI). Thiery, W.; Lange, S.; Rogelj, J.; Schleussner, C.; Gudmundsson, L.; Seneviratne, S.; Andrijevic, M.; Frieler, K.; Emanuel, K.; Geiger, T.; Bresch, D.; Zhao, F.; Willner, S.; Büchner, M.; Volkholz, J.; Bauer, N.; Chang, J.; Ciais, P.; Dury, M.; François, L.; Grillakis, M.; Gosling, S.; Hanasaki, N.; Hickler, T.; Huber, V.; Ito, A.; Jägermeyr, J.; Khabarov, N.; Koutroulis, A.; Liu, W.; Lutz, W.; Mengel, M.; Müller, C.; Ostberg, S.; Reyer, C.; Stacke, T.; Wada, Y.: Intergenerational inequities in exposure to climate extremes. Science. 2021. vol. 374, no. 6564, 158-160. DOI: 10.1126/science.abi7339}}
@misc{srland_cosmoclm_regional_2021, 
author={Sørland, S.L.,Brogli, R.,Pothapakula, P.K.,Russo, E.,Van De Walle, J.,Ahrens, B.,Anders, I.,Bucchignani, E.,Davin, E.L.,Demory, M.-E.,Dosio, A.,Feldmann, H.,Früh, B.,Geyer, B.,Keuler, K.,Lee, D.,Li, D.,Van Lipzig, N.P.M.,Min, S.-K.,Panitz, H.-J.,Rockel, B.,Schär, C.,Steger, C.,Thiery, W.},
title={COSMO-CLM regional climate simulations in the Coordinated Regional Climate Downscaling Experiment (CORDEX) framework: a review},
year={2021},
howpublished = {journal article},
doi = {https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-14-5125-2021},
abstract = {In the last decade, the Climate Limited-area Modeling Community (CLM-Community) has contributed to the Coordinated Regional Climate Downscaling Experiment (CORDEX) with an extensive set of regional climate simulations. Using several versions of the COSMO-CLM-Community model, ERA-Interim reanalysis and eight global climate models from phase 5 of the Coupled Model Intercomparison Project (CMIP5) were dynamically downscaled with horizontal grid spacings of 0.44∘ (∼ 50 km), 0.22∘ (∼ 25 km), and 0.11∘ (∼ 12 km) over the CORDEX domains Europe, South Asia, East Asia, Australasia, and Africa. This major effort resulted in 80 regional climate simulations publicly available through the Earth System Grid Federation (ESGF) web portals for use in impact studies and climate scenario assessments. Here we review the production of these simulations and assess their results in terms of mean near-surface temperature and precipitation to aid the future design of the COSMO-CLM model simulations. It is found that a domain-specific parameter tuning is beneficial, while increasing horizontal model resolution (from 50 to 25 or 12 km grid spacing) alone does not always improve the performance of the simulation. Moreover, the COSMO-CLM performance depends on the driving data. This is generally more important than the dependence on horizontal resolution, model version, and configuration. Our results emphasize the importance of performing regional climate projections in a coordinated way, where guidance from both the global (GCM) and regional (RCM) climate modeling communities is needed to increase the reliability of the GCM–RCM modeling chain.},
note = {Online available at: \url{https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-14-5125-2021} (DOI). Sørland, S.; Brogli, R.; Pothapakula, P.; Russo, E.; Van De Walle, J.; Ahrens, B.; Anders, I.; Bucchignani, E.; Davin, E.; Demory, M.; Dosio, A.; Feldmann, H.; Früh, B.; Geyer, B.; Keuler, K.; Lee, D.; Li, D.; Van Lipzig, N.; Min, S.; Panitz, H.; Rockel, B.; Schär, C.; Steger, C.; Thiery, W.: COSMO-CLM regional climate simulations in the Coordinated Regional Climate Downscaling Experiment (CORDEX) framework: a review. Geoscientific Model Development. 2021. vol. 14, no. 8, 5125-5154. DOI: 10.5194/gmd-14-5125-2021}}
@misc{vandewolfshaar_sensitivity_of_2021, 
author={van de Wolfshaar, K.,Daewel, U.,Hjøllo, S.,Troost, T.,Kreus, M.,Pätsch, J.,Ji, R.,Maar, M.},
title={Sensitivity of the fish community to different prey fields and importance of spatial-seasonal patterns},
year={2021},
howpublished = {journal article},
doi = {https://doi.org/10.3354/meps13885},
abstract = {Different fish species and life stages depend not only on food abundance, but also on the size of planktonic prey, and (mis-)matches in time and space with suitable prey may influence the growth and survival of fish during their lifetime. We explored the sensitivity of a fish community to spatial-temporal differences in plankton prey fields. Data from 5 different lower trophic level models in the North Sea (Delft3D-WAQ, ECOHAM, ECOSMO, HBM-ERGOM and NORWECOM) were used to force the food web model OSMOSE which simulates spatially and temporally explicit higher trophic level fish dynamics. The estimated fish biomass levels were clearly and positively linked to zooplankton biomass, and sensitivity studies varying zooplankton biomass revealed that spatial and temporal variation in zooplankton drives the differences in absolute fish biomass. More zooplankton size bins resulted in less fish biomass due to size-based foraging constraints (i.e. a smaller proportion of bins falls within the prey size range of a fish, resulting in a decrease in available food). Nevertheless, we found a consistent response across models in the relative biomass contribution and spatial patterns of selected fish groups, indicating low sensitivity of the composition of the simulated fish community to the zooplankton input. The robustness of the outcome will aid model acceptance and implementation into management action. Relative, not absolute, changes in primary and secondary production may therefore be used to study the effects of management scenarios on fish communities.},
note = {Online available at: \url{https://doi.org/10.3354/meps13885} (DOI). van de Wolfshaar, K.; Daewel, U.; Hjøllo, S.; Troost, T.; Kreus, M.; Pätsch, J.; Ji, R.; Maar, M.: Sensitivity of the fish community to different prey fields and importance of spatial-seasonal patterns. Marine Ecology Progress Series. 2021. vol. 680, 79-95. DOI: 10.3354/meps13885}}
@misc{gonzlezrouco_increasing_the_2021, 
author={González-Rouco, J.,Steinert, N.,García-Bustamante, E.,Hagemann, S.,de Vrese, P.,Jungclaus, J.,Lorenz, S.,Melo-Aguilar, C.,García-Pereira, F.,Navarro, J.},
title={Increasing the Depth of a Land Surface Model. Part I: Impacts on the Subsurface Thermal Regime and Energy Storage},
year={2021},
howpublished = {journal article},
doi = {https://doi.org/10.1175/JHM-D-21-0024.1},
abstract = {The representation of the thermal and hydrological states in land surface models is important for a realistic simulation of land–atmosphere coupling processes. The available evidence indicates that the simulation of subsurface thermodynamics in Earth system models is inaccurate due to a zero-heat-flux bottom boundary condition being imposed too close to the surface. To assess the influence of soil model depth on the simulated terrestrial energy and subsurface thermal state, sensitivity experiments have been carried out in piControl, historical, and RCP scenarios. A deeper bottom boundary condition placement has been introduced into the JSBACH land surface model by enlarging the vertical stratification from 5 to 12 layers, thereby expanding its depth from 9.83 to 1416.84 m. The model takes several hundred years to reach an equilibrium state in stand-alone piControl simulations. A depth of 100 m is necessary, and 300 m recommendable, to handle the warming trends in historical and scenario simulations. Using a deep bottom boundary, warming of the soil column is reduced by 0.5 to 1.5 K in scenario simulations over most land areas, with the largest changes occurring in northern high latitudes, consistent with polar amplification. Energy storage is 3–5 times larger in the deep than in the shallow model and increases progressively with additional soil layers until the model depth reaches about 200 m. While the contents of Part I focus on the sensitivity of subsurface thermodynamics to enlarging the space for energy, Part II addresses the sensitivity to changing the space for water and improving hydrological and phase-change interactions.},
note = {Online available at: \url{https://doi.org/10.1175/JHM-D-21-0024.1} (DOI). González-Rouco, J.; Steinert, N.; García-Bustamante, E.; Hagemann, S.; de Vrese, P.; Jungclaus, J.; Lorenz, S.; Melo-Aguilar, C.; García-Pereira, F.; Navarro, J.: Increasing the Depth of a Land Surface Model. Part I: Impacts on the Subsurface Thermal Regime and Energy Storage. Journal of Hydrometeorology. 2021. vol. 22, no. 12, 3211-3230. DOI: 10.1175/JHM-D-21-0024.1}}
@misc{lacroix_historical_increases_2021, 
author={Lacroix, F.,Ilyina, T.,Mathis, M.,Laruelle, G.,Regnier, P.},
title={Historical increases in land-derived nutrient inputs may alleviate effects of a changing physical climate on the oceanic carbon cycle},
year={2021},
howpublished = {journal article},
doi = {https://doi.org/10.1111/gcb.15822},
abstract = {The implications of climate change and other human perturbations on the oceanic carbon cycle are still associated with large uncertainties. Global-scale modelling studies are essential to investigate anthropogenic perturbations of oceanic carbon fluxes but, until now, they have not considered the impacts of temporal changes in riverine and atmospheric inputs of P and N on the marine net biological productivity (NPP) and air–sea CO2 exchange (FCO2). To address this, we perform a series of simulations using an enhanced version of the global ocean biogeochemistry model HAMOCC to isolate effects arising from (1) increasing atmospheric CO2 levels, (2) a changing physical climate and (3) alterations in inputs of terrigenous P and N on marine carbon cycling over the 1905–2010 period. Our simulations reveal that our first-order approximation of increased terrigenous nutrient inputs causes an enhancement of 2.15 Pg C year−1 of the global marine NPP, a relative increase of +5% over the simulation period. This increase completely compensates the simulated NPP decrease as a result of increased upper ocean stratification of −3% in relative terms. The coastal ocean undergoes a global relative increase of 14% in NPP arising largely from increased riverine inputs, with regional increases exceeding 100%, for instance on the shelves of the Bay of Bengal. The imprint of enhanced terrigenous nutrient inputs is also simulated further offshore, inducing a 1.75 Pg C year−1 (+4%) enhancement of the NPP in the open ocean. This finding implies that the perturbation of carbon fluxes through coastal eutrophication may extend further offshore than that was previously assumed. While increased nutrient inputs are the largest driver of change for the CO2 uptake at the regional scale and enhance the global coastal ocean CO2 uptake by 0.02 Pg C year−1, they only marginally affect the FCO2 of the open ocean over our study's timeline.},
note = {Online available at: \url{https://doi.org/10.1111/gcb.15822} (DOI). Lacroix, F.; Ilyina, T.; Mathis, M.; Laruelle, G.; Regnier, P.: Historical increases in land-derived nutrient inputs may alleviate effects of a changing physical climate on the oceanic carbon cycle. Global Change Biology. 2021. vol. 27, no. 21, 5491-5513. DOI: 10.1111/gcb.15822}}
@misc{vonstorch_revisiting_hansen_2021, 
author={von Storch, H.,Zorita, E.},
title={Revisiting Hansen & Sutera’s suggestion of bimodality in the Northern Hemisphere midlatitude circulation},
year={2021},
howpublished = {journal article},
doi = {https://doi.org/10.1016/j.dynatmoce.2021.101241},
abstract = {Inspired by the Charney-and-de Vore hypothesis, Hansen and Sutera in 1986 came forward with the claim of having detected a fingerprint of the presence of two preferred state in the tropospheric circulation at northern Hemisphere mid-latitudes. Shortly after, Nitsche et al. found that this claim was premature, since it may be caused by a insufficient data base. Now, with much more data, both from reanalyses and from extended control runs with earth System models, we have revisited this case, and found no evidence of such bimodality, when using the original metric.,Following the principle that lack of evidence is not evidence of lacking reality, it may be possible to detect footprints of multimodality with different metrics, and we are not making any claims of that sort, even if the literature provides little evidence of the success of alternative metrics.,Our result has a dual significance, namely first for our understanding of atmospheric dynamics, and secondly of the ubiquitous temptations of the Zeitgeist.},
note = {Online available at: \url{https://doi.org/10.1016/j.dynatmoce.2021.101241} (DOI). von Storch, H.; Zorita, E.: Revisiting Hansen & Sutera’s suggestion of bimodality in the Northern Hemisphere midlatitude circulation. Dynamics of Atmospheres and Oceans. 2021. vol. 95, 101241. DOI: 10.1016/j.dynatmoce.2021.101241}}
@misc{steinert_agreement_of_2021, 
author={Steinert, N.J.,González-Rouco, J.F.,Melo Aguilar, C.A.,García Pereira, F.,García-Bustamante, E.,de Vrese, P.,Alexeev, V.,Jungclaus, J.H.,Lorenz, S.J.,Hagemann, S.},
title={Agreement of Analytical and Simulation-Based Estimates of the Required Land Depth in Climate Models},
year={2021},
howpublished = {journal article},
doi = {https://doi.org/10.1029/2021GL094273},
abstract = {Previous analytical and simulation-based analyses suggest that deeper land surface models are needed to realistically simulate the terrestrial thermal state in climate models, with implications for land-atmosphere interactions. Analytical approaches mainly focused on the subsurface propagation of harmonics such as the annual temperature signal, and a direct comparison with climate-change model output has been elusive. This study addresses the propagation of a harmonic pulse fitted to represent the timescale and amplitude of anthropogenic warming. Its comparison to land model simulations with stepwise increased bottom boundary depth leads to an agreement between the simulation-based and analytical frameworks for long-term climate trends. Any depth increase gradually decreases the relative error in the subsurface thermodynamics, and a minimum depth of 170 m is recommended to simulate the ground climate adequately. The approach provides an accurate estimate of the required land-model depth for climate-change simulations and assesses the relative bias in insufficiently deep land models.},
note = {Online available at: \url{https://doi.org/10.1029/2021GL094273} (DOI). Steinert, N.; González-Rouco, J.; Melo Aguilar, C.; García Pereira, F.; García-Bustamante, E.; de Vrese, P.; Alexeev, V.; Jungclaus, J.; Lorenz, S.; Hagemann, S.: Agreement of Analytical and Simulation-Based Estimates of the Required Land Depth in Climate Models. Geophysical Research Letters. 2021. vol. 48, no. 20, e2021GL094273. DOI: 10.1029/2021GL094273}}
@misc{jonkers_preface_advances_2021, 
author={Jonkers, L.,Bothe, O.,Kucera, M.},
title={Preface: Advances in paleoclimate data synthesis and analysis of associated uncertainty: towards data–model integration to understand the climate},
year={2021},
howpublished = {journal article},
doi = {https://doi.org/10.5194/cp-17-2577-2021},
abstract = {No abstract},
note = {Online available at: \url{https://doi.org/10.5194/cp-17-2577-2021} (DOI). Jonkers, L.; Bothe, O.; Kucera, M.: Preface: Advances in paleoclimate data synthesis and analysis of associated uncertainty: towards data–model integration to understand the climate. Climate of the Past. 2021. vol. 17, no. 6, 2577-2581. DOI: 10.5194/cp-17-2577-2021}}
@misc{wirtz_changing_readiness_2021, 
author={Wirtz, K.},
title={Changing readiness to mitigate SARS-CoV-2 steered long-term epidemic and social trajectories},
year={2021},
howpublished = {journal article},
doi = {https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-021-93248-y},
abstract = {Societal responses crucially shape the course of a pandemic, but are difficult to predict. Mitigation measures such as social distancing are here assumed to minimize a utility function that consists of two conflicting sub-targets, the disease related mortality and the multifaceted consequences of mitigation. The relative weight of the two sub-targets defines the mitigation readiness H, which entails the political, social, and psychological aspects of decision making. The dynamics of social and behavioral mitigation thus follows an adaptive rule, which in turn is mediated by a non-adaptive dynamics of H. This framework for social dynamics is integrated into an epidemiological model and applied to the ongoing SARS-CoV-2 pandemic. Unperturbed simulations accurately reproduce diverse epidemic and mitigation trajectories from 2020 to 2021, reported from 11 European countries, Iran, and 8 US states. High regional variability in the severity and duration of the spring lockdown and in peak mortality rates of the first SARS-CoV-2 wave can be explained by differences in the reconstructed readiness H. A ubiquitous temporal decrease of H has greatly intensified second and third waves and slowed down their decay. The unprecedented skill of the model suggests that the combination of an adaptive and a non-adaptive rule may constitute a more fundamental mode in social dynamics. Its implementation in an epidemic context can produce realistic long-term scenarios relevant for strategic planning, such as on the feasibility of a zero-infection target or on the evolutionary arms race between mutations of SARS-CoV-2 and social responses.},
note = {Online available at: \url{https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-021-93248-y} (DOI). Wirtz, K.: Changing readiness to mitigate SARS-CoV-2 steered long-term epidemic and social trajectories. Scientific Reports. 2021. vol. 11, no. 1, 13919. DOI: 10.1038/s41598-021-93248-y}}
@misc{steinert_increasing_the_2021, 
author={Steinert, N.,González-Rouco, J.,de Vrese, P.,García-Bustamante, E.,Hagemann, S.,Melo-Aguilar, C.,Jungclaus, J.,Lorenz, S.},
title={Increasing the Depth of a Land Surface Model. Part II: Temperature Sensitivity to Improved Subsurface Thermodynamics and Associated Permafrost Response},
year={2021},
howpublished = {journal article},
doi = {https://doi.org/10.1175/JHM-D-21-0023.1},
abstract = {The impact of various modifications of the JSBACH land surface model to represent soil temperature and cold-region hydro-thermodynamic processes in climate projections of the twenty-first century is examined. We explore the sensitivity of JSBACH to changes in the soil thermodynamics, energy balance and storage, and the effect of including freezing and thawing processes. The changes involve 1) the net effect of an improved soil physical representation and 2) the sensitivity of our results to changed soil parameter values and their contribution to the simulation of soil temperatures and soil moisture, both aspects being presented in the frame of an increased bottom boundary depth from 9.83 to 1418.84 m. The implementation of water phase changes and supercooled water in the ground creates a coupling between the soil thermal and hydrological regimes through latent heat exchange. Momentous effects on subsurface temperature of up to ±3 K, together with soil drying in the high northern latitudes, can be found at regional scales when applying improved hydro-thermodynamic soil physics. The sensitivity of the model to different soil parameter datasets is relatively low but shows important implications for the root zone soil moisture content. The evolution of permafrost under preindustrial forcing conditions emerges in simulated trajectories of stable states that differ by 4–6 × 106 km2 and shows large differences in the spatial extent of 105–106 km2 by 2100, depending on the model configuration.},
note = {Online available at: \url{https://doi.org/10.1175/JHM-D-21-0023.1} (DOI). Steinert, N.; González-Rouco, J.; de Vrese, P.; García-Bustamante, E.; Hagemann, S.; Melo-Aguilar, C.; Jungclaus, J.; Lorenz, S.: Increasing the Depth of a Land Surface Model. Part II: Temperature Sensitivity to Improved Subsurface Thermodynamics and Associated Permafrost Response. Journal of Hydrometeorology. 2021. vol. 22, no. 12, 3231-3254. DOI: 10.1175/JHM-D-21-0023.1}}
@misc{schulzstellenfleth_optimisation_of_2021, 
author={Schulz-Stellenfleth, J.,Foerderreuther, S.,Horstmann, J.,Staneva, J.},
title={Optimisation of Parameters in a German Bight Circulation Model by 4DVAR Assimilation of Current and Water Level Observations},
year={2021},
howpublished = {journal article},
doi = {https://doi.org/10.3389/fmars.2021.648266},
abstract = {Uncertain parameters in a 3D barotropic circulation model of the German Bight are estimated with a variational optimisation approach. Surface current measurements from a high frequency (HF) radar are used in combination with acoustic Doppler current profiler (ADCP) and tide gauge observations as input for a 4DVAR assimilation scheme. The required cost function gradients are estimated using an adjoint model code. The focus of the study is on systematic errors of the model with the control vector including parameters of the bathymetry, bottom roughness, open boundary forcing, meteorological forcing as well as the turbulence model. The model uses the same bathymetry, open boundary forcing, and metereological forcing as the operational model run at the Federal Maritime and Hydrographic Agency (BSH). The baroclinic BSH model is used as a reference to put the performance of the optimised model into perspective. It is shown that the optimised model has better agreement with HF radar data and tide gauge observations both within the fortnight training period and the test period 1 month later. Current profile measurements taken at two platforms indicate that both models have comparable error magnitudes at those locations. The optimised model was also compared with independent drifter data. In this case, drifter simulations based on the BSH model and the respective operational drift model including some surface wave effects were used as a reference. Again, these comparison showed very similar results overall, with some larger errors of the tuned model in very shallow areas, where no observations were used for the tuning and surface wave effects, which are only explicitly considered in the BSH model, play a more important role. The tuned model seems to be slightly more dissipative than the BSH model with more energy entering through the western boundary and less energy leaving toward the north. It also became evident that the 4DVAR cost function minimisation process is complicated by momentum advection, which leads to non-differentiable dependencies of the model with respect to the control vector. It turned out that the omission of momentum advection in the adjoint code still leads to robust estimates of descent directions.},
note = {Online available at: \url{https://doi.org/10.3389/fmars.2021.648266} (DOI). Schulz-Stellenfleth, J.; Foerderreuther, S.; Horstmann, J.; Staneva, J.: Optimisation of Parameters in a German Bight Circulation Model by 4DVAR Assimilation of Current and Water Level Observations. Frontiers in Marine Science. 2021. vol. 8, 648266. DOI: 10.3389/fmars.2021.648266}}
@misc{danilovich_estimates_of_2021, 
author={Danilovich, I.,Geyer, B.},
title={Estimates of current and future climate change in Belarus based on meteorological station data and the EURO-CORDEX-11 dataset},
year={2021},
howpublished = {journal article},
doi = {https://doi.org/10.26491/mhwm/139386},
abstract = {This study provides an assessment of the current and future changes (in terms of both direction and value) in air temper-ature, precipitation, snow, wind and their extremes over the territory of Belarus using information from 42 meteorologi-cal stations and 92 regional circulation model (RCM) simulations with the highest available horizontal resolution (EUR-11). Three representative concentration pathway scenarios, namely, RCP2.6, RCP4.5 and RCP8.5, are considered. Results demonstrate that in recent decades, temperature has increased over the territory of Belarus by 1.3°C, with the largest increase occurring during the cold season (2.1-2.3°C). Ensemble scenarios project further increases in air tempera-ture in the current century by +0.5-1.5°C, +2.8°C, and +5.2°C under the RCP2.6, RCP4.5 and RCP8.5 scenarios, with the largest increase during the cold season under the RCP8.5 scenario. The annual means were observed to increase (in-significantly) by 5-7% and the summer precipitation extremes exhibited a 20-25% growth in recent decades. Moreover, dry conditions have intensified in Belarus, particularly during the growing season. Further increases in precipitation of 10-15% across Belarus are projected to occur in all seasons under the RCP4.5 and RCP8.5 scenarios. Simulation models predict greater increases in single day rainfall events compared to their multiday precipitation counterparts. The greatest increases in maximal dry period length (by 1-2) are expected to occur in summer and autumn. The models project the general decrease in snowfall across Belarus to continue into the current century, with a reduction in snow precipitation days of 10-30 days. Despite the reduced wind strength (by 0.9-1.0 m·s-1) since the 1970s over the territory of Belarus, the ensemble model reveals slight nonsignificant changes in seasonal and annual wind strengths until the end of the century. Significant changes of 1-3 days under varying directions of the wind regime were observed for days with a strong breeze and storms.},
note = {Online available at: \url{https://doi.org/10.26491/mhwm/139386} (DOI). Danilovich, I.; Geyer, B.: Estimates of current and future climate change in Belarus based on meteorological station data and the EURO-CORDEX-11 dataset. Meteorology, Hydrology and Water Management. 2021. vol. 9, no. 1-2, DOI: 10.26491/mhwm/139386}}
@misc{jensen_untersuchungen_zur_2021, 
author={Jensen, J.,Ebener, A.,Jänicke, L.,Arns, A.,Hubert, K.,Wurpts, A.,Berkenbrink, C.,Weisse, R.,Yi, X.,Meyer, E.},
title={Untersuchungen zur Entwicklung der Tidedynamik an derdeutschen Nordseeküste (ALADYN)},
year={2021},
howpublished = {journal article},
doi = {https://doi.org/10.18171/1.089105},
abstract = {Die deutsche Nordseeküste ist ein stark tidebeeinflusstes und komplexes Küstengewässer, das vielen natürlichen und anthropogenen Einwirkungen unterliegt. Diese Einwirkungen spiegeln sich in der Ausprägung der Gezeiten wider, die i. d. R. aus Pegelaufzeichnungen abgeleitet  werden  können.  Das  Verbundprojekt  ALADYN  („Analyse  der  beobachteten  Tidedynamik in der Nordsee“, Förderkennzeichen: 03F0756 A-C) liefert einen Beitrag zur Erklärung  der  Änderungen  und  zeitlichen  Variationen  der  Tidewasserstände  und  des  Tidehubs  seit  Mitte  des  20.  Jahrhunderts.  Untersucht  wurden  dazu  mögliche  groß-   und kleinräumige Einflussfaktoren, die die Entwicklungen der Tidedynamik in der Deutschen Bucht beeinflusst haben. Zu den untersuchten großräumigen Einflussfaktoren zählen u. a. großräumige Veränderungen der Tidedynamik im Nordostatlantik, der Anstieg des mittle-ren Meeresspiegels, langfristige Schwankungen oder Veränderungen in der großräumigen atmosphärischen Zirkulation, überregionale morphologische Änderungen entlang der Küs-ten  und  der  Einfluss  größerer  historischer  Baumaßnahmen.  Berücksichtigt  wurden  aber  auch kleinräumige Einflüsse und lokale Maßnahmen im Bereich einzelner Pegel, wie z. B. größere Baumaßnahmen und die daraus resultierenden morphologischen Veränderungenim Küstenvorfeld. Um die beteiligten Prozesse zu identifizieren, wurde eine Abschätzung des  Einflusses  von  lokalen Baumaßnahmen  im  Rahmen  des Teilprojekts ALADYN-A durch das Forschungsinstitut Wasser und Umwelt (fwu) der Universität Siegen durchge-führt. Entwickelt wurde ein Ansatz zur Separierung großräumiger Entwicklungen von lo-kalen   Effekten   in    langjährigen Beobachtungsdaten   der   Tidewasserstände   und   des   Tidehubs. Mithilfe von Detailuntersuchungen der lokalen Effekte konnten Auswirkungen einzelner  Baumaßnahmen  beschrieben  werden.  Darüber  hinaus  wurden  im  Teilprojekt  ALADYN-B die durchgeführten statistischen Analysen durch numerische Modelluntersu-chungen zum Einfluss großräumiger Effekte auf die Tidedynamik am Helmholtz-Zentrum Geesthacht (HZG) ergänzt. Zusätzlich untersuchte die Forschungsstelle Küste im Nieder-sächsischen Landesbetrieb für Wasserwirtschaft, Küsten-  und Naturschutz (NLWKN) im Teilprojekt  ALADYN-C  Wechselwirkungen  zwischen  regionalen  morphologischen  Ver-änderungen in den Ästuaren und der Tidedynamik im angrenzenden Küstenvorfeld. An-hand der Gegenüberstellung verschiedener morphologischer Zustände konnte aufgezeigt werden, wie weit und wie stark die großräumige Tidedynamik durch regionale Veränderun-gen beeinflusst werden kann.},
note = {Online available at: \url{https://doi.org/10.18171/1.089105} (DOI). Jensen, J.; Ebener, A.; Jänicke, L.; Arns, A.; Hubert, K.; Wurpts, A.; Berkenbrink, C.; Weisse, R.; Yi, X.; Meyer, E.: Untersuchungen zur Entwicklung der Tidedynamik an derdeutschen Nordseeküste (ALADYN). Die Küste. 2021. no. 89, 131-142. DOI: 10.18171/1.089105}}
@misc{haid_secondary_circulation_2020, 
author={Haid, V.,Stanev, E.,Pein, J.,Staneva, J.,Chen, W.},
title={Secondary circulation in shallow ocean straits: Observations and numerical modeling of the Danish Straits},
year={2020},
howpublished = {journal article},
doi = {https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ocemod.2020.101585},
abstract = {In this paper, we explore the secondary flows in the Danish Straits using observations and numerical simulations performed with the unstructured-grid hydrodynamic model SCHISM covering the North Sea and Baltic Sea. The straits are resolved on scales of up to 100 m. Given that large-scale atmospheric variability dominates the transport in these straits, we focus on the processes with subtidal time scales. Similarities and differences between the in- and outflows in the straits and flood and ebb flows in estuaries are analyzed. Contrary to the tidal straining in estuaries, the Danish Straits feature substantial differences in the stratification stability during the outflow and inflow phases. With a resolution of 100 m, new transport and mixing pathways that were previously unresolved appear fundamental to the strait dynamics. The variety of the strait morphology leads to high variability in the appearance of secondary circulation. Helical cells, often with a horizontal extension of 1 km, develop in the deep parts of the channels. A comparison between the high-resolution simulation and a simulation with a coarse grid of 500 m in the straits suggests that the coarser resolution overestimates the stratification and misrepresents the transport balance; the axial velocities and transport through the Sound are underestimated by 12%. These differences are explained by the missing secondary circulation when the coarse resolution is used (approximately two grid-points per cell instead of ten grid-points per cell in the fine resolution model), along with the resulting changes in mixing along the straits. In conclusion, the use of ultrafine resolution grids is essential to adequately resolve secondary flow patterns and two-layer exchange. Thus, the problems caused by the failure to resolve the secondary circulation in straits appear similar to the problems caused by the failure to resolve mesoscale eddies in ocean models.},
note = {Online available at: \url{https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ocemod.2020.101585} (DOI). Haid, V.; Stanev, E.; Pein, J.; Staneva, J.; Chen, W.: Secondary circulation in shallow ocean straits: Observations and numerical modeling of the Danish Straits. Ocean Modelling. 2020. vol. 148, 101585. DOI: 10.1016/j.ocemod.2020.101585}}
@misc{mathis_the_impact_2020, 
author={Mathis, M.,Mikolajewicz, U.},
title={The impact of meltwater discharge from the Greenland ice sheet on the Atlantic nutrient supply to the northwest European shelf},
year={2020},
howpublished = {journal article},
doi = {https://doi.org/10.5194/os-16-167-2020},
abstract = {Projected future shoaling of the wintertime mixed layer in the northeast (NE) Atlantic has been shown to induce a regime shift in the main nutrient supply pathway from the Atlantic to the northwest European shelf (NWES) near the end of the 21st century. While reduced winter convection leads to a substantial decrease in the vertical nutrient supply and biological productivity in the open ocean, vertical mixing processes at the shelf break maintain a connection to the subpycnocline nutrient pool and thus productivity on the shelf. Here, we investigate how meltwater discharge from the Greenland ice sheet (GIS), not yet taken into account, impacts the mixed layer shoaling and the regime shift in terms of spatial distribution and temporal variability. To this end, we have downscaled sensitivity experiments by a global Earth system model for various GIS melting rates with a regionally coupled ocean–atmosphere climate system model. The model results indicate that increasing GIS meltwater discharge leads to a general intensification of the regime shift. Atlantic subpycnocline water masses mixed up at the shelf break become richer in nutrients and thus further limit the projected nutrient decline on the shelf. Moreover, the stronger vertical nutrient gradient through the pycnocline results in an enhanced interannual variability of on-shelf nutrient fluxes which, however, do not significantly increase variations in nutrient concentrations and primary production on the shelf. Due to the impact of the GIS meltwater discharge on the NE Atlantic mixed layer depth, the regime shift becomes initiated earlier in the century. The effect on the onset timing, though, is found to be strongly damped by the weakening of the Atlantic meridional overturning circulation. A GIS melting rate that is even 10 times higher than expected for emission scenario Representative Concentration Pathway (RCP) 8.5 would not lead to an onset of the regime shift until the 2070s.},
note = {Online available at: \url{https://doi.org/10.5194/os-16-167-2020} (DOI). Mathis, M.; Mikolajewicz, U.: The impact of meltwater discharge from the Greenland ice sheet on the Atlantic nutrient supply to the northwest European shelf. Ocean Science. 2020. vol. 16, no. 1, 167-193. DOI: 10.5194/os-16-167-2020}}
@misc{schreiberov_benzoapyrene_in_2020, 
author={Schreiberová, M.,Vlasáková, L.,Vlček, O.,Šmejdířová, J.,Horálek, J.,Bieser, J.},
title={Benzo[a]pyrene in the Ambient Air in the Czech Republic: Emission Sources, Current and Long-Term Monitoring Analysis and Human Exposure},
year={2020},
howpublished = {journal article},
doi = {https://doi.org/10.3390/atmos11090955},
abstract = {This paper provides a detailed, thorough analysis of air pollution by benzo[a]pyrene (BaP) in the Czech Republic. The Czech residential sector is responsible for more than 98.8% of BaP, based on the national emission inventory. According to the data from 48 sites of the National Air Quality Monitoring Network, the range of annual average concentration of BaP ranges from 0.4 ng·m−3 at a rural regional station to 7.7 ng·m−3 at an industrial station. Additionally, short-term campaign measurements in small settlements have recorded high values of daily benzo[a]pyrene concentrations (0.1–13.6 ng·m−3) in winter months linked to local heating of household heating. The transboundary contribution to the annual average concentrations of BaP was estimated by the CAMx model to range from 46% to 70% over most of the country. However, the contribution of Czech sources can exceed 80% in residential heating hot spots. It is likely that the transboundary contribution to BaP concentrations was overestimated by a factor of 1.5 due to limitations of the modeling approach used. During the period of 2012–2018, 35–58% of the urban population in the Czech Republic were exposed to BaP concentrations above target. A significant decreasing trend, estimated by the Mann-Kendall test, was found for annual and winter BaP concentrations between 2008 and 2018.},
note = {Online available at: \url{https://doi.org/10.3390/atmos11090955} (DOI). Schreiberová, M.; Vlasáková, L.; Vlček, O.; Šmejdířová, J.; Horálek, J.; Bieser, J.: Benzo[a]pyrene in the Ambient Air in the Czech Republic: Emission Sources, Current and Long-Term Monitoring Analysis and Human Exposure. Atmosphere. 2020. vol. 11, no. 9, 955. DOI: 10.3390/atmos11090955}}
@misc{bieser_atmospheric_mercury_2020, 
author={Bieser, J.,Angot, H.,Slemr, F.,Martin, L.},
title={Atmospheric mercury in the Southern Hemisphere – Part 2: Source apportionment analysis at Cape Point station, South Africa},
year={2020},
howpublished = {journal article},
doi = {https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-20-10427-2020},
abstract = {Mercury (Hg) contamination is ubiquitous. In order to assess its emissions, transport, atmospheric reactivity, and deposition pathways, worldwide Hg monitoring has been implemented over the past 10–20 years, albeit with only a few stations in the Southern Hemisphere. Consequently, little is known about the relative contribution of marine and terrestrial Hg sources, which is important in the context of growing interest in effectiveness evaluation of Hg mitigation policies. This paper constitutes Part 2 of the study describing a decade of atmospheric Hg concentrations at Cape Point, South Africa, i.e. the first long-term (> 10 years) observations in the Southern Hemisphere. Building on the trend analysis reported in Part 1, here we combine atmospheric Hg data with a trajectory model to investigate sources and sinks of Hg at Cape Point. We find that the continent is the major sink, and the ocean, especially its warm regions (i.e. the Agulhas Current), is the major source for Hg.,Further, we find that mercury concentrations and trends from long-range transport are independent of the source region (e.g. South America, Antarctica) and thus indistinguishable. Therefore, by filtering out air masses from source and sink regions we are able to create a dataset representing a southern hemispheric background Hg concentrations. Based on this dataset, we were able to show that the interannual variability in Hg concentrations at Cape Point is not driven by changes in atmospheric circulation but rather due to changes in global emissions (gold mining and biomass burning).},
note = {Online available at: \url{https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-20-10427-2020} (DOI). Bieser, J.; Angot, H.; Slemr, F.; Martin, L.: Atmospheric mercury in the Southern Hemisphere – Part 2: Source apportionment analysis at Cape Point station, South Africa. Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics. 2020. vol. 20, no. 17, 10427-10439. DOI: 10.5194/acp-20-10427-2020}}
@misc{slemr_atmospheric_mercury_2020, 
author={Slemr, F.,Martin, L.,Labuschagne, C.,Mkololo, T.,Angot, H.,Magand, O.,Dommergue, A.,Garat, P.,Ramonet, M.,Bieser, J.},
title={Atmospheric mercury in the Southern Hemisphere – Part 1: Trend and inter-annual variations in atmospheric mercury at Cape Point, South Africa, in 2007–2017, and on Amsterdam Island in 2012–2017},
year={2020},
howpublished = {journal article},
doi = {https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-20-7683-2020},
abstract = {The Minamata Convention on Mercury (Hg) entered into force in 2017, committing its 116 parties (as of January 2019) to curb anthropogenic emissions. Monitoring of atmospheric concentrations and trends is an important part of the effectiveness evaluation of the convention. A few years ago (in 2017) we reported an increasing trend in atmospheric Hg concentrations at the Cape Point Global Atmosphere Watch (GAW) station in South Africa (34.3535∘ S, 18.4897∘ E) for the 2007–2015 period. With 2 more years of measurements at Cape Point and the 2012–2017 data from Amsterdam Island (37.7983∘ S, 77.5378∘ E) in the remote southern Indian Ocean, a more complex picture emerges: at Cape Point the upward trend for the 2007–2017 period is still significant, but no trend or a slightly downward trend was detected for the period 2012–2017 at both Cape Point and Amsterdam Island. The upward trend at Cape Point is driven mainly by the Hg concentration minimum in 2009 and maxima in 2014 and 2012. Using ancillary data on 222Rn, CO, O3, CO2, and CH4 from Cape Point and Amsterdam Island, the possible reasons for the trend and its change are investigated. In a companion paper this analysis is extended for the Cape Point station by calculations of source and sink regions using backward-trajectory analysis.},
note = {Online available at: \url{https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-20-7683-2020} (DOI). Slemr, F.; Martin, L.; Labuschagne, C.; Mkololo, T.; Angot, H.; Magand, O.; Dommergue, A.; Garat, P.; Ramonet, M.; Bieser, J.: Atmospheric mercury in the Southern Hemisphere – Part 1: Trend and inter-annual variations in atmospheric mercury at Cape Point, South Africa, in 2007–2017, and on Amsterdam Island in 2012–2017. Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics. 2020. vol. 20, no. 13, 7683-7692. DOI: 10.5194/acp-20-7683-2020}}
@misc{nampt_improved_calculation_2020, 
author={Nam. P.T.,Staneva, J.,Thao, N.T.,Larson, M.},
title={Improved Calculation of Nonlinear Near-Bed Wave Orbital Velocity in Shallow Water: Validation against Laboratory and Field Data},
year={2020},
howpublished = {journal article},
doi = {https://doi.org/10.3390/jmse8020081},
abstract = {A new parameterization for calculating the nonlinear near-bed wave orbital velocity in the shallow water was presented. The equations proposed by Isobe and Horikawa (1982) were modified in order to achieve more accurate predictions of the peak orbital velocities. Based on field data from Egmond Beach in the Netherlands, the correction coefficient and maximum skewness were determined as functions of the Ursell number. The obtained equations were validated against measurements from Egmond Beach, and with laboratory data from small-scale wave flume experiments at Delft University of Technology and from large-scale wave flume experiments at Delft Hydraulics. Inter-comparisons with other previously developed parameterizations were also carried out. The model simulations by the present study were in good agreement with the measurements and have been improved compared to the previous ones. For Egmond Beach, the root-mean-square errors for the peak onshore (uc) and offshore (ut) orbital velocities were approximately 21%. The relative biases were small, approximately 0.013 for uc and −0.068 for ut. The coefficient of determination was in the range between 0.64 and 0.68. For laboratory experiments, the root-mean-square errors in a range of 7.2%–24% for uc, and 7.9%–15% for ut.},
note = {Online available at: \url{https://doi.org/10.3390/jmse8020081} (DOI). Nam. P.T.; Staneva, J.; Thao, N.; Larson, M.: Improved Calculation of Nonlinear Near-Bed Wave Orbital Velocity in Shallow Water: Validation against Laboratory and Field Data. Journal of Marine Science and Engineering. 2020. vol. 8, no. 2, 81. DOI: 10.3390/jmse8020081}}
@misc{bothe_proxy_surrogate_2020, 
author={Bothe, O.,Zorita, E.},
title={Proxy surrogate reconstructions for Europe and the estimation of their uncertainties},
year={2020},
howpublished = {journal article},
doi = {https://doi.org/10.5194/cp-16-341-2020},
abstract = {Combining proxy information and climate model simulations reconciles these sources of information about past climates. This, in turn, strengthens our understanding of past climatic changes. The analogue or proxy surrogate reconstruction method is a computationally cheap data assimilation approach, which searches in a pool of simulated climate states the best fit to proxy data. We use the approach to reconstruct European summer mean temperature from the 13th century until present using the Euro 2k set of proxy records and a pool of global climate simulation output fields. Our focus is on quantifying the uncertainty of the reconstruction, because previous applications of the analogue method rarely provided uncertainty ranges. We show several ways of estimating reconstruction uncertainty for the analogue method, which take into account the non-climate part of the variability in each proxy record.,In general, our reconstruction agrees well at multi-decadal timescales with the Euro 2k reconstruction, which was conducted with two different statistical methods and no information from model simulations. In both methodological approaches, the decades around the year 1600 CE were the coldest. However, the approaches disagree on the warmest pre-industrial periods. The reconstructions from the analogue method also represent the local variations of the observed proxies. The diverse uncertainty estimates obtained from our analogue approaches can be locally larger or smaller than the estimates from the Euro 2k effort. Local uncertainties of the temperature reconstructions tend to be large in areas that are poorly covered by the proxy records. Uncertainties highlight the ambiguity of field-based reconstructions constrained by a limited set of proxies.},
note = {Online available at: \url{https://doi.org/10.5194/cp-16-341-2020} (DOI). Bothe, O.; Zorita, E.: Proxy surrogate reconstructions for Europe and the estimation of their uncertainties. Climate of the Past. 2020. vol. 16, no. 1, 341-369. DOI: 10.5194/cp-16-341-2020}}
@misc{hagemann_high_resolution_2020, 
author={Hagemann, S.,Stacke, T.,Ho-Hagemann, H.T.M.},
title={High Resolution Discharge Simulations Over Europe and the Baltic Sea Catchment},
year={2020},
howpublished = {journal article},
doi = {https://doi.org/10.3389/feart.2020.00012},
abstract = {Regional coupled system models require a high-resolution discharge component to couple their atmosphere/land components to the ocean component and to adequately resolve smaller catchments and the day-to-day variability of discharge. As the currently coupled discharge models usually do not fulfill this requirement, we improved a well-established discharge model, the Hydrological Discharge (HD) model, to be globally applicable at 5 Min. resolution. As the first coupled high-resolution discharge simulations are planned over Europe and the Baltic Sea catchment, we focus on the respective regions in the present study. As no river specific parameter adjustments were conducted and since the HD model parameters depend on globally available gridded characteristics, the model is, in principle, applicable for climate change studies and over ungauged catchments. For the validation of the 5 Min. HD (HD5) model, we force it with prescribed fields of surface and subsurface runoff. As no large-scale observations of these variables exist, they need to be calculated by a land surface scheme or hydrology model using observed or re-analyzed meteorological data. In order to pay regard to uncertainties introduced by these calculations, three different methods and datasets were used to derive the required fields of surface and subsurface runoff for the forcing of the HD5 model. However, the evaluation of the model performance itself is hampered by biases in these fields as they impose an upper limit on the accuracy of simulated discharge. 10-years simulations (2000-2009) show that for many European rivers, where daily discharge observations were available for comparison, the HD5 model captures the main discharge characteristics reasonably well. Deficiencies of the simulated discharge could often be traced back to deficits in the various forcing datasets. As direct anthropogenic impact on the discharge, such as by regulation or dams, is not regarded in the HD model, those effects can generally not be simulated. Thus, discharges for many heavily regulated rivers in Scandinavia or for the rivers Volga and Don are not well represented by the model. The comparison of the three sets of simulated discharges indicates that the HD5 model is suitable to evaluate the terrestrial hydrological cycle of climate models or land surface models, especially with regard to the separation of throughfall (rain or snow melt) into surface and subsurface runoff.},
note = {Online available at: \url{https://doi.org/10.3389/feart.2020.00012} (DOI). Hagemann, S.; Stacke, T.; Ho-Hagemann, H.: High Resolution Discharge Simulations Over Europe and the Baltic Sea Catchment. Frontiers in Earth Science. 2020. vol. 8, 12. DOI: 10.3389/feart.2020.00012}}
@misc{hohagemann_internal_model_2020, 
author={Ho-Hagemann, H.,Hagemann, S.,Grayek, S.,Petrik, R.,Rockel, B.,Staneva, J.,Feser, F.,Schrum, C.},
title={Internal Model Variability of the Regional Coupled System Model GCOAST-AHOI},
year={2020},
howpublished = {journal article},
doi = {https://doi.org/10.3390/atmos11030227},
abstract = {Simulations of a Regional Climate Model (RCM) driven by identical lateral boundary conditions but initialized at different times exhibit the phenomenon of so-called internal model variability (or in short, Internal Variability—IV), which is defined as the inter-member spread between members in an ensemble of simulations. Our study investigates the effects of air-sea coupling on IV of the regional atmospheric model COSMO-CLM (CCLM) of the new regional coupled system model GCOAST-AHOI (Geesthacht Coupled cOAstal model SysTem: Atmosphere, Hydrology, Ocean and Sea Ice). We specifically address physical processes parameterized in CCLM, which may cause a large IV during an extreme event, and where this IV is affected by the air-sea coupling. Two six-member ensemble simulations were conducted with GCOAST-AHOI and the stand-alone CCLM (CCLM_ctr) for a period of 1 September–31 December 2013 over Europe. IV is expressed by spreads within the two sets of ensembles. Analyses focus on specific events during this period, especially on the storm Christian occurring from 27 to 29 October 2013 in northern Europe. Results show that simulations of CCLM_ctr vary largely amongst ensemble members during the storm. By analyzing two members of CCLM_ctr with opposite behaviors, we found that the large uncertainty in CCLM_ctr is caused by a combination of two factors (1) uncertainty in parameterization of cloud-radiation interaction in the atmospheric model. and (2) lack of an active two-way air-sea interaction. When CCLM is two-way coupled with the ocean model, the ensemble means of GCOAST-AHOI and CCLM_ctr are relatively similar, but the spread is reduced remarkably in GCOAST-AHOI, not only over the ocean where the coupling is done but also over land due to the land-sea interactions.},
note = {Online available at: \url{https://doi.org/10.3390/atmos11030227} (DOI). Ho-Hagemann, H.; Hagemann, S.; Grayek, S.; Petrik, R.; Rockel, B.; Staneva, J.; Feser, F.; Schrum, C.: Internal Model Variability of the Regional Coupled System Model GCOAST-AHOI. Atmosphere. 2020. vol. 11, no. 3, 227. DOI: 10.3390/atmos11030227}}
@misc{koul_unraveling_the_2020, 
author={Koul, V.,Tesdal, J.,Bersch, M.,Hatun, H.,Brune, S.,Borchert, L.,Haak, H.,Schrum, C.,Baehr, J.},
title={Unraveling the choice of the north Atlantic subpolar gyre index},
year={2020},
howpublished = {journal article},
doi = {https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-020-57790-5},
abstract = {The north Atlantic subpolar gyre (SPG) has been widely implicated as the source of large-scale changes in the subpolar marine environment. However, inconsistencies between indices of SPG-strength have raised questions about the active role SPG-strength and size play in determining water properties in the eastern subpolar North Atlantic (ENA). Here, by analyzing various SPG indices derived from observations and a global coupled model, we show that the choice of the SPG index dictates the interpretation of SPG strength-salinity relationship in the ENA. Variability in geostrophic currents derived from observed hydrography and model based Lagrangian trajectories reveal zonal shifts of advective pathways in the ENA and meridional shifts in the western intergyre region. Such shifts in advective pathways are manifestations of variability in the size and strength of the SPG, and they impact salinity by modulating the proportion of subpolar and subtropical waters reaching the ENA. SPG indices based on subsurface density and principal component analysis of sea surface height variability capture these shifts in advective pathways, and are therefore best suited to describe SPG-salinity relationship in the ENA. Our results establish the dynamical constraints on the choice of the SPG index and emphasize that SPG indices should be cautiously interpreted.},
note = {Online available at: \url{https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-020-57790-5} (DOI). Koul, V.; Tesdal, J.; Bersch, M.; Hatun, H.; Brune, S.; Borchert, L.; Haak, H.; Schrum, C.; Baehr, J.: Unraveling the choice of the north Atlantic subpolar gyre index. Scientific Reports. 2020. vol. 10, 1005. DOI: 10.1038/s41598-020-57790-5}}
@misc{butler_egg_size_2020, 
author={Butler, W.,Guðmundsdóttir, L.,Logemann, K.,Langbehn, T.,Marteinsdóttir, G.},
title={Egg size and density estimates for three gadoids in Icelandic waters and their implications for the vertical distribution of eggs along a stratified water column},
year={2020},
howpublished = {journal article},
doi = {https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jmarsys.2019.103290},
abstract = {The vertical distribution of fish eggs can have important consequences for recruitment through its influence on dispersal trajectories and thus connectivity between spawning and nursery locations. Egg density and size are key parameters for the modelling of vertical egg distributions, both of which show variation at the species level, as well as between and within individuals (i.e., through ontogeny). We conducted laboratory experiments on the eggs of wild-spawning cod, haddock and saithe from Icelandic waters to estimate these parameters throughout ontogeny. Subsequently, this information was used in a 1-dimensional model to generate vertical distributions for each species along a stratified water column. Saithe eggs were significantly smaller and less dense than cod and haddock eggs. Cod eggs were slightly denser than haddock eggs in the first ontogenetic stage but statistically similar in the later stages. No significant differences were found between the egg diameters of cod and haddock. For each species, both parameters changed significantly through ontogeny. Yet despite these significant results, the 1-d model suggests that neither the interspecific nor ontogenetic differences would have a significant impact on the vertical egg distributions. Only under highly stratified conditions, when buoyancy is minimised due to the freshwater layer, do distributional differences become evident. In such situations, incorporating intraspecific variation in egg density into the model substantially reduced the distributional differences and this is highlighted as an important consideration for the modelling of pelagic vertical egg distributions.},
note = {Online available at: \url{https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jmarsys.2019.103290} (DOI). Butler, W.; Guðmundsdóttir, L.; Logemann, K.; Langbehn, T.; Marteinsdóttir, G.: Egg size and density estimates for three gadoids in Icelandic waters and their implications for the vertical distribution of eggs along a stratified water column. Journal of Marine Systems. 2020. vol. 204, 103290. DOI: 10.1016/j.jmarsys.2019.103290}}
@misc{spinoni_future_global_2020, 
author={Spinoni, J.,Barbosa, P.,Bucchignani, E.,Cassano, J.,Cavazos, T.,Christensen, J.,Christensen, O.,Coppola, E.,Evans, J.,Geyer, B.,Giorgi, F.,Hadjinicolaou, P.,Jacob, D.,Katzfey, J.,Koenigk, T.,Laprise, R.,Lennard, C.,Kurnatz, L.,Li, D.,Llopart, M.,McCormick, N.,Naumann, G.,Nikulin, G.,Ozturk, T.,Panitz, H.,da Rocha, R.P.,Rockel, B.,Solman, S.,Syktus, J.,Tangang, F.,Teichmann, C.,Vautard, R.,Vogt, J.,Winger, K.,Zittis, G.,Dosio, A.},
title={Future Global Meteorological Drought Hot Spots: A Study Based on CORDEX Data},
year={2020},
howpublished = {journal article},
doi = {https://doi.org/10.1175/JCLI-D-19-0084.1},
abstract = {Two questions motivated this study: 1) Will meteorological droughts become more frequent and severe during the twenty-first century? 2) Given the projected global temperature rise, to what extent does the inclusion of temperature (in addition to precipitation) in drought indicators play a role in future meteorological droughts? To answer, we analyzed the changes in drought frequency, severity, and historically undocumented extreme droughts over 1981–2100, using the standardized precipitation index (SPI; including precipitation only) and standardized precipitation-evapotranspiration index (SPEI; indirectly including temperature), and under two representative concentration pathways (RCP4.5 and RCP8.5). As input data, we employed 103 high-resolution (0.44°) simulations from the Coordinated Regional Climate Downscaling Experiment (CORDEX), based on a combination of 16 global circulation models (GCMs) and 20 regional circulation models (RCMs). This is the first study on global drought projections including RCMs based on such a large ensemble of RCMs. Based on precipitation only, ~15% of the global land is likely to experience more frequent and severe droughts during 2071–2100 versus 1981–2010 for both scenarios. This increase is larger (~47% under RCP4.5, ~49% under RCP8.5) when precipitation and temperature are used. Both SPI and SPEI project more frequent and severe droughts, especially under RCP8.5, over southern South America, the Mediterranean region, southern Africa, southeastern China, Japan, and southern Australia. A decrease in drought is projected for high latitudes in Northern Hemisphere and Southeast Asia. If temperature is included, drought characteristics are projected to increase over North America, Amazonia, central Europe and Asia, the Horn of Africa, India, and central Australia; if only precipitation is considered, they are found to decrease over those areas.},
note = {Online available at: \url{https://doi.org/10.1175/JCLI-D-19-0084.1} (DOI). Spinoni, J.; Barbosa, P.; Bucchignani, E.; Cassano, J.; Cavazos, T.; Christensen, J.; Christensen, O.; Coppola, E.; Evans, J.; Geyer, B.; Giorgi, F.; Hadjinicolaou, P.; Jacob, D.; Katzfey, J.; Koenigk, T.; Laprise, R.; Lennard, C.; Kurnatz, L.; Li, D.; Llopart, M.; McCormick, N.; Naumann, G.; Nikulin, G.; Ozturk, T.; Panitz, H.; da Rocha, R.; Rockel, B.; Solman, S.; Syktus, J.; Tangang, F.; Teichmann, C.; Vautard, R.; Vogt, J.; Winger, K.; Zittis, G.; Dosio, A.: Future Global Meteorological Drought Hot Spots: A Study Based on CORDEX Data. Journal of Climate. 2020. vol. 33, no. 9, 3635-3661. DOI: 10.1175/JCLI-D-19-0084.1}}
@misc{grabemann_extreme_storm_2020, 
author={Grabemann, I.,Gaslikova, L.,Brodhagen, T.,Rudolph, E.},
title={Extreme storm tides in the German Bight (North Sea) and their potential for amplification},
year={2020},
howpublished = {journal article},
doi = {https://doi.org/10.5194/nhess-20-1985-2020},
abstract = {Storm tides are a major hazard for the German North Sea coasts. For coastal protection and economic activities, planning information on the probability and magnitude of extreme storm tides and their possible future changes is important. This study focuses on the most extreme events and examines whether they could have become more severe under slightly different conditions while still remaining within physical plausibility.,In the face of a limited number of observational data on very severe events, an extensive set of model data is used to extract most extreme storm tide events for locations in the German Bight, in particular Borkum and the Ems estuary. The data set includes water levels and respective atmospheric conditions from a hindcast and future climate realizations without sea level rise describing today's and possible future conditions.,A number of very severe events with water levels exceeding those measured near Borkum since 1906 are identified in the data set. A possible further amplification of the highest events is investigated by simulating these events for the North Sea with different phase lags between the astronomical tide given at the open model boundaries and the wind forcing. It is found that superposition of spring tide conditions, different timing of the astronomical high water and atmospheric conditions during the highest storm event would cause an enhancement of the highest water level up to about 50 cm.,The water levels of the two highest events from the data set are used to analyse the effects in the Ems estuary using a high-resolution model of the German Bight. Additionally, the influences of an extreme river runoff and of sea level rise are studied. The extreme river runoff of 1200 m3 s−1 increases the highest water levels by several decimetres in the narrow upstream part of the Ems estuary. This effect diminishes downstream. The sea level rise increases the water level in the downstream part of the Ems estuary by the amount applied at the model boundary to the North Sea. In the upstream part, its influence on the water level decreases.,This study may serve as a first step towards an impact assessment for severe storm tides and towards implications for coastal zone management in times of climate change.},
note = {Online available at: \url{https://doi.org/10.5194/nhess-20-1985-2020} (DOI). Grabemann, I.; Gaslikova, L.; Brodhagen, T.; Rudolph, E.: Extreme storm tides in the German Bight (North Sea) and their potential for amplification. Natural Hazards and Earth System Sciences. 2020. vol. 20, no. 7, 1985-2000. DOI: 10.5194/nhess-20-1985-2020}}
@misc{jacob_regional_climate_2020, 
author={Jacob, D.,Teichmann, C.,Sobolowski, S.,Katragkou, E.,Anders, I.,Belda, M.,Benestad, R.,Boberg, F.,Buonomo, E.,Cardoso, R.M.,Casanueva, A.,Christensen, O.B.,Christensen, J.H.,Coppola, E.,De Cruz, L.,Davin, E.L.,Dobler, A.,Domínguez, M.,Fealy, R.,Fernandez, J.,Gaertner, M.A.,García-Díez, M.,Giorgi, F.,Gobiet, A.,Goergen, K.,Gómez-Navarro, J.J.,Alemán, J.J.G.,Gutiérrez, C.,Gutiérrez, J.M.,Güttler, I.,Haensler, A.,Halenka, T.,Jerez, S.,Jiménez-Guerrero, P.,Jones, R.G.,Keuler, K.,Kjellström, E.,Knist, S.,Kotlarski, S.,Maraun, D.,van Meijgaard, E.,Mercogliano, P.,Montávez, J.P.,Navarra, A.,Nikulin, G.,de Noblet-Ducoudré, N.,Panitz, H.-J.,Pfeifer, S.,Piazza, M.,Pichelli, E.,Pietikäinen, J.-P.,Prein, A.F.,Preuschmann, S.,Rechid, D.,Rockel, B.,Romera, R.,Sánchez, E.,Sieck, K.,Soares, P.M.M.,Somot, S.,Srnec, L.,Sørland, S.L.,Termonia, P.,Truhetz, H.,Vautard, R.,Warrach-Sagi, K.,Wulfmeyer, V.},
title={Regional climate downscaling over Europe: perspectives from the EURO-CORDEX community},
year={2020},
howpublished = {journal article},
doi = {https://doi.org/10.1007/s10113-020-01606-9},
abstract = {The European CORDEX (EURO-CORDEX) initiative is a large voluntary effort that seeks to advance regional climate and Earth system science in Europe. As part of the World Climate Research Programme (WCRP) - Coordinated Regional Downscaling Experiment (CORDEX), it shares the broader goals of providing a model evaluation and climate projection framework and improving communication with both the General Circulation Model (GCM) and climate data user communities. EURO-CORDEX oversees the design and coordination of ongoing ensembles of regional climate projections of unprecedented size and resolution (0.11° EUR-11 and 0.44° EUR-44 domains). Additionally, the inclusion of empirical-statistical downscaling allows investigation of much larger multi-model ensembles. These complementary approaches provide a foundation for scientific studies within the climate research community and others. The value of the EURO-CORDEX ensemble is shown via numerous peer-reviewed studies and its use in the development of climate services. Evaluations of the EUR-44 and EUR-11 ensembles also show the benefits of higher resolution. However, significant challenges remain. To further advance scientific understanding, two flagship pilot studies (FPS) were initiated. The first investigates local-regional phenomena at convection-permitting scales over central Europe and the Mediterranean in collaboration with the Med-CORDEX community. The second investigates the impacts of land cover changes on European climate across spatial and temporal scales. Over the coming years, the EURO-CORDEX community looks forward to closer collaboration with other communities, new advances, supporting international initiatives such as the IPCC reports, and continuing to provide the basis for research on regional climate impacts and adaptation in Europe.},
note = {Online available at: \url{https://doi.org/10.1007/s10113-020-01606-9} (DOI). Jacob, D.; Teichmann, C.; Sobolowski, S.; Katragkou, E.; Anders, I.; Belda, M.; Benestad, R.; Boberg, F.; Buonomo, E.; Cardoso, R.; Casanueva, A.; Christensen, O.; Christensen, J.; Coppola, E.; De Cruz, L.; Davin, E.; Dobler, A.; Domínguez, M.; Fealy, R.; Fernandez, J.; Gaertner, M.; García-Díez, M.; Giorgi, F.; Gobiet, A.; Goergen, K.; Gómez-Navarro, J.; Alemán, J.; Gutiérrez, C.; Gutiérrez, J.; Güttler, I.; Haensler, A.; Halenka, T.; Jerez, S.; Jiménez-Guerrero, P.; Jones, R.; Keuler, K.; Kjellström, E.; Knist, S.; Kotlarski, S.; Maraun, D.; van Meijgaard, E.; Mercogliano, P.; Montávez, J.; Navarra, A.; Nikulin, G.; de Noblet-Ducoudré, N.; Panitz, H.; Pfeifer, S.; Piazza, M.; Pichelli, E.; Pietikäinen, J.; Prein, A.; Preuschmann, S.; Rechid, D.; Rockel, B.; Romera, R.; Sánchez, E.; Sieck, K.; Soares, P.; Somot, S.; Srnec, L.; Sørland, S.; Termonia, P.; Truhetz, H.; Vautard, R.; Warrach-Sagi, K.; Wulfmeyer, V.: Regional climate downscaling over Europe: perspectives from the EURO-CORDEX community. Regional Environmental Change. 2020. vol. 20, no. 2, 51. DOI: 10.1007/s10113-020-01606-9}}
@misc{desouza_possible_impacts_2020, 
author={de Souza, M.,Mathis, M.,Mayer, B.,Noernberg, M.,Pohlmann, T.},
title={Possible impacts of anthropogenic climate change to the upwelling in the South Brazil Bight},
year={2020},
howpublished = {journal article},
doi = {https://doi.org/10.1007/s00382-020-05289-0},
abstract = {Anthropogenic climate change is expected to strengthen upwelling events worldwide, driven by an increase of upwelling-favorable winds. However, Earth System Models (ESM) tend to underestimate regional processes due to their coarse grid resolution, which can lead to local biases. We use a high-resolution ocean model (1/12∘) forced by results from the Max-Planck-Institute-ESM to analyze the impact of the RCP8.5 emission scenario on the upwelling of South Atlantic Central Water (SACW) in the South Brazil Bight (SBB). We find a stronger Ekman forcing and a higher spread of SACW over the shelf, but this does not translate into higher vertical velocities at the bottom of the mixed-layer in the end of the century. The increased winds’ effect is essentially balanced by an increase in water column stability due to the surface warming. This is particularly important during austral summer, when this process tends to weaken the upwelling. Vertical velocities decrease significantly along the shelf break. Here, the upwelling regime is governed by the Brazil Current (BC) and slight changes in transport induce large responses in upwelling strength. The consequences are increased sea surface temperatures over most of the shelf, although mitigated by the SACW upwelling and kept below global projections. However, temperatures decrease along Cabo Frio. In this region, shelf break upwelling dominates and is enhanced by a local increase in the BC transport. This highlights the importance of regional processes and, more specifically, of changes in the BC transport for the upwelling in the SBB.},
note = {Online available at: \url{https://doi.org/10.1007/s00382-020-05289-0} (DOI). de Souza, M.; Mathis, M.; Mayer, B.; Noernberg, M.; Pohlmann, T.: Possible impacts of anthropogenic climate change to the upwelling in the South Brazil Bight. Climate Dynamics. 2020. vol. 55, 651-664. DOI: 10.1007/s00382-020-05289-0}}
@misc{daewel_understanding_the_2020, 
author={Daewel, U.,Yakushev, E.,Schrum, C.,Nizetto, L.,Mikheeva, E.},
title={Understanding the Role of Organic Matter Cycling for the Spatio-Temporal Structure of PCBs in the North Sea},
year={2020},
howpublished = {journal article},
doi = {https://doi.org/10.3390/w12030817},
abstract = {Using the North Sea as a case scenario, a combined three-dimensional hydrodynamic-biogeochemical-pollutant model was applied for simulating the seasonal variability of the distribution of hydrophobic chemical pollutants in a marine water body. The model was designed in a nested framework including a hydrodynamic block (Hamburg Shelf Ocean Model (HAMSOM)), a biogeochemical block (Oxygen Depletion Model (OxyDep)), and a pollutant-partitioning block (PolPar). Pollutants can be (1) transported via advection and turbulent diffusion, (2) get absorbed and released by a dynamic pool of particulate and dissolved organic matter, and (3) get degraded. Our model results indicate that the seasonality of biogeochemical processes, including production, sinking, and decay, favors the development of hot spots with particular high pollutant concentrations in intermediate waters of biologically highly active regions and seasons, and it potentially increases the exposure of feeding fish to these pollutants. In winter, however, thermal convection homogenizes the water column and destroys the vertical stratification of the pollutant. A significant fraction of the previously exported pollutants is then returned to the water surface and becomes available for exchange with the atmosphere, potentially turning the ocean into a secondary source for pollutants. Moreover, we could show that desorption from aging organic material in the upper aphotic zone is expected to retard pollutants transfer and burial into sediments; thus, it is considerably limiting the effectiveness of the biological pump for pollutant exports.},
note = {Online available at: \url{https://doi.org/10.3390/w12030817} (DOI). Daewel, U.; Yakushev, E.; Schrum, C.; Nizetto, L.; Mikheeva, E.: Understanding the Role of Organic Matter Cycling for the Spatio-Temporal Structure of PCBs in the North Sea. Water. 2020. vol. 12, no. 3, 817. DOI: 10.3390/w12030817}}
@misc{li_skill_assessment_2020, 
author={Li, D.,Staneva, J.,Grayek, S.,Behrens, A.,Feng, J.,Yin, B.},
title={Skill Assessment of an Atmosphere–Wave Regional Coupled Model over the East China Sea with a Focus on Typhoons},
year={2020},
howpublished = {journal article},
doi = {https://doi.org/10.3390/atmos11030252},
abstract = {This study performed several sensitivity experiments to investigate the impact of atmosphere–wave coupling on the simulated wind and waves over the East China Sea (ECS) with a focus on typhoon events. These experiments include stand-alone regional atmosphere model (CCLM) simulations, stand-alone spectral wave model (WAM) simulations driven by the regional atmospheric model CCLM or ERA5 reanalysis, and two-way (CCLM-WAM) coupled simulations. We assessed the simulated wind speed and significant wave height against in situ observations and remote sensing data and focused on typhoon events in 2010. We analyzed the differences between the experiments in capturing the surface pressure, wind speed, and roughness length. Both ERA5 reanalysis data and our regional model simulations demonstrate high quality in capturing wind and wave conditions over the ECS. The results show that downscaled simulations tend to be closer to in situ observations than ERA5 reanalysis data in capturing wind variability and probability distribution, dominant wind and wave directions, strong typhoon intensity and related extreme significant wave height. In comparison with satellite observations, the CCLM-WAM simulation outperforms the CCLM in reducing wind bias. The coupled and uncoupled simulations are very similar in terms of other wind and wave statistics. Though there is much improvement in capturing typhoon intensity to ERA5, regional downscaled simulations still underestimate the wind intensity of tropical cyclones. View Full-Text},
note = {Online available at: \url{https://doi.org/10.3390/atmos11030252} (DOI). Li, D.; Staneva, J.; Grayek, S.; Behrens, A.; Feng, J.; Yin, B.: Skill Assessment of an Atmosphere–Wave Regional Coupled Model over the East China Sea with a Focus on Typhoons. Atmosphere. 2020. vol. 11, no. 3, 252. DOI: 10.3390/atmos11030252}}
@misc{gonalves_training_deep_2020, 
author={Gonçalves, P.J.,Lueckmann, J.-M.,Deistler, M.,Nonnenmacher, M.,Öcal, K.,Bassetto, G.,Chintaluri, C.,Podlaski, W.F.,Haddad, S.A.,Vogels, T.P.,Greenberg, D.S.,Macke, J.H.},
title={Training deep neural density estimators to identify mechanistic models of neural dynamics},
year={2020},
howpublished = {journal article},
doi = {https://doi.org/10.7554/eLife.56261},
abstract = {Mechanistic modeling in neuroscience aims to explain observed phenomena in terms of underlying causes. However, determining which model parameters agree with complex and stochastic neural data presents a significant challenge. We address this challenge with a machine learning tool which uses deep neural density estimators—trained using model simulations—to carry out Bayesian inference and retrieve the full space of parameters compatible with raw data or selected data features. Our method is scalable in parameters and data features and can rapidly analyze new data after initial training. We demonstrate the power and flexibility of our approach on receptive fields, ion channels, and Hodgkin–Huxley models. We also characterize the space of circuit configurations giving rise to rhythmic activity in the crustacean stomatogastric ganglion, and use these results to derive hypotheses for underlying compensation mechanisms. Our approach will help close the gap between data-driven and theory-driven models of neural dynamics.},
note = {Online available at: \url{https://doi.org/10.7554/eLife.56261} (DOI). Gonçalves, P.; Lueckmann, J.; Deistler, M.; Nonnenmacher, M.; Öcal, K.; Bassetto, G.; Chintaluri, C.; Podlaski, W.; Haddad, S.; Vogels, T.; Greenberg, D.; Macke, J.: Training deep neural density estimators to identify mechanistic models of neural dynamics. eLife. 2020. vol. 9, e56261. DOI: 10.7554/eLife.56261}}
@misc{feurdean_fire_hazard_2020, 
author={Feurdean, A.,Vannière, B.,Finsinger, W.,Warren, D.,Connor, S. C.,Forrest, M.,Liakka, J.,Panait, A.,Werner, C.,Andrič, M.,Bobek, P.,Carter, V. A.,Davis, B.,Diaconu, A.-C.,Dietze, E.,Feeser, I.,Florescu, G.,Gałka, M.,Giesecke, T.,Jahns, S.,Jamrichová, E.,Kajukało, K.,Kaplan, J.,Karpińska-Kołaczek, M.,Kołaczek, P.,Kuneš, P.,Kupriyanov, D.,Lamentowicz, M.,Lemmen, C.,Magyari, E. K.,Marcisz, K.,Marinova, E.,Niamir, A.,Novenko, E.,Obremska, M.,Pędziszewska, A.,Pfeiffer, M.,Poska, A.,Rösch, M.,Słowiński, M.,Stančikaitė, M.,Szal, M.,Święta-Musznicka, J.,Tanţău, I.,Theuerkauf, M.,Tonkov, S.,Valkó, O.,Vassiljev, J.,Veski, S.,Vincze, I.,Wacnik, A.,Wiethold, J.,Hickler, T.},
title={Fire hazard modulation by long-term dynamics in land cover and dominant forest type in eastern and central Europe},
year={2020},
howpublished = {journal article},
doi = {https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-17-1213-2020},
abstract = {Wildfire occurrence is influenced by climate, vegetation and human activities. A key challenge for understanding the risk of fires is quantifying the mediating effect of vegetation on fire regimes. Here, we explore the relative importance of Holocene land cover, land use, dominant functional forest type, and climate dynamics on biomass burning in temperate and boreo-nemoral regions of central and eastern Europe over the past 12 kyr. We used an extensive data set of Holocene pollen and sedimentary charcoal records, in combination with climate simulations and statistical modelling. Biomass burning was highest during the early Holocene and lowest during the mid-Holocene in all three ecoregions (Atlantic, continental and boreo-nemoral) but was more spatially variable over the past 3–4 kyr. Although climate explained a significant variance in biomass burning during the early Holocene, tree cover was consistently the highest predictor of past biomass burning over the past 8 kyr. In temperate forests, biomass burning was high at ∼45 % tree cover and decreased to a minimum at between 60 % and 70 % tree cover. In needleleaf-dominated forests, biomass burning was highest at ∼ 60 %–65 % tree cover and steeply declined at >65 % tree cover. Biomass burning also increased when arable lands and grasslands reached ∼ 15 %–20 %, although this relationship was variable depending on land use practice via ignition sources, fuel type and quantities. Higher tree cover reduced the amount of solar radiation reaching the forest floor and could provide moister, more wind-protected microclimates underneath canopies, thereby decreasing fuel flammability. Tree cover at which biomass burning increased appears to be driven by warmer and drier summer conditions during the early Holocene and by increasing human influence on land cover during the late Holocene. We suggest that long-term fire hazard may be effectively reduced through land cover management, given that land cover has controlled fire regimes under the dynamic climates of the Holocene.},
note = {Online available at: \url{https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-17-1213-2020} (DOI). Feurdean, A.; Vannière, B.; Finsinger, W.; Warren, D.; Connor, S.; Forrest, M.; Liakka, J.; Panait, A.; Werner, C.; Andrič, M.; Bobek, P.; Carter, V.; Davis, B.; Diaconu, A.; Dietze, E.; Feeser, I.; Florescu, G.; Gałka, M.; Giesecke, T.; Jahns, S.; Jamrichová, E.; Kajukało, K.; Kaplan, J.; Karpińska-Kołaczek, M.; Kołaczek, P.; Kuneš, P.; Kupriyanov, D.; Lamentowicz, M.; Lemmen, C.; Magyari, E.; Marcisz, K.; Marinova, E.; Niamir, A.; Novenko, E.; Obremska, M.; Pędziszewska, A.; Pfeiffer, M.; Poska, A.; Rösch, M.; Słowiński, M.; Stančikaitė, M.; Szal, M.; Święta-Musznicka, J.; Tanţău, I.; Theuerkauf, M.; Tonkov, S.; Valkó, O.; Vassiljev, J.; Veski, S.; Vincze, I.; Wacnik, A.; Wiethold, J.; Hickler, T.: Fire hazard modulation by long-term dynamics in land cover and dominant forest type in eastern and central Europe. Biogeosciences. 2020. vol. 17, no. 5, 1213-1230. DOI: 10.5194/bg-17-1213-2020}}
@misc{wirtz_vertical_migration_2020, 
author={Wirtz, K.,Smith, S.},
title={Vertical migration by bulk phytoplankton sustains biodiversity and nutrient input to the surface ocean},
year={2020},
howpublished = {journal article},
doi = {https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-020-57890-2},
abstract = {Phytoplankton subsumes the great variety of unicellular photoautotrophs that perform roughly half of Earth’s primary production. They achieve this despite their challenging oceanic habitat, with opposing vertical gradients of nutrients (which often limit their growth near the surface) and light (which becomes limiting with increasing depth). Most phytoplankton species are commonly assumed to be incapable of moving actively between the zones of light and nutrient availability, which are separated vertically by from 30–120 m. Here we propose that a considerable fraction of phytoplankton vertically traverse these gradients over time scales from hours to weeks, employing variations of a common migration strategy to acquire multiple resources. We present a mechanistic Lagrangian model resolving phytoplankton growth linked to optimal migration behaviour and demonstrate unprecedented agreement of its calculated vertical CHL-a distributions with 773 profiles observed at five prominent marine time-series stations. Our simulations reveal that vertically cycling phytoplankton can pump up enough nutrient to sustain as much as half of oceanic Net Primary Production (NPP). Active locomotion is therefore a plausible mechanism enabling relatively high NPP in the oligotrophic surface ocean. Our simulations also predict similar fitness for a variety of very different migration strategies, which helps to explain the puzzling diversity of phytoplankton observed in the ocean.},
note = {Online available at: \url{https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-020-57890-2} (DOI). Wirtz, K.; Smith, S.: Vertical migration by bulk phytoplankton sustains biodiversity and nutrient input to the surface ocean. Scientific Reports. 2020. vol. 10, 1142. DOI: 10.1038/s41598-020-57890-2}}
@misc{heath_how_is_2020, 
author={Heath, M.,Benkort, D.,Brierly, A.,Daewel, U.,Hofmeister, R.,Laverick, J.,Proud, R.,Speirs, D.},
title={How Is Climate Change Affecting Marine Life in the Arctic?},
year={2020},
howpublished = {journal article},
doi = {https://doi.org/10.3389/frym.2020.00103},
abstract = {Rising temperatures are melting the ice that covers the Arctic Ocean, allowing sunlight into waters that have been dark for thousands of years. Previously barren ice-covered regions are being transformed into productive seas. In this article, we explain how computer modeling can be used to predict how this transformation will affect the food web that connects plankton to fish and top predators, like whales and polar bears. Images of starving polar bears have become symbolic of the effects of the warming climate. Melting of the sea-ice is expected to reduce the bears’ ability to hunt for seals. However, at the same time, the food web upon which bears depend is becoming more productive, so it is not completely clear what the eventual outcome will be. Computer models help us to understand these systems and help us make policy decisions about the management of newly available Arctic resources.},
note = {Online available at: \url{https://doi.org/10.3389/frym.2020.00103} (DOI). Heath, M.; Benkort, D.; Brierly, A.; Daewel, U.; Hofmeister, R.; Laverick, J.; Proud, R.; Speirs, D.: How Is Climate Change Affecting Marine Life in the Arctic?. Frontiers for Young Minds. 2020. vol. 8, 103. DOI: 10.3389/frym.2020.00103}}
@misc{meng_impact_of_2020, 
author={Meng, Q.,Xuan, J.,Zhang, W.,Zhou, F.,Hao, Q.,Zhao, Q.,Schrum, C.},
title={Impact of Submesoscale Vertical Advection on Primary Productivity in the Southern East China Sea},
year={2020},
howpublished = {journal article},
doi = {https://doi.org/10.1029/2019JG005540},
abstract = {This study aims to investigate the impact of submesoscale vertical advection (SVA) on the primary productivity in the southern East China Sea. The analysis is based on a comparison between two numerical simulations by using a three‐dimensional coupled physical‐biogeochemical model. One simulation directly resolves SVA on a high‐resolution mesh, and the other leaves SVA unresolved on a low‐resolution mesh. The high‐resolution simulation outperforms the low‐resolution simulation in reproducing the observed chlorophyll distribution, particularly in summer. Resolving SVA results in an approximately 40% increase in primary productivity during the summer, though SVA activity is relatively weak in this season than in other seasons. Among multiscale physical processes, SVA, rather than mixing, is found to be the most important vertical nutrient supply pathway from the nutrient‐rich bottom water to the nutrient‐depleted surface water in summer, particularly on the middle and outer shelves. The impact of SVA on the shelf is unique compared to the open ocean in that it efficiently enhances vertical supply of nutrient‐rich subsurface waters to the nutrient‐depleted surface layer. This study highlights the importance of SVA in promoting primary productivity in stratified shelf seas.},
note = {Online available at: \url{https://doi.org/10.1029/2019JG005540} (DOI). Meng, Q.; Xuan, J.; Zhang, W.; Zhou, F.; Hao, Q.; Zhao, Q.; Schrum, C.: Impact of Submesoscale Vertical Advection on Primary Productivity in the Southern East China Sea. Journal of Geophysical Research : Biogeosciences. 2020. vol. 125, no. 8, e2019JG005540. DOI: 10.1029/2019JG005540}}
@misc{do_historical_and_2020, 
author={Do, H.,Zhao, F.,Westra, S.,Leonard, M.,Gudmundsson, L.,Boulange, J.,Chang, J.,Ciais, P.,Gerten, D.,Gosling, S.,Müller Schmied, H.,Stacke, T.,Telteu, C.,Wada, Y.},
title={Historical and future changes in global flood magnitude – evidence from a model–observation investigation},
year={2020},
howpublished = {journal article},
doi = {https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-24-1543-2020},
abstract = {To improve the understanding of trends in extreme flows related to flood events at the global scale, historical and future changes of annual maxima of 7 d streamflow are investigated, using a comprehensive streamflow archive and six global hydrological models. The models' capacity to characterise trends in annual maxima of 7 d streamflow at the continental and global scale is evaluated across 3666 river gauge locations over the period from 1971 to 2005, focusing on four aspects of trends: (i) mean, (ii) standard deviation, (iii) percentage of locations showing significant trends and (iv) spatial pattern. Compared to observed trends, simulated trends driven by observed climate forcing generally have a higher mean, lower spread and a similar percentage of locations showing significant trends. Models show a low to moderate capacity to simulate spatial patterns of historical trends, with approximately only from 12 % to 25 % of the spatial variance of observed trends across all gauge stations accounted for by the simulations. Interestingly, there are statistically significant differences between trends simulated by global hydrological models (GHMs) forced with observational climate and by those forced by bias-corrected climate model output during the historical period, suggesting the important role of the stochastic natural (decadal, inter-annual) climate variability. Significant differences were found in simulated flood trends when averaged only at gauged locations compared to those averaged across all simulated grid cells, highlighting the potential for bias toward well-observed regions in our understanding of changes in floods. Future climate projections (simulated under the RCP2.6 and RCP6.0 greenhouse gas concentration scenarios) suggest a potentially high level of change in individual regions, with up to 35 % of cells showing a statistically significant trend (increase or decrease; at 10 % significance level) and greater changes indicated for the higher concentration pathway. Importantly, the observed streamflow database under-samples the percentage of locations consistently projected with increased flood hazards under the RCP6.0 greenhouse gas concentration scenario by more than an order of magnitude (0.9 % compared to 11.7 %). This finding indicates a highly uncertain future for both flood-prone communities and decision makers in the context of climate change.},
note = {Online available at: \url{https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-24-1543-2020} (DOI). Do, H.; Zhao, F.; Westra, S.; Leonard, M.; Gudmundsson, L.; Boulange, J.; Chang, J.; Ciais, P.; Gerten, D.; Gosling, S.; Müller Schmied, H.; Stacke, T.; Telteu, C.; Wada, Y.: Historical and future changes in global flood magnitude – evidence from a model–observation investigation. Hydrology and Earth System Sciences. 2020. vol. 24, no. 3, 1543-1564. DOI: 10.5194/hess-24-1543-2020}}
@misc{tejerocantero_sbi_a_2020, 
author={Tejero-Cantero, A.,Boelts, J.,Deistler, M.,Lueckmann, J.,Durkan, C.,Goncalves, P.,Greenberg, D.,Macke, J.},
title={sbi: A toolkit for simulation-based inference},
year={2020},
howpublished = {journal article},
doi = {https://doi.org/10.21105/joss.02505},
abstract = {Scientists and engineers employ stochastic numerical simulators to model empirically observedphenomena. In contrast to purely statistical models, simulators express scientific principles thatprovide powerful inductive biases, improve generalization to new data or scenarios and allow forfewer, more interpretable and domain-relevant parameters. Despite these advantages, tuninga simulator’s parameters so that its outputs match data is challenging. Simulation-basedinference (SBI) seeks to identify parameter sets that a) are compatible with prior knowledgeand b) match empirical observations. Importantly, SBI does not seek to recover a single ‘best’data-compatible parameter set, but rather to identify all high probability regions of parameterspace that explain observed data, and thereby to quantify parameter uncertainty. In Bayesianterminology, SBI aims to retrieve the posterior distribution over the parameters of interest. Incontrast to conventional Bayesian inference, SBI is also applicable when one can run modelsimulations, but no formula or algorithm exists for evaluating the probability of data givenparameters, i.e. the likelihood.We presentsbi, a PyTorch-based package that implements SBI algorithms based on neu-ral networks.sbifacilitates inference on black-box simulators for practising scientists andengineers by providing a unified interface to state-of-the-art algorithms together with docu-mentation and tutorials.},
note = {Online available at: \url{https://doi.org/10.21105/joss.02505} (DOI). Tejero-Cantero, A.; Boelts, J.; Deistler, M.; Lueckmann, J.; Durkan, C.; Goncalves, P.; Greenberg, D.; Macke, J.: sbi: A toolkit for simulation-based inference. The Journal of Open Source Software. 2020. vol. 5, no. 52, 2505. DOI: 10.21105/joss.02505}}
@misc{ptsch_distinct_mechanisms_2020, 
author={Pätsch, J.,Gouretski, V.,Hinrichs, I.,Koul, V.},
title={Distinct Mechanisms Underlying Interannual to Decadal Variability of Observed Salinity and Nutrient Concentration in the Northern North Sea},
year={2020},
howpublished = {journal article},
doi = {https://doi.org/10.1029/2019JC015825},
abstract = {The influence of large‐scale oceanic circulation on salinity in the northern North Sea has lead to the hypothesis that nutrient concentrations in this region are also driven by remote oceanic anomalies. Here, using a newly established biogeochemical data set of the North Sea, we show that interannual to decadal variability in winter nutrient concentrations exhibits distinct phase deviations from salinity. The variability in salinity is explained by zonal shifts in the position of the subpolar front (SPF) in the eastern North Atlantic and the associated advective delay. However, the high correlation and absence of advective delay between the position of the SPF and winter nutrient concentrations in the Shetland region (59–61°N, 1°W to 3°E) point to the role of atmospheric variability in driving concurrent changes in winter nutrient concentrations and the SPF position. Our analysis suggests that the prevailing wind direction and local distribution of winter nutrient concentrations together determine the interannual to decadal variability in winter nutrient concentrations in this region. In the analyzed observations, we find a strong spatial gradient in mean winter nutrient concentrations northwest of the Shetland region, which is absent in salinity. The horizontal shift of this spatial gradient, forced by changes in wind direction, has a larger influence on winter nutrient concentration in the Shetland region than the nutrient signal in oceanic anomalies originating from the eastern subpolar North Atlantic. Overall, we conclude that interannual to decadal variability in the observed nutrient concentrations is mainly driven by atmospheric variability here expressed as wind direction.},
note = {Online available at: \url{https://doi.org/10.1029/2019JC015825} (DOI). Pätsch, J.; Gouretski, V.; Hinrichs, I.; Koul, V.: Distinct Mechanisms Underlying Interannual to Decadal Variability of Observed Salinity and Nutrient Concentration in the Northern North Sea. Journal of Geophysical Research : Oceans. 2020. vol. 125, no. 5, e2019JC015825. DOI: 10.1029/2019JC015825}}
@misc{xu_less_nutrients_2020, 
author={Xu, X.,Lemmen, C.,Wirtz, K.},
title={Less Nutrients but More Phytoplankton: Long-Term Ecosystem Dynamics of the Southern North Sea},
year={2020},
howpublished = {journal article},
doi = {https://doi.org/10.3389/fmars.2020.00662},
abstract = {We here assess long-term trends in marine primary producers in the southern North Sea (SNS) with respect to ongoing regional Earth system changes. We applied a coupled high-resolution (1.5–4.5 km) 3d-physical-biogeochemical regional Earth System model that includes an advanced phytoplankton growth model and benthic biogeochemistry to hindcast ecosystem dynamics in the period 1961–2012. We analyzed the simulation together with in situ observations. Coinciding with the decreasing nutrient level at the beginning of the 1990s, we find a surprising increase in phytoplankton in the German Bight, but not in the more offshore parts of the SNS. We explain these complex patterns by a series of factors which are lacking in many state-of-the-art coupled ecosystem models such as changed light availability and physiological acclimation in phytoplankton. We also show that many coastal time-series stations in the SNS are located in small patches where our model predicts an opposite trend than found for the surrounding waters. Together, these findings call for a reconsideration of current modeling and monitoring schemes.},
note = {Online available at: \url{https://doi.org/10.3389/fmars.2020.00662} (DOI). Xu, X.; Lemmen, C.; Wirtz, K.: Less Nutrients but More Phytoplankton: Long-Term Ecosystem Dynamics of the Southern North Sea. Frontiers in Marine Science. 2020. vol. 7, 662. DOI: 10.3389/fmars.2020.00662}}
@misc{teutsch_a_statistical_2020, 
author={Teutsch, I.,Weisse, R.,Moeller, J.,Krueger, O.},
title={A statistical analysis of rogue waves in the southern North Sea},
year={2020},
howpublished = {journal article},
doi = {https://doi.org/10.5194/nhess-20-2665-2020},
abstract = {A new wave dataset from the southern North Sea covering the period 2011–2016 and composed of wave buoy and radar measurements sampling the sea surface height at frequencies between 1.28–4 Hz was quality controlled and scanned for the presence of rogue waves. Here rogue waves refer to waves whose height exceeds twice the significant wave height. Rogue wave frequencies were analysed, compared to Rayleigh and Forristall distributions, and spatial, seasonal and long-term variability was assessed. Rogue wave frequency appeared to be relatively constant over the course of the year and uncorrelated among the different measurement sites. While data from buoys basically correspond with expectations from the Forristall distribution, radar measurement showed some deviations in the upper tail pointing towards higher rogue wave frequencies. Number of data available in the upper tail is, however, still limited to allow a robust assessment. Some indications were found that the distribution of waves in samples with and without rogue waves were different in a statistical sense. However, differences were small and deemed not to be relevant as attempts to use them as a criterion for rogue wave detection were not successful in Monte Carlo experiments based on the available data.},
note = {Online available at: \url{https://doi.org/10.5194/nhess-20-2665-2020} (DOI). Teutsch, I.; Weisse, R.; Moeller, J.; Krueger, O.: A statistical analysis of rogue waves in the southern North Sea. Natural Hazards and Earth System Sciences. 2020. vol. 20, no. 10, 2665-2680. DOI: 10.5194/nhess-20-2665-2020}}
@misc{capet_operational_modeling_2020, 
author={Capet, A.,Fernández, V.,She, J.,Dabrowski, T.,Umgiesser, G.,Staneva, J.,Mészáros, L.,Campuzano, F.,Ursella, L.,Nolan, G.,El Serafy, G.},
title={Operational Modeling Capacity in European Seas—An EuroGOOS Perspective and Recommendations for Improvement},
year={2020},
howpublished = {journal article},
doi = {https://doi.org/10.3389/fmars.2020.00129},
abstract = {An overview of the current European capacity in terms of operational modeling of marine and coastal systems is presented. This overview is compiled from a survey conducted in 2018–2019 among members of EuroGOOS and its related network of Regional Operational Oceanographic Systems, addressing the purposes, context and technical specificities of operational modeling systems. Contributions to the survey were received from 49 organizations around Europe, which represent 104 operational model systems simulating mostly hydrodynamics, biogeochemistry and sea waves. The analysis of contributions highlights the strengths and weaknesses of the current capacity from an operational point of view, and leads to the formulation of recommendations toward the improvement of marine operational modeling services in Europe. In particular, this study highlights the heterogeneity of the European operational modeling capacity in terms of atmospheric and land boundary conditions, its limited deployment for biogeochemical phenomena, and a restricted use of data assimilation methods. In order to improve the accuracy of their simulations, model operators aim toward a further refinement of spatial resolution, and identify the quality and accessibility of forcing data and the suitability of observations for data assimilation as restricting factors. The described issues call for institutional integration efforts and promotion of good practices to homogenize operational marine model implementations, and to ensure that external forcing datasets, observation networks and process formulations and parameterizations are adequately developed to enable the deployment of high-level operational marine and coastal modeling services across Europe.},
note = {Online available at: \url{https://doi.org/10.3389/fmars.2020.00129} (DOI). Capet, A.; Fernández, V.; She, J.; Dabrowski, T.; Umgiesser, G.; Staneva, J.; Mészáros, L.; Campuzano, F.; Ursella, L.; Nolan, G.; El Serafy, G.: Operational Modeling Capacity in European Seas—An EuroGOOS Perspective and Recommendations for Improvement. Frontiers in Marine Science. 2020. vol. 7, 129. DOI: 10.3389/fmars.2020.00129}}
@misc{siedersleben_turbulent_kinetic_2020, 
author={Siedersleben, S.,Platis, A.,Lundquist, J.,Djath, B.,Lampert, A.,Bärfuss, K.,Cañadillas, B.,Schulz-Stellenfleth, J.,Bange, J.,Neumann, T.,Emeis, S.},
title={Turbulent kinetic energy over large offshore wind farms observed and simulated by the mesoscale model WRF (3.8.1)},
year={2020},
howpublished = {journal article},
doi = {https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-13-249-2020},
abstract = {Wind farms affect local weather and microclimates; hence, parameterizations of their effects have been developed for numerical weather prediction models. While most wind farm parameterizations (WFPs) include drag effects of wind farms, models differ on whether or not an additional turbulent kinetic energy (TKE) source should be included in these parameterizations to simulate the impact of wind farms on the boundary layer. Therefore, we use aircraft measurements above large offshore wind farms in stable conditions to evaluate WFP choices. Of the three case studies we examine, we find the simulated ambient background flow to agree with observations of temperature stratification and winds. This agreement allows us to explore the sensitivity of simulated wind farm effects with respect to modeling choices such as whether or not to include a TKE source, horizontal resolution, vertical resolution and advection of TKE. For a stably stratified marine atmospheric boundary layer (MABL), a TKE source and a horizontal resolution on the order of 5 km or finer are necessary to represent the impact of offshore wind farms on the MABL. Additionally, TKE advection results in excessively reduced TKE over the wind farms, which in turn causes an underestimation of the wind speed deficit above the wind farm. Furthermore, using fine vertical resolution increases the agreement of the simulated wind speed with satellite observations of surface wind speed.},
note = {Online available at: \url{https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-13-249-2020} (DOI). Siedersleben, S.; Platis, A.; Lundquist, J.; Djath, B.; Lampert, A.; Bärfuss, K.; Cañadillas, B.; Schulz-Stellenfleth, J.; Bange, J.; Neumann, T.; Emeis, S.: Turbulent kinetic energy over large offshore wind farms observed and simulated by the mesoscale model WRF (3.8.1). Geoscientific Model Development. 2020. vol. 13, no. 1, 249-268. DOI: 10.5194/gmd-13-249-2020}}
@misc{lampert_in_situ_2020, 
author={Lampert, A.,Bärfuss, K.,Platis, A.,Siedersleben, S.,Djath, B.,Cañadillas, B.,Hunger, R.,Hankers, R.,Bitter, M.,Feuerle, T.,Schulz, H.,Rausch, T.,Angermann, M.,Schwithal, A.,Bange, J.,Schulz-Stellenfleth, J.,Neumann, T.,Emeis, S.},
title={In situ airborne measurements of atmospheric and sea surface parameters related to offshore wind parks in the German Bight},
year={2020},
howpublished = {journal article},
doi = {https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-12-935-2020},
abstract = {Between 6 September 2016 and 15 October 2017, meteorological measurement flights were conducted above the German Bight in the framework of the project WIPAFF (Wind Park Far Field). The scope of the measurements was to study long-range wakes with an extent larger than 10 km behind entire wind parks, and to investigate the interaction of wind parks and the marine atmospheric boundary layer. The research aircraft Dornier 128 of the Technische Universität (TU) Braunschweig performed in total 41 measurement flights during different seasons and different stability conditions. The instrumentation consisted of a nose boom with sensors for measuring the wind vector, temperature and humidity, and additionally sensors for characterizing the water surface, a surface temperature sensor, a laser scanner and two cameras in the visible and infrared wavelength range. A detailed overview of the aircraft, sensors, data post-processing and flight patterns is provided here. Further, averaged profiles of atmospheric parameters illustrate the range of conditions. The potential use of the data set has been shown already by first publications. The data are publicly available in the world data centre PANGAEA (https://doi.org/10.1594/PANGAEA.902845; Bärfuss et al., 2019a).},
note = {Online available at: \url{https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-12-935-2020} (DOI). Lampert, A.; Bärfuss, K.; Platis, A.; Siedersleben, S.; Djath, B.; Cañadillas, B.; Hunger, R.; Hankers, R.; Bitter, M.; Feuerle, T.; Schulz, H.; Rausch, T.; Angermann, M.; Schwithal, A.; Bange, J.; Schulz-Stellenfleth, J.; Neumann, T.; Emeis, S.: In situ airborne measurements of atmospheric and sea surface parameters related to offshore wind parks in the German Bight. Earth System Science Data. 2020. vol. 12, no. 2, 935-946. DOI: 10.5194/essd-12-935-2020}}
@misc{devrese_irrigation_and_2020, 
author={de Vrese, P.,Stacke, T.},
title={Irrigation and hydrometeorological extremes},
year={2020},
howpublished = {journal article},
doi = {https://doi.org/10.1007/s00382-020-05337-9},
abstract = {In the present study, the Max-Planck-Institute for Meteorology’s Earth System Model is used to investigate irrigation’s general effect on severe and extreme hydrometeorological regimes. Our idealized simulations show a large potential to modulate the magnitude and occurrence frequency of severe and extreme precipitation rates, indicating the possibility to mitigate some of the detrimental effects of future climate change, but also a substantial risk due to the declining water availability in drying regions. Irrigation almost exclusively reduces the magnitude and occurrence frequency of severely and extremely dry conditions and has the potential to counter the drying trends that result from the 21st century increase in greenhouse gas concentrations—according to the RCP4.5 scenario. At the same time, irrigation does not only have a mitigating effect, as it increases the occurrence frequency and intensity of severely wet conditions in many regions. The study aims at irrigation’s theoretical (maximum) impact and investigates a highly idealized trajectory in which global irrigation is being maximized within hydrologically sustainable limits. However, even for this scenario, we find large regions in which present-day water extractions are not sustainable as they often rely on exhaustible sources. Especially, a depletion of non-renewable ground water in South Asia would lead to a strong reduction in irrigation and, consequently, a substantial increase in the occurrence frequency of severely and extremely dry months throughout the region.},
note = {Online available at: \url{https://doi.org/10.1007/s00382-020-05337-9} (DOI). de Vrese, P.; Stacke, T.: Irrigation and hydrometeorological extremes. Climate Dynamics. 2020. vol. 55, 1521-1537. DOI: 10.1007/s00382-020-05337-9}}
@misc{caadillas_offshore_wind_2020, 
author={Cañadillas, B.,Foreman, R.,Barth, V.,Siedersleben, S.,Lampert, A.,Platis, A.,Djath, B.,Schulz-Stellenfleth, J.,Bange, J.,Emeis, S.,Neuman, T.},
title={Offshore wind farm wake recovery: Airborne measurements and its representation in engineering models},
year={2020},
howpublished = {journal article},
doi = {https://doi.org/10.1002/we.2484},
abstract = {We present an analysis of wind measurements from a series of airborne campaigns conducted to sample the wakes from two North Sea wind farm clusters, with the aim of determining the dependence of the downstream wind speed recovery on the atmospheric stability. The consequences of the stability dependence of wake length on the expected annual energy yield of wind farms in the North Sea are assessed by an engineering model. Wakes are found to extend for significantly longer downstream distances (>50 km) in stable conditions than in neutral and unstable conditions ( urn:x-wiley:we:media:we2484:we2484-math-0001 15 km). The parameters of one common engineering model are modified to reproduce the observed wake decay at downstream distances urn:x-wiley:we:media:we2484:we2484-math-0002 30 km. More significant effects on the energy yield are expected for wind farms separated by distances urn:x-wiley:we:media:we2484:we2484-math-0003 30 km, which is generally the case in the North Sea, but additional data would be required to validate the suggested parameter modifications within the engineering model. A case study is accordingly performed to show reductions in the farm efficiency downstream of a wind farm. These results emphasize not only the importance of understanding the impact of atmospheric stability on offshore wind farms but also the need to update the representation of wakes in current industry models to properly include wake‐induced energy losses, especially in large offshore clusters.},
note = {Online available at: \url{https://doi.org/10.1002/we.2484} (DOI). Cañadillas, B.; Foreman, R.; Barth, V.; Siedersleben, S.; Lampert, A.; Platis, A.; Djath, B.; Schulz-Stellenfleth, J.; Bange, J.; Emeis, S.; Neuman, T.: Offshore wind farm wake recovery: Airborne measurements and its representation in engineering models. Wind Energy. 2020. vol. 23, no. 5, 1249-1265. DOI: 10.1002/we.2484}}
@misc{merz_impact_forecasting_2020, 
author={Merz, B.,Kuhlicke, C.,Kunz, M.,Pittore, M.,Babeyko, A.,Bresch, D.,Domeisen, D.,Feser, F.,Koszalka, I.,Kreibich, H.,Pantillon, F.,Parolei, S.,Pinto, J.,Punge, H.,Rivalta, E.,Schröter, K.,Strehlow, K.,Weisse, R.,Wurpts, A.},
title={Impact Forecasting to Support Emergency Management of Natural Hazards},
year={2020},
howpublished = {journal article},
doi = {https://doi.org/10.1029/2020RG000704},
abstract = {Forecasting and early warning systems are important investments to protect lives, properties, and livelihood. While early warning systems are frequently used to predict the magnitude, location, and timing of potentially damaging events, these systems rarely provide impact estimates, such as the expected amount and distribution of physical damage, human consequences, disruption of services, or financial loss. Complementing early warning systems with impact forecasts has a twofold advantage: It would provide decision makers with richer information to take informed decisions about emergency measures and focus the attention of different disciplines on a common target. This would allow capitalizing on synergies between different disciplines and boosting the development of multihazard early warning systems. This review discusses the state of the art in impact forecasting for a wide range of natural hazards. We outline the added value of impact‐based warnings compared to hazard forecasting for the emergency phase, indicate challenges and pitfalls, and synthesize the review results across hazard types most relevant for Europe.},
note = {Online available at: \url{https://doi.org/10.1029/2020RG000704} (DOI). Merz, B.; Kuhlicke, C.; Kunz, M.; Pittore, M.; Babeyko, A.; Bresch, D.; Domeisen, D.; Feser, F.; Koszalka, I.; Kreibich, H.; Pantillon, F.; Parolei, S.; Pinto, J.; Punge, H.; Rivalta, E.; Schröter, K.; Strehlow, K.; Weisse, R.; Wurpts, A.: Impact Forecasting to Support Emergency Management of Natural Hazards. Reviews of Geophysics. 2020. vol. 58, no. 4, e2020RG000704. DOI: 10.1029/2020RG000704}}
@misc{cohuo1_influence_of_2020, 
author={Cohuo1, S.,Macario-González, L.,Wagner, S.,Naumann, K.,Echeverría-Galindo, P.,Pérez, L.,Curtis, J.,Brenner, M.,Schwalb, A.},
title={Influence of late Quaternary climate on the biogeography of Neotropical aquatic species as reflected by non-marine ostracodes},
year={2020},
howpublished = {journal article},
doi = {https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-17-145-2020},
abstract = {We evaluated how ranges of four endemic and non-endemic aquatic ostracode species changed in response to long-term (glacial–interglacial cycles) and abrupt climate fluctuations during the last 155 kyr in the northern Neotropical region. We employed two complementary approaches, fossil records and species distribution models (SDMs). Fossil assemblages were obtained from sediment cores PI-1, PI-2, PI-6 and Petén-Itzá 22-VIII-99 from the Petén Itzá Scientific Drilling Project, Lake Petén Itzá, Guatemala. To obtain a spatially resolved pattern of (past) species distribution, a downscaling cascade is employed. SDMs were reconstructed for the last interglacial (∼120 ka), the last glacial maximum (∼22 ka) and the middle Holocene (∼6 ka). During glacial and interglacial cycles and marine isotope stages (MISs), modelled paleo-distributions and paleo-records show the nearly continuous presence of endemic and non-endemic species in the region, suggesting negligible effects of long-term climate variations on aquatic niche stability. During periods of abrupt ecological disruption such as Heinrich Stadial 1 (HS1), endemic species were resilient, remaining within their current areas of distribution. Non-endemic species, however, proved to be more sensitive. Modelled paleo-distributions suggest that the geographic range of non-endemic species changed, moving southward into Central America. Due to the uncertainties involved in the downscaling from the global numerical to the highly resolved regional geospatial statistical modelling, results can be seen as a benchmark for future studies using similar approaches. Given relatively moderate temperature decreases in Lake Petén Itzá waters (∼5 ∘C) and the persistence of some aquatic ecosystems even during periods of severe drying in HS1, our data suggest (1) the existence of micro-refugia and/or (2) continuous interaction between central metapopulations and surrounding populations, enabling aquatic taxa to survive climate fluctuations in the northern Neotropical region.},
note = {Online available at: \url{https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-17-145-2020} (DOI). Cohuo1, S.; Macario-González, L.; Wagner, S.; Naumann, K.; Echeverría-Galindo, P.; Pérez, L.; Curtis, J.; Brenner, M.; Schwalb, A.: Influence of late Quaternary climate on the biogeography of Neotropical aquatic species as reflected by non-marine ostracodes. Biogeosciences. 2020. vol. 17, no. 1, 145-161. DOI: 10.5194/bg-17-145-2020}}
@misc{almagro_performance_evaluation_2020, 
author={Almagro, A.,Oliveira, P.,Rosolem, R.,Hagemann, S.,Nobre, C.},
title={Performance evaluation of Eta/HadGEM2-ES and Eta/MIROC5 precipitation simulations over Brazil},
year={2020},
howpublished = {journal article},
doi = {https://doi.org/10.1016/j.atmosres.2020.105053},
abstract = {Climate change effects can have significant impacts worldwide. Extreme events can modify water availability and agricultural production, making climate change planning an essential task. The National Institute for Space Research (INPE in Portuguese) in Brazil has made a large dataset of regional climate model outputs (simulations and projections) available, which opens up many possibilities of carrying out high-resolution climate change studies. However, there is still no performance evaluation of the model-derived rainfall output against high-resolution ground-based observation data considering the Brazilian biomes. This paper attempts to fill this gap and evaluates the simulated precipitation throughout Brazil. We used gridded observed precipitation data and historical climate simulations from the Model for Interdisciplinary Research on Climate, version 5 (MIROC5) and from the Hadley Center Global Environment Model, version 2 (HadGEM2-ES), which were downscaled by the Eta RCM (Regional Climate Model). For the overlapping period (1980–2005), there is good agreement (PBIAS up to 10%) of downscaled annual simulations for the Amazon and Cerrado biomes and large biases (reaching 40%) in the Pampa biome, compared to the observations. Our results showed that HadGEM2-ES is capable of representing long-term mean monthly precipitation for large areas well, such as the Amazon and Cerrado. Furthermore, the Eta RCM has considerably improved the driving GCM MIROC5 simulations. In conclusion, we recommend using the HadGEM2-ES simulations for the Amazon, Eta/HadGEM2-ES for the Atlantic Forest, Cerrado, and Pampa, and Eta/MIROC5 for the Caatinga and Pantanal. Our study provides an overview of two downscaled simulation datasets in Brazil that may help verify the models' suitability for further climate change assessments.},
note = {Online available at: \url{https://doi.org/10.1016/j.atmosres.2020.105053} (DOI). Almagro, A.; Oliveira, P.; Rosolem, R.; Hagemann, S.; Nobre, C.: Performance evaluation of Eta/HadGEM2-ES and Eta/MIROC5 precipitation simulations over Brazil. Atmospheric Research. 2020. vol. 244, 105053. DOI: 10.1016/j.atmosres.2020.105053}}
@misc{ricker_circulation_of_2020, 
author={Ricker, M.,Stanev, E.},
title={Circulation of the European northwest shelf: a Lagrangian perspective},
year={2020},
howpublished = {journal article},
doi = {https://doi.org/10.5194/os-16-637-2020},
abstract = {The dynamics of the European northwest shelf (ENWS), the surrounding deep ocean, and the continental slope between them are analysed in a framework of numerical simulations using Lagrangian methods. Several sensitivity experiments are carried out in which (1) the tides are switched off, (2) the wind forcing is low-pass filtered, and (3) the wind forcing is switched off. To measure accumulation of neutrally buoyant particles, a quantity named the “normalised cumulative particle density (NCPD)” is introduced. Yearly averages of monthly results in the deep ocean show no permanent particle accumulation areas at the surface. On the shelf, elongated accumulation patterns persist in yearly averages, often occurring along the thermohaline fronts. In contrast, monthly accumulation patterns are highly variable in both regimes. Tides substantially affect the particle dynamics on the shelf and thus the positions of fronts. The contribution of wind variability to particle accumulation in specific regions is comparable to that of tides. The role of vertical velocities in the dynamics of Lagrangian particles is quantified for both the eddy-dominated deep ocean and for the shallow shelf. In the latter area, winds normal to coasts result in upwelling and downwelling, illustrating the importance of vertical dynamics in shelf seas. Clear patterns characterising the accumulation of Lagrangian particles are associated with the vertical circulations.},
note = {Online available at: \url{https://doi.org/10.5194/os-16-637-2020} (DOI). Ricker, M.; Stanev, E.: Circulation of the European northwest shelf: a Lagrangian perspective. Ocean Science. 2020. vol. 16, no. 3, 637-655. DOI: 10.5194/os-16-637-2020}}
@misc{bonaduce_seastate_contributions_2020, 
author={Bonaduce, A.,Staneva, J.,Grayek, S.,Bidlot, J.,Breivik, O.},
title={Sea-state contributions to sea-level variability in the European Seas},
year={2020},
howpublished = {journal article},
doi = {https://doi.org/10.1007/s10236-020-01404-1},
abstract = {The contribution of sea-state-induced processes to sea-level variability is investigated through ocean-wave coupled simulations. These experiments are performed with a high-resolution configuration of the Geestacht COAstal model SysTem (GCOAST), implemented in the Northeast Atlantic, the North Sea and the Baltic Sea which are considered as connected basins. The GCOAST system accounts for wave-ocean interactions and the ocean circulation relies on the NEMO (Nucleus for European Modelling of the Ocean) ocean model, while ocean-wave simulations are performed using the spectral wave model WAM. The objective is to demonstrate the contribution of wave-induced processes to sea level at different temporal and spatial scales of variability. When comparing the ocean-wave coupled experiment with in situ data, a significant reduction of the errors (up to 40% in the North Sea) is observed, compared with the reference. Spectral analysis shows that the reduction of the errors is mainly due to an improved representation of sea-level variability at temporal scales up to 12 h. Investigating the representation of sea-level extremes in the experiments, significant contributions (> 20%) due to wave-induced processes are observed both over continental shelf areas and in the Atlantic, associated with different patterns of variability. Sensitivity experiments to the impact of the different wave-induced processes show a major impact of wave-modified surface stress over the shelf areas in the North Sea and in the Baltic Sea. In the Atlantic, the signature of wave-induced processes is driven by the interaction of wave-modified momentum flux and turbulent mixing, and it shows its impact to the occurrence of mesoscale features of the ocean circulation. Wave-induced energy fluxes also have a role (10%) in the modulation of surge at the shelf break.},
note = {Online available at: \url{https://doi.org/10.1007/s10236-020-01404-1} (DOI). Bonaduce, A.; Staneva, J.; Grayek, S.; Bidlot, J.; Breivik, O.: Sea-state contributions to sea-level variability in the European Seas. Ocean Dynamics. 2020. vol. 70, 1547-1569. DOI: 10.1007/s10236-020-01404-1}}
@misc{chetan_35_years_2020, 
author={Chetan, M.,Dornik, A.,Ardelean, F.,Georgievski, G.,Hagemann, S.,Romanovsky, V.,Onaca, A.,Drozdov, D.},
title={35 Years of Vegetation and Lake Dynamics in the Pechora Catchment, Russian European Arctic},
year={2020},
howpublished = {journal article},
doi = {https://doi.org/10.3390/rs12111863},
abstract = {High-latitude regions are a hot spot of global warming, but the scarce availability of observations often limits the investigation of climate change impacts over these regions. However, the utilization of satellite-based remote sensing data offers new possibilities for such investigations. In the present study, vegetation greening, vegetation moisture and lake distribution derived from medium-resolution satellite imagery were analyzed over the Pechora catchment for the last 35 years. Here, we considered the entire Pechora catchment and the Pechora Delta region, located in the northern part of European Russia, and we investigated the vegetation and lake dynamics over different permafrost zones and across the two major biomes, taiga, and tundra. We also evaluated climate data records from meteorological stations and re-analysis data to find relations between these dynamics and climatic behavior. Considering the Normalized Difference Vegetation Index (NDVI) and the Normalized Difference Moisture Index (NDMI) in the summer, we found a general greening and moistening of the vegetation. While vegetation greenness follows the evolution of summer air temperature with a delay of one year, the vegetation moisture dynamics seems to better concur with annual total precipitation rather than summer precipitation, and also with annual snow water equivalent without lag. Both NDVI and NDMI show a much higher variability across discontinuous permafrost terrain compared to other types. Moreover, the analyses yielded an overall decrease in the area of permanent lakes and a noticeable increase in the area of seasonal lakes. While the first might be related to permafrost thawing, the latter seems to be connected to an increase of annual snow water equivalent. The general consistency between the indices of vegetation greenness and moisture based on satellite imagery and the climate data highlights the efficacy and reliability of combining Landsat satellite data, ERA-Interim reanalysis and meteorological data to monitor temporal dynamics of the land surface in Arctic areas.},
note = {Online available at: \url{https://doi.org/10.3390/rs12111863} (DOI). Chetan, M.; Dornik, A.; Ardelean, F.; Georgievski, G.; Hagemann, S.; Romanovsky, V.; Onaca, A.; Drozdov, D.: 35 Years of Vegetation and Lake Dynamics in the Pechora Catchment, Russian European Arctic. Remote Sensing. 2020. vol. 12, no. 11, 1836. DOI: 10.3390/rs12111863}}
@misc{klockmann_coupling_of_2020, 
author={Klockmann, M.,Mikolajewicz, U.,Kleppin, H.,Marotzke, J.},
title={Coupling of the Subpolar Gyre and the Overturning Circulation During Abrupt Glacial Climate Transitions},
year={2020},
howpublished = {journal article},
doi = {https://doi.org/10.1029/2020GL090361},
abstract = {We present a mechanism for self‐sustained ocean circulation changes that cause abrupt temperature changes over Greenland in a multi‐millennial climate model simulation with glacial CO2 concentrations representative of Marine Isotope Stage 3. The Atlantic meridional overturning circulation (AMOC) and the subpolar gyre (SPG) oscillate on millennial timescales. When the AMOC is strong, the SPG is weak and contracted; when the AMOC is weak, the SPG is strong and extensive. The coupling between the two systems via wind‐driven and density‐driven feedbacks is key to maintaining the oscillations. The SPG controls the transport of heat and salt into the deep‐water formation sites and thus controls the AMOC strength. The strength and location of the deep‐water formation affect the density‐driven part of the SPG and thus control the mean strength and extent of the SPG. This mechanism supports the hypothesis that coupled ocean‐ice‐atmosphere interactions could have triggered abrupt glacial climate change.},
note = {Online available at: \url{https://doi.org/10.1029/2020GL090361} (DOI). Klockmann, M.; Mikolajewicz, U.; Kleppin, H.; Marotzke, J.: Coupling of the Subpolar Gyre and the Overturning Circulation During Abrupt Glacial Climate Transitions. Geophysical Research Letters. 2020. vol. 47, no. 21, e2020GL090361. DOI: 10.1029/2020GL090361}}
@misc{liang_multiple_sediment_2020, 
author={Liang, C.,Xie, X.,He, Y.,Chen, H.,Yu, X.,Zhang, W.,Mi, H.,Lu, B.,Tian, D.,Zhang, H.,Li, M.,Zhou, Z.},
title={Multiple sediment sources and topographic changes controlled the depositional architecture of a palaeoslope-parallel canyon in the Qiongdongnan Basin, South China Sea},
year={2020},
howpublished = {journal article},
doi = {https://doi.org/10.1016/j.marpetgeo.2019.104161},
abstract = {Submarine canyon deposits have drawn attention due to their significance on source-to-sink analysis and hydrocarbon exploration. High-resolution 2-D and 3-D seismic and exploration well data recently collected in the Ledong-Lingshui segment of the Qiongdongnan Basin are used to investigate the depositional architecture of the palaeoslope-parallel Central Canyon, which is distinct from other slope-perpendicular canyons. This study indicates that the canyon developed along the thalweg of a multiple stepped palaeotopography with a slope-parallel descending trend eastwards. The location of the thalweg is controlled by regional tectonics and progradational slope clinoforms in the western Qiongdongnan basin. Geographic changes in an extending direction and slope gradient of the palaeotopography resulted in variations in the depth and width of the canyon. Analysis of the canyon infillings indicates multiple sediment sources including an axial sediment source from the Central Vietnam and the western Hainan Island and a canyon-side source from the northern slope of the Qiongdongnan basin. Provenance study shows that the former source supplied relatively coarse-grained turbidites and the later supplied fine-grained mass transport deposits (MTD). Most of such MTDs originated from the northern slope of the basin. Evolution of the Central Canyon can be classified into three stages. Stage 1 is characterised by significant incisions that are responsible for the formation of the canyon. Subsequently or contemporaneously, the sharp bend at the beginning of the middle segment of the canyon likely resulted in lateral erosion, which triggered large-scale and small-scale canyon margin failures in the middle and lower segments of the canyon, respectively. The subsequent early filling stage (Stage 2) refers to the deposition of turbidites supplied by the axial sediment source. However, the morphology of the stepped thalweg slope resulted in sediment bypass in the upper segment of the Central Canyon. During the late filling stage (Stage 3), MTDs supplied by the canyon-side sediment source were dominated, and interbedded with turbidite deposits. The deposition of the MTDs resulted in the sharp decreases in canyon accommodation space and the abrupt southeastwards stepping of the deepest part of the canyon. Moreover, complex interactions between debris-flows and turbidity-flows occurred during this stage. Such variations in architecture of the canyon were controlled by multiple sediment supplies and topographic changes. The proposed conceptual model of canyon infilling and the resulting stratigraphic architecture could be applied in other analogous canyons for hydrocarbon exploration.},
note = {Online available at: \url{https://doi.org/10.1016/j.marpetgeo.2019.104161} (DOI). Liang, C.; Xie, X.; He, Y.; Chen, H.; Yu, X.; Zhang, W.; Mi, H.; Lu, B.; Tian, D.; Zhang, H.; Li, M.; Zhou, Z.: Multiple sediment sources and topographic changes controlled the depositional architecture of a palaeoslope-parallel canyon in the Qiongdongnan Basin, South China Sea. Marine and Petroleum Geology. 2020. vol. 113, 104161. DOI: 10.1016/j.marpetgeo.2019.104161}}
@misc{zhang_sea_surface_2020, 
author={Zhang, H.,Liu, X.,Wu, R.,Chen, D.,Zhang, D.,Shang, X.,Wang, Y.,Song, X.,Jin, W.,Yu, L.,Qi, Y.,Tian, D.,Zhang, W.},
title={Sea surface current response patterns to tropical cyclones},
year={2020},
howpublished = {journal article},
doi = {https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jmarsys.2020.103345},
abstract = {Tropical cyclones (TCs) are strong synoptic systems which induce strong sea surface currents. This paper first cross-checks a detailed surface current response to specific TCs Rammasun (2014), Kalmaegi (2014) and Sarika (2016) based on buoy/mooring observations as well as a three-dimensional numerical model (three-dimensional version of the Price-Weller-Pinkel model, 3DPWP) and a one-dimensional semi-analytical model which simplifies the driving forcing into wind stress and Coriolis force, then estimates the impact of all possible tropical cyclones using the semi-analytical model. The results show that the sea surface current response to the kinetic energy input of TCs, which is dependent on the TC configurations (translation speed, size and intensity) and the environmental configurations (Coriolis frequency and upper ocean stratification), can be represented by two simple parameters, namely the TC nondimensional translation speed (S) and the TC wind force parameter () or TC wind energy parameter (). S represents a combined effect of TC translation speed, size and Coriolis frequency, determines the structure of surface current response. or represents a combined effect of TC intensity, mixed layer depth and Coriolis frequency, determines the intensity of surface current response or wind energy input into surface currents. Ekman-like divergence dominates the sea surface current response when S is small (0 < S ≤ 0.4), an inertial oscillation in the lee that bias to the right rear part of a TC dominates when S is medium (0.4 < S ≤ 5), and an impulse with forward (backward) current on the right (left) side of the track dominates when S is large (S > 5). The response pattern with S > 5 was rarely studied before. The three values range of S take up ~30.36%, ~69.36% and ~0.28% of all recorded TCs during 2001–2017, which explains why the second response pattern with 0.4 < S ≤ 5 is usually observed while the third response pattern with S > 5 has been rarely studied before. Besides, the surface rightward bias is greatest at S = 2.5 (S = 1.45) for current speed (kinetic energy input rate). () determine the amplitude of current speed (wind energy input into currents). This work provides a simple and easy-to-use method to estimate the surface current response pattern to TCs when TCs and associated environmental configurations are given, which may help to improve the parameterization of TCs in regional and climate modeling. It also suggests that S is a better index than TC translation speed to classify TCs when studying the oceanic response.},
note = {Online available at: \url{https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jmarsys.2020.103345} (DOI). Zhang, H.; Liu, X.; Wu, R.; Chen, D.; Zhang, D.; Shang, X.; Wang, Y.; Song, X.; Jin, W.; Yu, L.; Qi, Y.; Tian, D.; Zhang, W.: Sea surface current response patterns to tropical cyclones. Journal of Marine Systems. 2020. vol. 208, 103345. DOI: 10.1016/j.jmarsys.2020.103345}}
@misc{zhang_flocculation_under_2020, 
author={Zhang, Y.,Ren, J.,Zhang, W.},
title={Flocculation under the control of shear, concentration and stratification during tidal cycles},
year={2020},
howpublished = {journal article},
doi = {https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jhydrol.2020.124908},
abstract = {Tide-dominated estuaries are often characterized by a high variability of turbulent shear, suspended particulate matter (SPM) concentration and salinity, which poses challenges for a comprehensive understanding of its mass transport including cohesive sediment dynamics. Here, a combined in situ and numerical study was undertaken to investigate the mechanism of flocculation during tidal cycles, with the aim to disentangle the impacts of turbulent shear, SPM concentration and salinity on flocs. Results show that microflocs (20–200 μm) dominate in the Pearl River Estuary and floc size variation is caused primarily by exchange between flocculi (4–20 μm) and microflocs. We also identified a critical shear rate (G* ≈ 5/s) below which floc exchange occurs slowly. Above the threshold, the particle size distribution is left-skewed and clustered below 60 μm. Evolutions of flocs with different initial sizes synchronize gradually to adapt to the local hydrological environment. The trends of floc size evolution and absolute net flocculation rates are similar among diverse tidal shear cycles. The reason can be attributed to the turbulent shear which enhances both aggregation and breakup processes, thereby limiting the floc size in a certain range. The higher the concentration, the larger both the particle size and the range of variation. In addition, results of numerical modelling reveal that the flocculation time for primary particles is inversely proportional to shear and concentration. A critical concentration (C* ≈ 50 mg/L), below which the impact of concentration on the equilibrium diameter of flocs is more than twice as strong as shear, whilst above which the equilibrium diameter is inversely proportional to the Kolmogorov microscale and weakly correlated to concentration, was also identified. Furthermore, halocline was found to increase vertical variation of flocs size, suggesting co-existence of different flocculation mechanisms across this layer.},
note = {Online available at: \url{https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jhydrol.2020.124908} (DOI). Zhang, Y.; Ren, J.; Zhang, W.: Flocculation under the control of shear, concentration and stratification during tidal cycles. Journal of Hydrology. 2020. vol. 586, 124908. DOI: 10.1016/j.jhydrol.2020.124908}}
@misc{zhang_morphogenesis_of_2020, 
author={Zhang, W.,Xiong, P.,Meng, Q.,Dudzinska-Nowak, J.,Chen, H.,Zhang, H.,Zhou, F.,Miluch, J.,Harff, J.},
title={Morphogenesis of a late Pleistocene delta off the south-western Hainan Island unraveled by numerical modeling},
year={2020},
howpublished = {journal article},
doi = {https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jseaes.2020.104351},
abstract = {A paleo-river delta off the south-western (SW) Hainan Island has been identified based on seismic and core evidence. Dating results suggest its initial development in ~65 kyr BP during a global sea level lowstand (~85 m below modern level) and termination in ~56 kyr BP during a sea level highstand (~50 m below modern level). Analysis of the delta internal architecture indicated a dominant offshore transport pathway from the SW Hainan Island. In order to unravel possible driving mechanisms for morphogenesis of the delta, 3-Dimensional numerical modeling was applied to investigate oceanographic and morphodynamic scenarios corresponding to the initial delta development. Results indicate that sediment dynamics in the study area is controlled by a compound effect of monsoon-driven circulation, river plumes, tides and typhoons. Contribution of the Red River to the delta development is smaller than local rivers in SW Hainan due to a combined effect by regional circulation and tides which causes a detour of the buoyancy-driven plume around the delta, despite of its larger runoff and sediment discharge compared to those from the local rivers of Hainan. On the other hand, simulation results suggest at least ten-times higher sediment supply rate from SW Hainan during the developing phase of the river delta than the modern condition. Such enhanced sediment supply might be caused jointly by 1) increased local river runoff from SW Hainan, and 2) alongshore transport from eastern Hainan which was connected to the main land during the sea level lowstand.},
note = {Online available at: \url{https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jseaes.2020.104351} (DOI). Zhang, W.; Xiong, P.; Meng, Q.; Dudzinska-Nowak, J.; Chen, H.; Zhang, H.; Zhou, F.; Miluch, J.; Harff, J.: Morphogenesis of a late Pleistocene delta off the south-western Hainan Island unraveled by numerical modeling. Journal of Asian Earth Sciences. 2020. vol. 195, 104351. DOI: 10.1016/j.jseaes.2020.104351}}
@misc{stanev_interactions_between_2020, 
author={Stanev, E.,Ricker, M.},
title={Interactions between barotropic tides and mesoscale processes in deep ocean and shelf regions},
year={2020},
howpublished = {journal article},
doi = {https://doi.org/10.1007/s10236-020-01348-6},
abstract = {The interactions between barotropic tides and mesoscale processes were studied using the results of a numerical model in which tidal forcing was turned on and off. The research area covered part of the East Atlantic Ocean, a steep continental slope, and the European Northwest Shelf. Tides affected the baroclinic fields at much smaller spatial scales than the barotropic tidal scales. Changes in the horizontal patterns of the M2 and M4 tidal constituents provided information about the two-way interactions between barotropic tides and mesoscale processes. The interaction between the atmosphere and ocean measured by the work done by wind was also affected by the barotropic tidal forcing. Tidal forcing intensified the transient processes and resulted in a substantial transformation of the wave number spectra in the transition areas from the deep ocean to the shelf. Tides flattened the sea-surface height spectra down to ~ k−2.5 power law, thus reflecting the large contribution of the processes in the high-frequency range compared to quasi-geostrophic motion. The spectra along sections parallel or normal to the continental slope differ from each other, which indicates that mesoscale turbulence was not isotropic. An analysis of the vorticity spectra showed that the flattening was mostly due to internal tides. Compared with the deep ocean, no substantial scale selectivity was observed on the shelf area. Particle tracking showed that the lengths of the Lagrangian trajectories increased by approximately 40% if the barotropic tidal forcing was activated, which contributed to changed mixing properties. The ratio between the horizontal and vertical scales of motion varied regionally depending on whether barotropic tidal forcing was included. The overall conclusion is that the barotropic tides affect substantially the diapycnal mixing.},
note = {Online available at: \url{https://doi.org/10.1007/s10236-020-01348-6} (DOI). Stanev, E.; Ricker, M.: Interactions between barotropic tides and mesoscale processes in deep ocean and shelf regions. Ocean Dynamics. 2020. vol. 70, 713-728. DOI: 10.1007/s10236-020-01348-6}}
@misc{coppola_a_firstofitskind_2020, 
author={Coppola, E.,Sobolowski, S.,Pichelli, E.,Raffaele, F.,Ahrens, B.,Anders, I.,Ban, N.,Bastin, S.,Belda, M.,Belusic, D.,Caldas-Alvarez, A.,Cardoso, R.M.,Davolio, S.,Dobler, A.,Fernandez, J.,Fita, L.,Fumiere, Q.,Giorgi, F.,Goergen, K.,Guettler, I.,Halenka, T.,Heinzeller, D.,Hodnebrog, Oe.,Jacob, D.,Kartsios, S.,Katragkou, E.,Kendon, E.,Khodayar, S.,Kunstmann, H.,Knist, S.,Lavin-Gullon, A.,Lind, P.,Lorenz, T.,Maraun, D.,Marelle, L.,Meijgaard, E.van,Milovac, J.,Myhre, G.,Panitz, H.-J.,Piazza, M.,Raffa, M.,Raub, T.,Rockel, B.,Schaer, C.,Sieck, K.,Soares, P.M.M.,Somot, S.,Srnec, L.,Stocchi, P.,Toelle, M.H.,Truhetz, H.,Vautard, R.,de Vries, H.,Warrach-Sagi, K.},
title={A first-of-its-kind multi-model convection permitting ensemble for investigating convective phenomena over Europe and the Mediterranean},
year={2020},
howpublished = {journal article},
doi = {https://doi.org/10.1007/s00382-018-4521-8},
abstract = {A recently launched project under the auspices of the World Climate Research Program’s (WCRP) Coordinated Regional Downscaling Experiments Flagship Pilot Studies program (CORDEX-FPS) is presented. This initiative aims to build first-of-its-kind ensemble climate experiments of convection permitting models to investigate present and future convective processes and related extremes over Europe and the Mediterranean. In this manuscript the rationale, scientific aims and approaches are presented along with some preliminary results from the testing phase of the project. Three test cases were selected in order to obtain a first look at the ensemble performance. The test cases covered a summertime extreme precipitation event over Austria, a fall Foehn event over the Swiss Alps and an intensively documented fall event along the Mediterranean coast. The test cases were run in both “weather-like” (WL, initialized just before the event in question) and “climate” (CM, initialized 1 month before the event) modes. Ensembles of 18–21 members, representing six different modeling systems with different physics and modelling chain options, was generated for the test cases (27 modeling teams have committed to perform the longer climate simulations). Results indicate that, when run in WL mode, the ensemble captures all three events quite well with ensemble correlation skill scores of 0.67, 0.82 and 0.91. They suggest that the more the event is driven by large-scale conditions, the closer the agreement between the ensemble members. Even in climate mode the large-scale driven events over the Swiss Alps and the Mediterranean coasts are still captured (ensemble correlation skill scores of 0.90 and 0.62, respectively), but the inter-model spread increases as expected. In the case over Mediterranean the effects of local-scale interactions between flow and orography and land–ocean contrasts are readily apparent. However, there is a much larger, though not surprising, increase in the spread for the Austrian event, which was weakly forced by the large-scale flow. Though the ensemble correlation skill score is still quite high (0.80). The preliminary results illustrate both the promise and the challenges that convection permitting modeling faces and make a strong argument for an ensemble-based approach to investigating high impact convective processes.},
note = {Online available at: \url{https://doi.org/10.1007/s00382-018-4521-8} (DOI). Coppola, E.; Sobolowski, S.; Pichelli, E.; Raffaele, F.; Ahrens, B.; Anders, I.; Ban, N.; Bastin, S.; Belda, M.; Belusic, D.; Caldas-Alvarez, A.; Cardoso, R.; Davolio, S.; Dobler, A.; Fernandez, J.; Fita, L.; Fumiere, Q.; Giorgi, F.; Goergen, K.; Guettler, I.; Halenka, T.; Heinzeller, D.; Hodnebrog, O.; Jacob, D.; Kartsios, S.; Katragkou, E.; Kendon, E.; Khodayar, S.; Kunstmann, H.; Knist, S.; Lavin-Gullon, A.; Lind, P.; Lorenz, T.; Maraun, D.; Marelle, L.; Meijgaard, E.; Milovac, J.; Myhre, G.; Panitz, H.; Piazza, M.; Raffa, M.; Raub, T.; Rockel, B.; Schaer, C.; Sieck, K.; Soares, P.; Somot, S.; Srnec, L.; Stocchi, P.; Toelle, M.; Truhetz, H.; Vautard, R.; de Vries, H.; Warrach-Sagi, K.: A first-of-its-kind multi-model convection permitting ensemble for investigating convective phenomena over Europe and the Mediterranean. Climate Dynamics. 2020. vol. 55, 3-34. DOI: 10.1007/s00382-018-4521-8}}
@misc{eyring_earth_system_2020, 
author={Eyring, V.,Bock, L.,Lauer, A.,Righi, M.,Schlund, M.,Andela, B.,Arnone, E.,Bellprat, O.,Carvalhais, N.,Cionni, I.,Cortesi, N.,Crezee, B.,Davin, E.L.,Davini, P.,Debeire, K.,De Mora, L.,Deser, C.,Docquier, D.,Earnshaw, P.,Ehbrecht, C.,Gier, B.K.,Gonzalez-Reviriego, N.,Goodman, P.,Hagemann, S.,Hardiman, S.,Hassler, B.,Hunter, A.,Kadow, C.,Kindermann, S.,Koirala, S.,Koldunov, N.,Lejeune, Q.,Lembo, V.,Lovato, T.,Lucarini, V.,Müller, B.,Pandde, A.,Pérez-Zanón, N.,Phillips, A.,Predoi, V.,Russell, J.,Sellar, A.,Stacke, T.,Swaminathan, R.,Von Hardenberg, J.,Weigel, K.,Zimmermann, K.},
title={Earth System Model Evaluation Tool (ESMValTool) v2.0 – an extended set of large-scale diagnostics for quasi-operational and comprehensive evaluation of Earth system models in CMIP},
year={2020},
howpublished = {journal article},
doi = {https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-13-3383-2020},
abstract = {The Earth System Model Evaluation Tool (ESMValTool) is a community diagnostics and performance metrics tool designed to improve comprehensive and routine evaluation of Earth system models (ESMs) participating in the Coupled Model Intercomparison Project (CMIP). It has undergone rapid development since the first release in 2016 and is now a well-tested tool that provides end-to-end provenance tracking to ensure reproducibility. It consists of (1) an easy-to-install, well-documented Python package providing the core functionalities (ESMValCore) that performs common preprocessing operations and (2) a diagnostic part that includes tailored diagnostics and performance metrics for specific scientific applications. Here we describe large-scale diagnostics of the second major release of the tool that supports the evaluation of ESMs participating in CMIP Phase 6 (CMIP6). ESMValTool v2.0 includes a large collection of diagnostics and performance metrics for atmospheric, oceanic, and terrestrial variables for the mean state, trends, and variability. ESMValTool v2.0 also successfully reproduces figures from the evaluation and projections chapters of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) Fifth Assessment Report (AR5) and incorporates updates from targeted analysis packages, such as the NCAR Climate Variability Diagnostics Package for the evaluation of modes of variability, the Thermodynamic Diagnostic Tool (TheDiaTo) to evaluate the energetics of the climate system, as well as parts of AutoAssess that contains a mix of top–down performance metrics. The tool has been fully integrated into the Earth System Grid Federation (ESGF) infrastructure at the Deutsches Klimarechenzentrum (DKRZ) to provide evaluation results from CMIP6 model simulations shortly after the output is published to the CMIP archive. A result browser has been implemented that enables advanced monitoring of the evaluation results by a broad user community at much faster timescales than what was possible in CMIP5.},
note = {Online available at: \url{https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-13-3383-2020} (DOI). Eyring, V.; Bock, L.; Lauer, A.; Righi, M.; Schlund, M.; Andela, B.; Arnone, E.; Bellprat, O.; Carvalhais, N.; Cionni, I.; Cortesi, N.; Crezee, B.; Davin, E.; Davini, P.; Debeire, K.; De Mora, L.; Deser, C.; Docquier, D.; Earnshaw, P.; Ehbrecht, C.; Gier, B.; Gonzalez-Reviriego, N.; Goodman, P.; Hagemann, S.; Hardiman, S.; Hassler, B.; Hunter, A.; Kadow, C.; Kindermann, S.; Koirala, S.; Koldunov, N.; Lejeune, Q.; Lembo, V.; Lovato, T.; Lucarini, V.; Müller, B.; Pandde, A.; Pérez-Zanón, N.; Phillips, A.; Predoi, V.; Russell, J.; Sellar, A.; Stacke, T.; Swaminathan, R.; Von Hardenberg, J.; Weigel, K.; Zimmermann, K.: Earth System Model Evaluation Tool (ESMValTool) v2.0 – an extended set of large-scale diagnostics for quasi-operational and comprehensive evaluation of Earth system models in CMIP. Geoscientific Model Development. 2020. vol. 13, no. 7, 3383-3438. DOI: 10.5194/gmd-13-3383-2020}}
@misc{wiese_internal_model_2020, 
author={Wiese, A.,Staneva, J.,Hagemann, H.,Grayek, S.,Koch, W.,Schrum, C.},
title={Internal Model Variability of Ensemble Simulations With a Regional Coupled Wave-Atmosphere Model GCOAST},
year={2020},
howpublished = {journal article},
doi = {https://doi.org/10.3389/fmars.2020.596843},
abstract = {Ensemble simulations are performed to quantify the internal variability of both regional atmospheric models and wave-atmosphere coupled model systems. Studies have shown that the internal variability in atmospheric models (e.g., wind or pressure fields) is increased during extreme events, such as storms. Comparing the magnitude of the internal variability of the atmospheric model with the internal variability of the coupled model system reveals that the internal variability can be reduced by coupling a wave model to the atmospheric model. While this effect is most evident during extreme events, it is still present in a general assessment of the mean internal variability during the whole study period. Furthermore, the role of this wave-atmosphere coupling can be distinguished from that of the internal variability of the atmospheric model since the impact of the wave-atmosphere interaction is larger than the internal variability. This is shown to be robust to different boundary conditions. One method to reduce the internal variability of the atmospheric model is to apply spectral nudging, the role of which in both the stand-alone atmospheric model and the coupled wave-atmosphere system is evaluated. Our analyses show that spectral nudging in both coupled and stand-alone ensemble simulations keeps the internal variability low, while the impact of the wave-atmosphere interaction remains approximately the same as in simulations without spectral nudging, especially for the wind speed and significant wave height. This study shows that in operational and climate research systems, the internal variability of the atmospheric model is reduced when the ocean waves and atmosphere are coupled. Clear influences of the wave-atmosphere interaction on both of these earth system components can be detected and differentiated from the internal model variability. Furthermore, the wave-atmosphere coupling has a positive effect on the agreement of the model results with both satellite and in situ observations.},
note = {Online available at: \url{https://doi.org/10.3389/fmars.2020.596843} (DOI). Wiese, A.; Staneva, J.; Hagemann, H.; Grayek, S.; Koch, W.; Schrum, C.: Internal Model Variability of Ensemble Simulations With a Regional Coupled Wave-Atmosphere Model GCOAST. Frontiers in Marine Science. 2020. vol. 7, 596843. DOI: 10.3389/fmars.2020.596843}}
@misc{platis_longrange_modifications_2020, 
author={Platis, A.,Bange, J.,Bärfuss, K.,Cañadillas, B.,Hundhausen, M.,Djath, B.,Lampert, A.,Schulz-Stellenfleth, J.,Siederselben, S.,Neumann, T.,Emeis, S.},
title={Long-range modifications of the wind field by offshore wind parks – results of the project WIPAFF},
year={2020},
howpublished = {journal article},
doi = {https://doi.org/10.1127/metz/2020/1023},
abstract = {This publication synthesizes the results of the WIPAFF (WInd PArk Far Fields) project. WIPAFF focused on the far field of large offshore wind park wakes (more than 5 km downstream of the wind parks) located in the German North Sea. The research project combined in situ aircraft and remote sensing measurements, satellite SAR data analysis and model simulations to enable a holistic coverage of the downstream wakes. The in situ measurements recorded on-board the research aircraft DO‑128 and remote sensing by laser scanner and SAR prove that wakes of more than 50 kilometers exist under certain atmospheric conditions. Turbulence occurs at the lateral boundaries of the wakes, due to shear between the reduced wind speed inside the wake and the undisturbed flow. The results also reveal that the atmospheric stability plays a major role in the evolution of wakes and can increase the wake length significantly by a factor of three or more. On the basis of the observations existing mesoscale and industrial models were validated and updated. The airborne measurement data is available at PANGAEA/ESSD.},
note = {Online available at: \url{https://doi.org/10.1127/metz/2020/1023} (DOI). Platis, A.; Bange, J.; Bärfuss, K.; Cañadillas, B.; Hundhausen, M.; Djath, B.; Lampert, A.; Schulz-Stellenfleth, J.; Siederselben, S.; Neumann, T.; Emeis, S.: Long-range modifications of the wind field by offshore wind parks – results of the project WIPAFF. Meteorologische Zeitschrift. 2020. vol. 29, no. 5, 355-376. DOI: 10.1127/metz/2020/1023}}
@misc{jensen_predictive_skill_2020, 
author={Jensen, L.,Eicker, A.,Stacke, T.,Dobslaw, H.},
title={Predictive Skill Assessment for Land Water Storage in CMIP5 Decadal Hindcasts by a Global Reconstruction of GRACE Satellite Data},
year={2020},
howpublished = {journal article},
doi = {https://doi.org/10.1175/JCLI-D-20-0042.1},
abstract = {The evaluation of decadal climate predictions against observations is crucial for their benefit to stakeholders. While the skill of such forecasts has been verified for several atmospheric variables, land hydrological states such as terrestrial water storage (TWS) have not been extensively investigated yet due to a lack of long observational records. Anomalies of TWS are globally observed with the satellite missions GRACE (2002–2017) and GRACE-FO (since 2018). By means of a GRACE-like reconstruction of TWS available over 41 years, we demonstrate that this data type can be used to evaluate the skill of decadal prediction experiments made available from different Earth system models as part of both CMIP5 and CMIP6. Analysis of correlation and root-mean-square deviation (RMSD) reveals that for the global land average the initialized simulations outperform the historical experiments in the first three forecast years. This predominance originates mainly from equatorial regions where we assume a longer influence of initialization due to longer soil memory times. Evaluated for individual grid cells, the initialization has a largely positive effect on the forecast year 1 TWS states; however, a general grid-scale prediction skill for TWS of more than 2 years could not be identified in this study for CMIP5. First results from decadal hindcasts of three CMIP6 models indicate a predictive skill comparable to CMIP5 for the multimodel mean in general, and a distinct positive influence of the improved soil–hydrology scheme implemented in the MPI-ESM for CMIP6 in particular.},
note = {Online available at: \url{https://doi.org/10.1175/JCLI-D-20-0042.1} (DOI). Jensen, L.; Eicker, A.; Stacke, T.; Dobslaw, H.: Predictive Skill Assessment for Land Water Storage in CMIP5 Decadal Hindcasts by a Global Reconstruction of GRACE Satellite Data. Journal of Climate. 2020. vol. 33, no. 21, 9497-9509. DOI: 10.1175/JCLI-D-20-0042.1}}
@misc{lange_projecting_exposure_2020, 
author={Lange, S.,Volkholz, J.,Geiger, T.,Zhao, F.,Vega, I.,Veldkamp, T.,Reyer, C.P.O.,Warszawski, L.,Huber, V.,Jägermeyr, J.,Schewe, J.,Bresch, D.N.,Büchner, M.,Chang, J.,Ciais, P.,Dury, M.,Emanuel, K.,Folberth, C.,Gerten, D.,Gosling, S.N.,Grillakis, M.,Hanasaki, N.,Henrot, A.-J.,Hickler, T.,Honda, Y.,Ito, A.,Khabarov, N.,Koutroulis, A.,Liu, W.,Müller, C.,Nishina, K.,Ostberg, S.,Müller Schmied, H.,Seneviratne, S.I.,Stacke, T.,Steinkamp, J.,Thiery, W.,Wada, Y.,Willner, S.,Yang, H.,Yoshikawa, M.,Yue, C.,Frieler, K.},
title={Projecting Exposure to Extreme Climate Impact Events Across Six Event Categories and Three Spatial Scales},
year={2020},
howpublished = {journal article},
doi = {https://doi.org/10.1029/2020EF001616},
abstract = {The extent and impact of climate‐related extreme events depend on the underlying meteorological, hydrological, or climatological drivers as well as on human factors such as land use or population density. Here we quantify the pure effect of historical and future climate change on the exposure of land and population to extreme climate impact events using an unprecedentedly large ensemble of harmonized climate impact simulations from the Inter‐Sectoral Impact Model Intercomparison Project phase 2b. Our results indicate that global warming has already more than doubled both the global land area and the global population annually exposed to all six categories of extreme events considered: river floods, tropical cyclones, crop failure, wildfires, droughts, and heatwaves. Global warming of 2°C relative to preindustrial conditions is projected to lead to a more than fivefold increase in cross‐category aggregate exposure globally. Changes in exposure are unevenly distributed, with tropical and subtropical regions facing larger increases than higher latitudes. The largest increases in overall exposure are projected for the population of South Asia.},
note = {Online available at: \url{https://doi.org/10.1029/2020EF001616} (DOI). Lange, S.; Volkholz, J.; Geiger, T.; Zhao, F.; Vega, I.; Veldkamp, T.; Reyer, C.; Warszawski, L.; Huber, V.; Jägermeyr, J.; Schewe, J.; Bresch, D.; Büchner, M.; Chang, J.; Ciais, P.; Dury, M.; Emanuel, K.; Folberth, C.; Gerten, D.; Gosling, S.; Grillakis, M.; Hanasaki, N.; Henrot, A.; Hickler, T.; Honda, Y.; Ito, A.; Khabarov, N.; Koutroulis, A.; Liu, W.; Müller, C.; Nishina, K.; Ostberg, S.; Müller Schmied, H.; Seneviratne, S.; Stacke, T.; Steinkamp, J.; Thiery, W.; Wada, Y.; Willner, S.; Yang, H.; Yoshikawa, M.; Yue, C.; Frieler, K.: Projecting Exposure to Extreme Climate Impact Events Across Six Event Categories and Three Spatial Scales. Earth’s Future. 2020. vol. 8, no. 12, e2020EF001616. DOI: 10.1029/2020EF001616}}
@misc{zhang_reconstruction_of_2020, 
author={Zhang, Z.,Stanev, E.,Grayek, S.},
title={Reconstruction of the Basin‐Wide Sea‐Level Variability in the North Sea Using Coastal Data and Generative Adversarial Networks},
year={2020},
howpublished = {journal article},
doi = {https://doi.org/10.1029/2020JC016402},
abstract = {We present an application of generative adversarial networks (GANs) to reconstruct the sea level of the North Sea using a limited amount of data from tidal gauges (TGs). The application of this technique, which learns how to generate datasets with the same statistics as the training set, is explained in detail to ensure that interested scientists can implement it in similar or different oceanographic cases. Training is performed for all of 2016, and the model is validated on data from 3 months in 2017 and compared against reconstructions using the Kalman filter approach. Tests with datasets generated by an operational model (“true data”) demonstrated that using data from only 19 locations where TGs permanently operate is sufficient to generate an adequate reconstruction of the sea surface height (SSH) in the entire North Sea. The machine learning approach appeared successful when learning from different sources, which enabled us to feed the network with real observations from TGs and produce high‐quality reconstructions of the basin‐wide SSH. Individual reconstruction experiments using different combinations of training and target data during the training and validation process demonstrated similarities with data assimilation when errors in the data and model were not handled appropriately. The proposed method demonstrated good skill when analyzing both the full signal and the low‐frequency variability only. It was demonstrated that GANs are also skillful at learning and replicating processes with multiple time scales. The different skills in different areas of the North Sea are explained by the different signal‐to‐noise ratios associated with differences in regional dynamics.},
note = {Online available at: \url{https://doi.org/10.1029/2020JC016402} (DOI). Zhang, Z.; Stanev, E.; Grayek, S.: Reconstruction of the Basin‐Wide Sea‐Level Variability in the North Sea Using Coastal Data and Generative Adversarial Networks. Journal of Geophysical Research : Oceans. 2020. vol. 125, no. 12, e2020JC016402. DOI: 10.1029/2020JC016402}}
@misc{essery_snow_cover_2020, 
author={Essery, R.,Kim, H.,Wang, L.,Bartlett, P.,Boone, A.,Brutel-Vuilmet, C.,Burke, E.,Cuntz, M.,Decharme, B.,Dutra, E.,Fang, X.,Gusev, Y.,Hagemann, S.,Haverd, V.,Kontu, A.,Krinner, G.,Lafaysse, M.,Lejeune, Y.,Marke, T.,Marks, D.,Marty, C.,Menard, C.B.,Nasonova, O.,Nitta, T.,Pomeroy, J.,Schädler, G.,Semenov, V.,Smirnova, T.,Swenson, S.,Turkov, D.,Wever, N.,Yuan, H.},
title={Snow cover duration trends observed at sites and predicted by multiple models},
year={2020},
howpublished = {journal article},
doi = {https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-14-4687-2020},
abstract = {The 30-year simulations of seasonal snow cover in 22 physically based models driven with bias-corrected meteorological reanalyses are examined at four sites with long records of snow observations. Annual snow cover durations differ widely between models, but interannual variations are strongly correlated because of the common driving data. No significant trends are observed in starting dates for seasonal snow cover, but there are significant trends towards snow cover ending earlier at two of the sites in observations and most of the models. A simplified model with just two parameters controlling solar radiation and sensible heat contributions to snowmelt spans the ranges of snow cover durations and trends. This model predicts that sites where snow persists beyond annual peaks in solar radiation and air temperature will experience rapid decreases in snow cover duration with warming as snow begins to melt earlier and at times of year with more energy available for melting.},
note = {Online available at: \url{https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-14-4687-2020} (DOI). Essery, R.; Kim, H.; Wang, L.; Bartlett, P.; Boone, A.; Brutel-Vuilmet, C.; Burke, E.; Cuntz, M.; Decharme, B.; Dutra, E.; Fang, X.; Gusev, Y.; Hagemann, S.; Haverd, V.; Kontu, A.; Krinner, G.; Lafaysse, M.; Lejeune, Y.; Marke, T.; Marks, D.; Marty, C.; Menard, C.; Nasonova, O.; Nitta, T.; Pomeroy, J.; Schädler, G.; Semenov, V.; Smirnova, T.; Swenson, S.; Turkov, D.; Wever, N.; Yuan, H.: Snow cover duration trends observed at sites and predicted by multiple models. The Cryosphere. 2020. vol. 14, no. 12, 4687-4698. DOI: 10.5194/tc-14-4687-2020}}
@misc{ricker_drifter_observations_2020, 
author={Ricker, M.,Stanev, E.,Badewien, H.,Freund, H.,Meyerjürgens, J.,Wolff, J.,Zielinski, O.},
title={Drifter observations and Lagrangian tracking of the 2018 easterly wind event in the North Sea},
year={2020},
howpublished = {journal article},
doi = {https://doi.org/10.1080/1755876X.2020.1785097},
abstract = {Persistent easterly winds in spring 2018 reversed the circulation in the North Sea for more than a month. This reversal has been documented by GPS-drifter observations, as well as by the stranding positions of wooden drifters released along the German North Sea coast. The latter information came from members of the public, the majority of which are likely to be non-scientists. It provided a valuable contribution to the GPS-drifter experiment and demonstrates an excellent example of the usefulness of citizen science. Lagrangian numerical experiments were also performed and helped explain and quantify the anomalous transport and the reversal of the circulation at the sea surface and in deeper layers. It has been shown that the CMEMS surface current products agree well with drifter observations, even under extreme wind conditions, which adds to their credibility.},
note = {Online available at: \url{https://doi.org/10.1080/1755876X.2020.1785097} (DOI). Ricker, M.; Stanev, E.; Badewien, H.; Freund, H.; Meyerjürgens, J.; Wolff, J.; Zielinski, O.: Drifter observations and Lagrangian tracking of the 2018 easterly wind event in the North Sea. Journal of Operational Oceanography - Copernicus Marine Service Ocean State Report, Issue 4. 2020. vol. 13, no. S1, S155-S160. DOI: 10.1080/1755876X.2020.1785097}}
@misc{meyerjrgens_relative_dispersion_2020, 
author={Meyerjürgens, J.,Ricker, M.,Schakau, V.,Badewien, T.,Stanev, E.},
title={Relative Dispersion of Surface Drifters in the North Sea: The Effect of Tides on Mesoscale Diffusivity},
year={2020},
howpublished = {journal article},
doi = {https://doi.org/10.1029/2019JC015925},
abstract = {We examine the relative dispersion and the contribution of tides on the relative diffusivities of surface drifters in the North Sea. The drifters are released in two clusters, yielding 43 pairs, in the vicinity of a tidal mixing front in the German Bight, which is located in the southeastern area of the North Sea. Both clusters indicate decreasing dispersion when crossing the tidal mixing front, followed by exponentially increasing dispersion with e‐folding times of 0.5 days for Cluster 1 and 0.3 days for Cluster 2. A transition of the dispersion regimes is observed at scales of the order of the Rossby radius of deformation (10 km). After that, the relative dispersion grows with a power‐law dependency with a short period of ballistic dispersion (quadratic growth), followed by a Richardson regime (cubic growth) in the final phase. Scale‐dependent metrics such as the relative diffusivities are consistent with these findings, while the analysis of the finite‐scale Lyapunov exponents (FSLEs) shows contradictory results for the submesoscales. In summary, the analysis of various statistical Lagrangian metrics suggests that tracer stirring at the submesoscales is nonlocal and becomes local at separation scales larger than 10 km. The analysis of meridional and zonal dispersion components indicates anisotropic dispersion at the submesoscales, which changes into isotropic dispersion on the mesoscales. Spectral analysis of the relative diffusivity gives evidence that semidiurnal and shallow‐water tides influence relative diffusivity at the mesoscales, especially for drifter separations above 50 km.},
note = {Online available at: \url{https://doi.org/10.1029/2019JC015925} (DOI). Meyerjürgens, J.; Ricker, M.; Schakau, V.; Badewien, T.; Stanev, E.: Relative Dispersion of Surface Drifters in the North Sea: The Effect of Tides on Mesoscale Diffusivity. Journal of Geophysical Research : Oceans. 2020. vol. 125, no. 8, e2019JC015925. DOI: 10.1029/2019JC015925}}
@misc{sau_hydrodynamics_of_2020, 
author={Saçu, S.,Erdik, T.,Stanev, E.,Sen, O.,Erdik, J.,Öztürk, I.},
title={Hydrodynamics of Canal Istanbul and its impact in the northern Sea of Marmara under extreme conditions},
year={2020},
howpublished = {journal article},
doi = {https://doi.org/10.1007/s10236-020-01358-4},
abstract = {The Bosphorus, located at the junction of Asia and Europe, controls the transports of water, material, and energy between the Black Sea (BS) and the Mediterranean Sea. The Canal Istanbul (CI), planned by Republic of Turkey (TR), is a gigantic project which bisects the current European side of Istanbul, thus forming a secondary waterway parallel to the existing natural channel of the Bosphorus. The environmental impact of this project has been a major concern since the very beginning. To address this concern, a 3D hydrodynamic modeling study is carried out to investigate the impact of CI on the hydrodynamics and salinity of the northern Sea of Marmara (SM) by using the route and cross-section (CS) of canal, which was recently made public by the TR. An extensive set of model calibration is performed in a model where only the Bosphorus Strait links the Black Sea and Marmara Sea. Once the calibration process is completed, the future canal is added into the grid and new simulations are performed to analyze the influence of CI on hydrodynamics and salinities in the SM. It was found that the shallow water depth of CI is the limiting factor constraining the two-layer flow. Thus the vertical current structure of CI appears mostly as one-layer flow from the BS to the SM. One-layer flow from the SM toward the BS is rarely observed. In such cases, strong northerly storms caused water level setup at the SM and set down at the BS. Adding the CI in the model is responsible for a salinity decrease of ~1 ppt in the surface layer of SM. The salinity difference between the two models decreases gradually with the depth and it diminishes at the depth of 25 m.},
note = {Online available at: \url{https://doi.org/10.1007/s10236-020-01358-4} (DOI). Saçu, S.; Erdik, T.; Stanev, E.; Sen, O.; Erdik, J.; Öztürk, I.: Hydrodynamics of Canal Istanbul and its impact in the northern Sea of Marmara under extreme conditions. Ocean Dynamics. 2020. vol. 70, 745-758. DOI: 10.1007/s10236-020-01358-4}}
@misc{stanev_numerical_eddyresolving_2020, 
author={Stanev, E.,Ricker, M.,Grayek, S.,Jacob, B.,Haid, V.,Staneva, J.},
title={Numerical eddy-resolving modeling of the ocean: Mesoscale and sub-mesoscale examples},
year={2020},
howpublished = {journal article},
doi = {https://doi.org/10.22449/1573-160X-2020-6-631-658},
abstract = {Purpose. The study addresses rotational motion of geophysical fluids in the horizontal and vertical planes. It is aimed mainly at tracing the development of high-resolution numerical modeling of the ocean, as well as at demonstrating new physical processes due to more correct consideration both of the tides in the eddy-resolving numerical models and sub-mesoscale dynamics in the models of the sea straits.,Methods and Results. The ocean eddies and their interaction with tides are studied using numerical simulations by four NEMO models for the European North-West shelf with the resolutions ranging from 7 to 1.5 km. The vertical characteristics of motion in the Bosporus Strait were studied using numerical simulations with SCHISM, the unstructured grid model with the ultra-fine model resolution (less than 100 m). The barotropic tidal forcing resulted in substantial flattening of the slopes of the spectral curves. The most important difference between the spectral features of four models occurs in the motion rotational component. In the model with the 1.5 km resolution, the magnitude of the vorticity power spectral density at the scales ~ 70 km is by an order of magnitude higher than in the other three models. Although most of the tidal flattening is associated with the internal tides, beyond a certain horizontal resolution, the eddy dynamics become affected by the barotropic tides. The shelf of the Biscay Bay and the shallows around the Faroe Islands are the most sensitive areas to adding of the barotropic tides to the model forcing. Due to the grid ultra-fine resolution, new elements of physical motion emerged in the Bosporus region. The lateral circulation is dominated by the systems of multiple circulation cells with the scales ~ 1 km. In some areas, the lateral flow magnitude exceeds 0.5 m/s, which is comparable with the magnitude of the axial flow. This reveals importance of the helical elements of the strait circulation for overturning of water masses in the Bosporus.,Conclusions. Without proper resolution, the models of tidal oceanic dynamics simulate the ocean general circulation, but do not describe correctly the energy cascades at the eddy scales including interaction between the tides and the mesoscale eddies. Absence of this sub-mesoscale dynamics in the models can largely affect their capability to simulate the two-layer inter-basin exchange.},
note = {Online available at: \url{https://doi.org/10.22449/1573-160X-2020-6-631-658} (DOI). Stanev, E.; Ricker, M.; Grayek, S.; Jacob, B.; Haid, V.; Staneva, J.: Numerical eddy-resolving modeling of the ocean: Mesoscale and sub-mesoscale examples. Physical Oceanography. 2020. vol. 27, no. 6, 631-658. DOI: 10.22449/1573-160X-2020-6-631-658}}
@misc{xiong_modeling_paleogeographic_2020, 
author={Xiong, P.,Dudzinska-Nowak, J.,Harff, J.,Xie, X.,Zhang, W.,Chen, H.,Jakub, M.,Feldens, P.,Macig, F.,Osadczuk, A.,Meng, Q.,Zorita, E.},
title={Modeling paleogeographic scenarios of the last glacial cycle as a base for source-to-sink studies: An example from the northwestern shelf of the South China Sea},
year={2020},
howpublished = {journal article},
doi = {https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jseaes.2020.104542},
abstract = {Sea-level (SL) data from the Last Glacial Cycle (LGC) have been superimposed on to digital elevation models of the South China Sea (SCS) and adjacent areas, to generate regional paleogeographic scenarios related to 4th- to 5th-order Milankovitch climate cycles. These scenarios—at 123, 65, 60.5, 56, 20, and 0.5 kyr BP—showed that the SCS functioned as an oceanographic interface between the Pacific and Indian oceans during the LGC. A Late Pleistocene paleo-river delta (Hainan delta) offshore west of Hainan Island (China) was an important sediment routing system on the NW shelf of the SCS. To understand the origin of the Hainan delta better, paleo-reliefs of DEM56kyrBP and DEM65kyrBP were reconstructed, using seismic stratigraphy, sedimentology, and back-stripping methods. Geostatistical and geometric models of clinoforms and delta geometry, as well as the courses of the reconstructed paleo-distributary channels and paleo-river valleys, supported the interpretation that most delta sediment could be regarded as erosional products from Hainan Island. We hypothesized that an intensification of sediment supply outpaced SL rise during the Marine Isotopic Stages 4/3 transition, resulting in a normal regression during the formation of the Hainan delta. Morphodynamic modeling and meteorological data reanalysis further supported our interpretation that shifts in the Asian Monsoon system—combined with local meteorological effects on Hainan Island and with global SL changes—were the main drivers for the sediment source-to-sink systems at the NW SCS continental margin, during the LGC.},
note = {Online available at: \url{https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jseaes.2020.104542} (DOI). Xiong, P.; Dudzinska-Nowak, J.; Harff, J.; Xie, X.; Zhang, W.; Chen, H.; Jakub, M.; Feldens, P.; Macig, F.; Osadczuk, A.; Meng, Q.; Zorita, E.: Modeling paleogeographic scenarios of the last glacial cycle as a base for source-to-sink studies: An example from the northwestern shelf of the South China Sea. Journal of Asian Earth Sciences. 2020. vol. 203, 104542. DOI: 10.1016/j.jseaes.2020.104542}}
@misc{tchilibou_internal_tides_2020, 
author={Tchilibou, M.,Gourdeau, L.,Lyard, F.,Morrow, R.,Koch Larrouy, A.,Allain, D.,Djath, B.},
title={Internal tides in the Solomon Sea in contrasted ENSO conditions},
year={2020},
howpublished = {journal article},
doi = {https://doi.org/10.5194/os-16-615-2020},
abstract = {Intense equatorward western boundary currents transit the Solomon Sea, where active mesoscale structures exist with energetic internal tides. In this marginal sea, the mixing induced by these features can play a role in the observed water mass transformation. The objective of this paper is to document the M2 internal tides in the Solomon Sea and their impacts on the circulation and water masses, based on two regional simulations with and without tides. Since the Solomon Sea is under the influence of ENSO, the characteristics of the internal tides are also analyzed for two contrasted conditions: the January–March 1998 El Niño and the April–June 1999 La Niña. The generation, propagation, and dissipation of the internal tides are sensitive to changes in stratification and mesoscale activity, and these differ between these contrasted El Niño and La Niña case studies. Mode 1 is the dominant vertical mode to propagate baroclinic tidal energy within the Solomon Sea, but mode 2 becomes more energetic during the El Niño period when the stratification is closer to the surface. The La Niña period with a higher level of mesoscale activity exhibits more incoherent internal tides. These results illustrate the complexity of predicting internal tides in marginal seas in order to clearly observe meso- and submesoscale signatures from altimetric missions, including the future Surface Water Ocean Topography (SWOT) mission. Diapycnal mixing induced by tides contributes to a stronger erosion of the salinity maximum of the upper thermocline water and to cooling of the surface temperature interacting with the atmosphere. Such effects are particularly visible in quieter regions, where particles may experience the tidal effects over a longer time. However, when averaged over the Solomon Sea, the tidal effect on water mass transformation is an order of magnitude less than that observed at the entrance and exits of the Solomon Sea. These localized sites appear crucial for diapycnal mixing, since most of the baroclinic tidal energy is generated and dissipated locally here, and the different currents entering/exiting the Solomon Sea merge and mix. Finally, the extreme ENSO condition case studies suggest the strong role of local circulation changes, as well as stratification changes, in modifying the internal tides.},
note = {Online available at: \url{https://doi.org/10.5194/os-16-615-2020} (DOI). Tchilibou, M.; Gourdeau, L.; Lyard, F.; Morrow, R.; Koch Larrouy, A.; Allain, D.; Djath, B.: Internal tides in the Solomon Sea in contrasted ENSO conditions. Ocean Science. 2020. vol. 16, no. 3, 615-635. DOI: 10.5194/os-16-615-2020}}
@misc{benkort_arctic_and_2020, 
author={Benkort, D.,Lavoie, D.,Plourde, S.,Dufresne, C.,Maps, F.},
title={Arctic and Nordic krill circuits of production revealed by the interactions between their physiology, swimming behaviour and circulation},
year={2020},
howpublished = {journal article},
doi = {https://doi.org/10.1016/j.pocean.2020.102270},
abstract = {The two species Thysanoessa raschii and Meganyctiphanes norvegica dominate the krill biomass of the Estuary and Gulf of St. Lawrence (EGSL) ecosystem. The EGSL is the southernmost limit of seasonal sea-ice cover in the North Atlantic and constitutes a dynamic frontier between Arctic and Atlantic water masses. In order to better understand the complex mechanisms underpinning the spatio-temporal dynamics of the production and distribution of these keystone forage species in the EGSL, we coupled in a Lagrangian framework an individual-based model (IBM) of krill physiology to a three-dimensional regional circulation model and a NPZD-type biogeochemical model. Our results show that the spatio-temporal production dynamics of both krill species was principally controlled by their food dynamics. Our numerical analyses highlighted the potential areas of krill production within the EGSL during spring and summer. We confirmed that the St. Lawrence Estuary was the most productive area, and we show that it subsidizes the central and southern Gulf during most of the growing season. The Estuary is part of a larger cyclonic circuit of krill production and transport that runs along the shores of most of the EGSL and the slope of the Laurentian Channel.},
note = {Online available at: \url{https://doi.org/10.1016/j.pocean.2020.102270} (DOI). Benkort, D.; Lavoie, D.; Plourde, S.; Dufresne, C.; Maps, F.: Arctic and Nordic krill circuits of production revealed by the interactions between their physiology, swimming behaviour and circulation. Progress in Oceanography. 2020. vol. 182, 102270. DOI: 10.1016/j.pocean.2020.102270}}
@misc{chen_depositional_characteristics_2020, 
author={Chen, H.,Xie, X.,Mao, K.,He, Y.,Su, M.,Zhang, W.},
title={Depositional Characteristics and Formation Mechanisms of Deep-Water Canyon Systems along the Northern South China Sea Margin},
year={2020},
howpublished = {journal article},
doi = {https://doi.org/10.1007/s12583-020-1284-z},
abstract = {Submarine canyon systems are sites for coarser clastic sediment accumulations in the deep-water domains, having the most potential for hydrocarbon reservoirs. Based on the interpretation of high resolution 2D/3D seismic and drilling data, depositional characteristics of three large deep-water canyon systems on the South China Sea northern margin have been analyzed. The Central Canyon System has a deep incision geomorphology extending from east to west, featured by distinct canyon segmentations, multi-provenance sediment supplies and multi-stage canyon fillings. The Pearl River Canyon System’s formation is closely related to the development of Pearl River Delta. Its vertical stacking and migrating canyon patterns have changed over time. The depositional architectures and evolution of the recent Penghu-Gaoping Canyon System respond to tectonic movements along the Taiwan-Luzon convergent continental margin. The main controlling factors of the formation and evolution of these three canyon systems include the tectonic setting, sediment supply, sea level change and paleo-geomorphology, among which the former two are dominant. The Penghu-Gaoping Canyon System formed along the subduction structural zone, directly indicating a typical tectonic origin. Numerous seismic data show that the Central Canyon and Pearl River Canyon systems are obviously affected by tectonics, associated local topography and sediment supply.},
note = {Online available at: \url{https://doi.org/10.1007/s12583-020-1284-z} (DOI). Chen, H.; Xie, X.; Mao, K.; He, Y.; Su, M.; Zhang, W.: Depositional Characteristics and Formation Mechanisms of Deep-Water Canyon Systems along the Northern South China Sea Margin. Journal of Earth Science. 2020. vol. 31, no. 4, 808-819. DOI: 10.1007/s12583-020-1284-z}}
@misc{ardelean_assessment_of_2020, 
author={Ardelean, F.,Onaca, A.,Chetan, M.,Dornik, A.,Georgievski, G.,Hagemann, S.,Timofte, F.,Berzescu, O.},
title={Assessment of Spatio-Temporal Landscape Changes from VHR Images in Three Different Permafrost Areas in the Western Russian Arctic},
year={2020},
howpublished = {journal article},
doi = {https://doi.org/10.3390/rs12233999},
abstract = {Our study highlights the usefulness of very high resolution (VHR) images to detect various types of disturbances over permafrost areas using three example regions in different permafrost zones. The study focuses on detecting subtle changes in land cover classes, thermokarst water bodies, river dynamics, retrogressive thaw slumps (RTS) and infrastructure in the Yamal Peninsula, Urengoy and Pechora regions. Very high-resolution optical imagery (sub-meter) derived from WorldView, QuickBird and GeoEye in conjunction with declassified Corona images were involved in the analyses. The comparison of very high-resolution images acquired in 2003/2004 and 2016/2017 indicates a pronounced increase in the extent of tundra and a slight increase of land covered by water. The number of water bodies increased in all three regions, especially in discontinuous permafrost, where 14.86% of new lakes and ponds were initiated between 2003 and 2017. The analysis of the evolution of two river channels in Yamal and Urengoy indicates the dominance of erosion during the last two decades. An increase of both rivers’ lengths and a significant widening of the river channels were also observed. The number and total surface of RTS in the Yamal Peninsula strongly increased between 2004 and 2016. A mean annual headwall retreat rate of 1.86 m/year was calculated. Extensive networks of infrastructure occurred in the Yamal Peninsula in the last two decades, stimulating the initiation of new thermokarst features. The significant warming and seasonal variations of the hydrologic cycle, in particular, increased snow water equivalent acted in favor of deepening of the active layer; thus, an increasing number of thermokarst lake formations.},
note = {Online available at: \url{https://doi.org/10.3390/rs12233999} (DOI). Ardelean, F.; Onaca, A.; Chetan, M.; Dornik, A.; Georgievski, G.; Hagemann, S.; Timofte, F.; Berzescu, O.: Assessment of Spatio-Temporal Landscape Changes from VHR Images in Three Different Permafrost Areas in the Western Russian Arctic. Remote Sensing. 2020. vol. 12, no. 23, 3999. DOI: 10.3390/rs12233999}}
@misc{tian_wave_glider_2020, 
author={Tian, D.,Zhang, H.,Zhang, W.,Zhou, F.,Sun, X.,Zhou, Y.,Ke, D.},
title={Wave Glider Observations of Surface Waves During Three Tropical Cyclones in the South China Sea},
year={2020},
howpublished = {journal article},
doi = {https://doi.org/10.3390/w12051331},
abstract = {Surface waves induced by tropical cyclones (TCs) play an important role in the air–sea interaction, yet are seldom observed. In the 2017 summer, a wave glider in the northern South China Sea successfully acquired the surface wave parameters when three TCs (Hato, Pakhar, and Mawar) passed though successively. During the three TCs, surface wave period increased from 4–6 s to ~8–10 s and surface wave height increased from 0–1 m to 3–8 m. The number of wave crests observed in a time interval of 1024 s decreased from 100–150 to 60–75. The sea surface roughness, a key factor in determining the momentum transfer between air and sea, increased rapidly during Hato, Pakhar, and Mawar. Surface waves rotated clockwise (anti-clockwise) on the right (left) side of the TC track, and generally propagated to the right side of the local cyclonic tangential direction relative to the TC center. The azimuthal dependence of the wave propagation direction is close to sinusoidal in a region within 50–600 km. The intersection angle between surface wave direction and the local cyclonic tangential direction is generally smallest in the right-rear quadrant of the TC and tends to be largest in the left-rear quadrant. This new set of glider wave observational data proves to be useful for assessing wave forecast products and for improvements in corresponding parameterization schemes.},
note = {Online available at: \url{https://doi.org/10.3390/w12051331} (DOI). Tian, D.; Zhang, H.; Zhang, W.; Zhou, F.; Sun, X.; Zhou, Y.; Ke, D.: Wave Glider Observations of Surface Waves During Three Tropical Cyclones in the South China Sea. Water. 2020. vol. 12, no. 5, 1331. DOI: 10.3390/w12051331}}
@misc{cormier_risk_assessment_2020, 
author={Cormier, R.,Londsdale, J.},
title={Risk assessment for deep sea mining: An overview of risk},
year={2020},
howpublished = {journal article},
doi = {https://doi.org/10.1016/j.marpol.2019.02.056},
abstract = {Deep-seabed mining is raising a variety of concerns regarding the effects of this activity on the marine environment, human health and safety, as well as socio-economic considerations. Risk management falls within a “management function” for developing, implementing and monitoring controls, and measures, as is the role of the International Seabed Authority, in contrast to a “governance function” for setting policies and direction as provided by UNCLOS. The risk assessment process is discussed for deep-seabed mining within the risk management process of ISO 31000 of identifying, analysing and evaluating risks. It highlights the importance of risk criteria in evaluating management options to reduce the risks of not achieving a policy objective such as avoiding harm to the marine environment. Administrative challenges and the need for policies and procedures are also discussed to effectively address transparency in such processes.},
note = {Online available at: \url{https://doi.org/10.1016/j.marpol.2019.02.056} (DOI). Cormier, R.; Londsdale, J.: Risk assessment for deep sea mining: An overview of risk. Marine Policy. 2020. vol. 114, 103485. DOI: 10.1016/j.marpol.2019.02.056}}
@misc{elliott_managing_marine_2020, 
author={Elliott, M.,Borja, Á.,Cormier, R.},
title={Managing marine resources sustainably: A proposed integrated systems analysis approach},
year={2020},
howpublished = {journal article},
doi = {https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ocecoaman.2020.105315},
abstract = {Marine and estuarine management requires an excellent understanding of the interacting, interrelated and interdependent sub-systems comprising ecological, societal and management complexity. Managing such a complex system sustainably relies on knowing what aspects can be managed, and conversely what aspects are outside the control of the manager. Accordingly, by taking elements from existing environmental management approaches, especially in Europe and Canada, here we propose an integrated systems analysis approach which links 14 component sub-systems. Using these cases shows that while all elements exist, they have hitherto not been combined into a holistic decision support system. These components are linked here in a cycle of three Parts - (A) defining the policy problems facing the seas, (B) obtaining the relevant and fit-for-purpose natural and social sciences data and information, and (C) creating an input for policy and decision-making which involves stakeholders. The component sub-systems are: an Underpinning Framework Sub-system (1), which then leads to the Issue Sub-system (2), which is vision-related and includes causes and/or consequences of pressures to be managed. The Ecological Sub-system (3) links the biota and its environment to the Socio-ecological Sub-system (4) and the Socio-economic subsystem (5), which considers the macroeconomic aspects. The Resources and Delivery Sub-system (6) considers which scientists do what and how do they do it and the Provenance Sub-system (7) checks that there is a fit-for-purpose and defendable science evidence base. The Governance Sub-system (8), incorporates policies and politics as well as horizontally and vertically integrating the Legislative (8A) and the Administrative Sub-systems (8B). The Communication (8C) and Stakeholder Sub-systems (8D) ensure involvement across the stakeholder typology (of formal and informal actors). Finally, the Achievement Sub-system (9) and the Feedback Sub-system (10) ensures that all of these actions achieve successful and sustainable marine resource management.},
note = {Online available at: \url{https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ocecoaman.2020.105315} (DOI). Elliott, M.; Borja, Á.; Cormier, R.: Managing marine resources sustainably: A proposed integrated systems analysis approach. Ocean and Coastal Management. 2020. vol. 197, 105315. DOI: 10.1016/j.ocecoaman.2020.105315}}
@misc{elliott_activityfootprints_pressuresfootprints_2020, 
author={Elliott, M.,Borja, Á.,Cormier, R.},
title={Activity-footprints, pressures-footprints and effects-footprints – Walking the pathway to determining and managing human impacts in the sea},
year={2020},
howpublished = {journal article},
doi = {https://doi.org/10.1016/j.marpolbul.2020.111201},
abstract = {Determining the overall effects of human activities on the estuaries, seas and coasts, as a precursor to marine management, requires quantifying three aspects. These are: (a) the area in which the human activities take place, (b) the area covered by the pressures generated by the activities on the prevailing habitats and species, in which pressures are defined as the mechanisms of change, and (c) the area over which any adverse effects occur. These features can be respectively termed the activities-footprints, the pressures-footprints and the effects-footprints. The latter in turn incorporates both the effects on the natural system and the effects on ecosystem services from which society extracts goods and benefits. This viewpoint article explains the rationale behind this typology and proposes definitions for each of these three types of footprints.},
note = {Online available at: \url{https://doi.org/10.1016/j.marpolbul.2020.111201} (DOI). Elliott, M.; Borja, Á.; Cormier, R.: Activity-footprints, pressures-footprints and effects-footprints – Walking the pathway to determining and managing human impacts in the sea. Marine Pollution Bulletin. 2020. vol. 155, 111201. DOI: 10.1016/j.marpolbul.2020.111201}}
@misc{finke_marine_spatial_2020, 
author={Finke, G.,Gee, K.,Gxaba, T.,Sorgenfrei, R.,Russo, V.,Pinto, D.,Nsiangango, S.E.,Sousa, L.N.,Braby, R.,Alves, F.L.,Heinrichs, B.,Kreiner, A.,Amunyela, M.,Popose, G.,Ramakulukusha, M.,Naidoo, A.,Mausolf, E.,Nsingi, K.K.},
title={Marine Spatial Planning in the Benguela Current Large Marine Ecosystem},
year={2020},
howpublished = {journal article},
doi = {https://doi.org/10.1016/j.envdev.2020.100569},
abstract = {The Benguela Current Large Marine Ecosystem (BCLME) in the south-east Atlantic covers the territorial waters and Exclusive Economic Zones (EEZ's) of Angola and Namibia and partly of South Africa. Increasing demands, user-user and user-environment conflicts occur throughout the area. The three countries, which are parties to the Benguela Current Convention (BCC), have begun to implement Marine Spatial Planning (MSP) to support the sustainable development of the area and enhance ocean governance. This makes the region one of the first in a developing economies context and on the African continent to introduce MSP. The article (1) traces the origin of MSP in the region and describes the reasons for its development, (2) reviews the status of MSP processes to date at the regional and national level, and (3) reflects on the regional and individual country processes in terms of differences and similarities in approach and process governance, shared opportunities and difficulties. The study finds that MSP in the region is introduced because of both strong interests to use it as a means to help grow the blue/ocean economy and as a mechanism to further the implementation of the ecosystem approach. Similar steps have been taken so far and alike approaches to MSP exist across the three countries, with the BCC as regional convention facilitating knowledge sharing and assisting to improve cross-border coherence and consistency on MSP from the outset. Although challenges, such as limited finances and data gaps exist both at national and regional level, the MSP processes to-date have created an enabling environment to develop the first marine spatial plans in each country and to exchange knowledge and experiences within the region and with other regions.},
note = {Online available at: \url{https://doi.org/10.1016/j.envdev.2020.100569} (DOI). Finke, G.; Gee, K.; Gxaba, T.; Sorgenfrei, R.; Russo, V.; Pinto, D.; Nsiangango, S.; Sousa, L.; Braby, R.; Alves, F.; Heinrichs, B.; Kreiner, A.; Amunyela, M.; Popose, G.; Ramakulukusha, M.; Naidoo, A.; Mausolf, E.; Nsingi, K.: Marine Spatial Planning in the Benguela Current Large Marine Ecosystem. Environmental Development. 2020. vol. 36, 100569. DOI: 10.1016/j.envdev.2020.100569}}
@misc{kidd_marine_spatial_2020, 
author={Kidd, S.,Calado, H.,Gee, K.,Gilek, M.,Saunders, F.},
title={Marine Spatial Planning and sustainability: Examining the roles of integration - Scale; policies; stakeholders and knowledge},
year={2020},
howpublished = {journal article},
doi = {https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ocecoaman.2020.105182},
abstract = {Marine Spatial Planning (MSP) has been heralded as the key means of achieving a more integrated approach to marine use across sectors and spatial scales. Achieving greater integration and coherence in MSP governance arrangements is seen as a way to resolve current problems of marine governance (such as fragmentation) and address future resource demands in a sustainable way. However, there is a lack of clarity and consensus in practice regarding sustainability in MSP, both in terms of MSP governance practices and sustainable resource use. For example, how are we to treat the environment in MSP? Should we conceive the environment as just another sector with interests to be negotiated, or as the very boundary condition that limits possibilities for maritime activities and developments? How do we integrate diverse views on this in MSP decision-making? This is but one example of an integration challenge in MSP important for sustainability. There are numerous others. Integration is intimately connected to the ability of MSP to deliver sustainable marine resource use at various levels and scales. The roles of integration are diverse and interconnected, including those that affect social-ecological integration or land-sea interaction, but also aspects of good governance and social sustainability. The latter include inter-sectoral decisionmaking, stakeholder engagement, cross-border interaction and knowledge pluralism. How integration is exercised in these procedural aspects of MSP is likely to substantively affect outcomes both in terms of sustainable blue growth or the ability to deliver an ecosystem-based approach. Integration as a policy and analytical problem to be addressed has also been discussed elsewhere – most saliently in the fields of sustainable development, ICZM, environmental policy integration, planning theory and socio-ecological systems. While there has been some work on integration in MSP, additional insight is needed: to better empirically ground the roles of integration in MSP, to understand the multidimensionality and interdependencies of integration dimensions and to unpack what ‘balance’ might mean for understanding and pursuing sustainability in different MSP contexts.},
note = {Online available at: \url{https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ocecoaman.2020.105182} (DOI). Kidd, S.; Calado, H.; Gee, K.; Gilek, M.; Saunders, F.: Marine Spatial Planning and sustainability: Examining the roles of integration - Scale; policies; stakeholders and knowledge. Ocean and Coastal Management. 2020. vol. 191, 105182. DOI: 10.1016/j.ocecoaman.2020.105182}}
@misc{lauerburg_socioecological_vulnerability_2020, 
author={Lauerburg, R.A.M.,Diekmann, R.,Blanz, B.,Gee, K.,Held, H.,Kannen, A.,Möllmann, C.,Probst, W.N.,Rambo, H.,Cormier, R.,Stelzenmüller, V.},
title={Socio-ecological vulnerability to tipping points: A review of empirical approaches and their use for marine management},
year={2020},
howpublished = {journal article},
doi = {https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2019.135838},
abstract = {Sustainability in the provision of ecosystem services requires understanding of the vulnerability of social-ecological systems (SES) to tipping points (TPs). Assessing SES vulnerability to abrupt ecosystem state changes remains challenging, however, because frameworks do not operationally link ecological, socio-economic and cultural elements of the SES. We conducted a targeted literature review on empirical assessments of SES and TPs in the marine realm and their use in ecosystem-based management. Our results revealed a plurality of terminologies, definitions and concepts that hampers practical operationalisation of these concepts. Furthermore, we found a striking lack of socio-cultural aspects in SES vulnerability assessments, possibly because of a lack of involvement of stakeholders and interest groups. We propose guiding principles for assessing vulnerability to TPs that build on participative approaches and prioritise the connectivity between SES components by accounting for component linkages, cascading effects and feedback processes.},
note = {Online available at: \url{https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2019.135838} (DOI). Lauerburg, R.; Diekmann, R.; Blanz, B.; Gee, K.; Held, H.; Kannen, A.; Möllmann, C.; Probst, W.; Rambo, H.; Cormier, R.; Stelzenmüller, V.: Socio-ecological vulnerability to tipping points: A review of empirical approaches and their use for marine management. Science of the Total Environment. 2020. vol. 705, 135838. DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2019.135838}}
@misc{saunders_theorizing_social_2020, 
author={Saunders, F.,Gilek, M.,Ikauniece, A.,Tafon, R.,Gee, K.,Zaucha, J.},
title={Theorizing Social Sustainability and Justice in Marine Spatial Planning: Democracy, Diversity, and Equity},
year={2020},
howpublished = {journal article},
doi = {https://doi.org/10.3390/su12062560},
abstract = {This article elaborates a conceptual framework to examine social sustainability in marine spatial planning (MSP). Based on a critical literature review of key texts on social sustainability in MSP and the broader sustainable development literature we show the need to elaborate a cogent and comprehensive approach for the analysis and pursuit of social sustainability linked to the sea. We then theorize social sustainability by developing a conceptual framework through integrating three dimensions: Recognition, Representation and Distribution. While these three social sustainability/justice features clearly overlap and are interdependent in practice, the conceptual thinking underpinning each of them is distinctive and when taken together they contribute towards conceiving social sustainability as a pillar of sustainability. Our approach can support an analysis/evaluation of MSP in that, first, its broad scope and adaptability makes it suitable to examine the wide range of claims, demands, and concerns that are likely to be encountered across different practical MSP settings. Second, it acknowledges the opportunities and challenges of assessing, implementing, and achieving social justice within a broader sustainability framework.},
note = {Online available at: \url{https://doi.org/10.3390/su12062560} (DOI). Saunders, F.; Gilek, M.; Ikauniece, A.; Tafon, R.; Gee, K.; Zaucha, J.: Theorizing Social Sustainability and Justice in Marine Spatial Planning: Democracy, Diversity, and Equity. Sustainability. 2020. vol. 12, no. 6, 2560. DOI: 10.3390/su12062560}}
@misc{stelzenmller_operationalizing_riskbased_2020, 
author={Stelzenmüller, V.,Coll, M.,Cormier, R.,Mazaris, A.D.,Pascual, M.,Loiseau, C.,Claudet, J.,Katsanevakis, S.,Gissi, E.,Evagelopoulos, A.,Rumes, B.,Degraer, S.,Ojaveer, H.,Moller, T.,Giménez, J.,Piroddi, C.,Markantonatou, V.,Dimitriadis, C.},
title={Operationalizing risk-based cumulative effect assessments in the marine environment},
year={2020},
howpublished = {journal article},
doi = {https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2020.138118},
abstract = {Ecosystem-based management requires an assessment of the cumulative effects of human pressures and environmental change. The operationalization and integration of cumulative effects assessments (CEA) into decision-making processes often lacks a comprehensive and transparent framework. A risk-based CEA framework that divides a CEA in risk identification, risk analysis and risk evaluation, could structure such complex analyses and facilitate the establishment of direct science-policy links. Here, we examine carefully the operationalization of such a risk-based CEA framework with the help of eleven contrasting case studies located in Europe, French Polynesia, and Canada. We show that the CEA framework used at local, sub-regional, and regional scales allowed for a consistent, coherent, and transparent comparison of complex assessments. From our analysis, we pinpoint four emerging issues that, if accurately addressed, can improve the take up of CEA outcomes by management: 1) framing of the CEA context and defining risk criteria; 2) describing the roles of scientists and decision-makers; 3) reducing and structuring complexity; and 4) communicating uncertainty. Moreover, with a set of customized tools we describe and analyze for each case study the nature and location of uncertainty as well as trade-offs regarding available knowledge and data used for the CEA. Ultimately, these tools aid decision-makers to recognize potential caveats and repercussions of management decisions. One key recommendation is to differentiate CEA processes and their context in relation to governance advice, marine spatial planning or regulatory advice. We conclude that future research needs to evaluate how effective management measures are in reducing the risk of cumulative effects. Changing governance structures takes time and is often difficult, but we postulate that well-framed and structured CEA can function as a strategic tool to integrate ecosystem considerations across multiple sectorial policies.},
note = {Online available at: \url{https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2020.138118} (DOI). Stelzenmüller, V.; Coll, M.; Cormier, R.; Mazaris, A.; Pascual, M.; Loiseau, C.; Claudet, J.; Katsanevakis, S.; Gissi, E.; Evagelopoulos, A.; Rumes, B.; Degraer, S.; Ojaveer, H.; Moller, T.; Giménez, J.; Piroddi, C.; Markantonatou, V.; Dimitriadis, C.: Operationalizing risk-based cumulative effect assessments in the marine environment. Science of the Total Environment. 2020. vol. 724, 138118. DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2020.138118}}
@misc{stojanovic_governance_as_2020, 
author={Stojanovic, T.,Gee, K.},
title={Governance as a framework to theorise and evaluate marine planning},
year={2020},
howpublished = {journal article},
doi = {https://doi.org/10.1016/j.marpol.2020.104115},
abstract = {Marine Planning seems to offer promise to integrate oceans governance with a prospective approach to sustainability, most distinctively through the process of creating a spatial strategy contained in a marine plan, hence ‘marine spatial planning’. This paper will show that in order to understand whether marine planning really is leading towards sustainability, recourse to governance theory will be required. Governance theory can provide principles or a theoretical framework for marine planning systems. It can also inform practicable planning, particularly in the phase of setting evaluatory criteria—a phase that many policy analysts consider should logically proceed the implementation of marine plans themselves—but also in broader questions of institutional design. Yet researchers and practitioners are faced with a situation in which there a multiple, competing approaches to governance from which to choose, some of which were developed in terrestrial contexts, raising questions about their applicability to the marine environment. This paper outlines five key major theoretical approaches for governance and reviews analytical debates and empirical findings about marine planning using those approaches. The core question of this study is which theoretical approaches offer the most traction for evaluating MSP and why?},
note = {Online available at: \url{https://doi.org/10.1016/j.marpol.2020.104115} (DOI). Stojanovic, T.; Gee, K.: Governance as a framework to theorise and evaluate marine planning. Marine Policy. 2020. vol. 120, 104115. DOI: 10.1016/j.marpol.2020.104115}}
@misc{chegini_processes_of_2020, 
author={Chegini, F.,Holtermann, P.,Kerimoglu, O.,Becker, M.,Kreus, M.,Klingbeil, K.,Gräwe, U.,Winter, C.,Burchard, H.},
title={Processes of Stratification and Destratification During An Extreme River Discharge Event in the German Bight ROFI},
year={2020},
howpublished = {journal article},
doi = {https://doi.org/10.1029/2019JC015987},
abstract = {Processes of stratification and destratification in the German Bight region of fresh water influence (ROFI) are investigated following an extreme river discharge event in June 2013. For this purpose, a high-resolution baroclinic ocean model is set up and validated against field data. The model results are used to study the temporal and spatial variability of stratification and the duration of persistent stratification in 2013. The relevant processes affecting stratification are investigated by analyzing the potential energy anomaly budget, with a focus on mixing and tidal straining. It is shown that the stratification in the German Bight is highly affected by the spring-neap tidal cycle, with generally less stratification at spring tides due to dominant tidal mixing. It is also shown that the location of the river plume can modify this pattern. During spring tides, if the river plume is confined to the eastern region, stratification decreases significantly, as expected, due to the dominance of mixing over tidal straining. On the other hand, if the river plume moves toward deeper regions at spring tides, strong tidal straining becomes present. In this condition, mixing is weak, and the dominant tidal straining results in persistent stratification.},
note = {Online available at: \url{https://doi.org/10.1029/2019JC015987} (DOI). Chegini, F.; Holtermann, P.; Kerimoglu, O.; Becker, M.; Kreus, M.; Klingbeil, K.; Gräwe, U.; Winter, C.; Burchard, H.: Processes of Stratification and Destratification During An Extreme River Discharge Event in the German Bight ROFI. Journal of Geophysical Research : Oceans. 2020. vol. 125, no. 8, e2019JC015987. DOI: 10.1029/2019JC015987}}
@misc{gdeke_performance_evaluation_2020, 
author={Gädeke, A.,Krysanova, V.,Aryal, A.,Chang, J.,Grillakis, M.,Hanasaki, N.,Koutroulis, A.,Pokhrel, Y.,Satoh, Y.,Schaphoff, S.,Müller Schmied, H.,Stacke, T.,Tang, Q.,Wada, Y.,Thonicke, K.},
title={Performance evaluation of global hydrological models in six large Pan-Arctic watersheds},
year={2020},
howpublished = {journal article},
doi = {https://doi.org/10.1007/s10584-020-02892-2},
abstract = {Global Water Models (GWMs), which include Global Hydrological, Land Surface, and Dynamic Global Vegetation Models, present valuable tools for quantifying climate change impacts on hydrological processes in the data scarce high latitudes. Here we performed a systematic model performance evaluation in six major Pan-Arctic watersheds for different hydrological indicators (monthly and seasonal discharge, extremes, trends (or lack of), and snow water equivalent (SWE)) via a novel Aggregated Performance Index (API) that is based on commonly used statistical evaluation metrics. The machine learning Boruta feature selection algorithm was used to evaluate the explanatory power of the API attributes. Our results show that the majority of the nine GWMs included in the study exhibit considerable difficulties in realistically representing Pan-Arctic hydrological processes. Average APIdischarge (monthly and seasonal discharge) over nine GWMs is > 50% only in the Kolyma basin (55%), as low as 30% in the Yukon basin and averaged over all watersheds APIdischarge is 43%. WATERGAP2 and MATSIRO present the highest (APIdischarge > 55%) while ORCHIDEE and JULES-W1 the lowest (APIdischarge ≤ 25%) performing GWMs over all watersheds. For the high and low flows, average APIextreme is 35% and 26%, respectively, and over six GWMs APISWE is 57%. The Boruta algorithm suggests that using different observation-based climate data sets does not influence the total score of the APIs in all watersheds. Ultimately, only satisfactory to good performing GWMs that effectively represent cold-region hydrological processes (including snow-related processes, permafrost) should be included in multi-model climate change impact assessments in Pan-Arctic watersheds.},
note = {Online available at: \url{https://doi.org/10.1007/s10584-020-02892-2} (DOI). Gädeke, A.; Krysanova, V.; Aryal, A.; Chang, J.; Grillakis, M.; Hanasaki, N.; Koutroulis, A.; Pokhrel, Y.; Satoh, Y.; Schaphoff, S.; Müller Schmied, H.; Stacke, T.; Tang, Q.; Wada, Y.; Thonicke, K.: Performance evaluation of global hydrological models in six large Pan-Arctic watersheds. Climatic Change. 2020. vol. 163, 1329-1351. DOI: 10.1007/s10584-020-02892-2}}
@misc{thewes_sensitivity_of_2020, 
author={Thewes, D.,Stanev, E.,Zielinski, O.},
title={Sensitivity of a 3D Shelf Sea Ecosystem Model to Parameterizations of the Underwater Light Field},
year={2020},
howpublished = {journal article},
doi = {https://doi.org/10.3389/fmars.2019.00816},
abstract = {The inherent optical properties of water in the North Sea vary widely in space and time. Their impact on the performance of a 3D-ecosystem-model of the North Sea needs to be critically evaluated, which is the major research issue in the present paper, specifically the horizontal variability of turbidity. We have performed a sensitivity analysis to a modification of a common approach of light treatment that is both valid for the North Sea, as well as computationally efficient to implement within a 3D-ecosystem-model. Using a coupled hydrodynamical model (Regional Ocean Modeling System, ROMS) and biological model (Carbon Silicate and Nitrogen Ecosystem model, CoSiNE), we found that simple changes to the original parameterization can yield significant improvements. ROMS-CoSiNE is shown to be suitable for use in a coupled ecosystem model of the North Sea. The model accurately reproduces the seasonal cycle of primary production in terms of timing and magnitude, while still being more affordable in comparison to full hyperspectral treatment or solving the radiative transfer equation. The modification introduces vertically increasing attenuation that is stronger in shallow domains, in a way that is similar to attenuation due to sediment. The resulting reduction of light availability leads to strongly reduced phytoplankton growth in shallow areas with high turbidity and weak nutrient limitation. Areas of depths between 50 and 100 m show greatest relative change with respect to their total ranges, while the deepest areas remain largely unchanged. We found that the consideration of spacial variability of light attenuation is necessary when modeling a heterogeneous domain, such as the North Sea.},
note = {Online available at: \url{https://doi.org/10.3389/fmars.2019.00816} (DOI). Thewes, D.; Stanev, E.; Zielinski, O.: Sensitivity of a 3D Shelf Sea Ecosystem Model to Parameterizations of the Underwater Light Field. Frontiers in Marine Science. 2020. vol. 6, 816. DOI: 10.3389/fmars.2019.00816}}
@misc{kerimoglu_interactive_impacts_2020, 
author={Kerimoglu, O.,Voynova, Y.,Chegini, F.,Brix, H.,Callies, U.,Hofmeister, R.,Klingbeil, K.,Schrum, C.,van Beusekom, J.},
title={Interactive impacts of meteorological and hydrological conditions on the physical and biogeochemical structure of a coastal system},
year={2020},
howpublished = {journal article},
doi = {https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-17-5097-2020},
abstract = {The German Bight was exposed to record high riverine discharges in June 2013, as a result of flooding of the Elbe and Weser rivers. Several anomalous observations suggested that the hydrodynamical and biogeochemical states of the system were impacted by this event. In this study, we developed a biogeochemical model and coupled it with a previously introduced high-resolution hydrodynamical model of the southern North Sea in order to better characterize these impacts and gain insight into the underlying processes. Performance of the model was assessed using an extensive set of in situ measurements for the period 2011–2014. We first improved the realism of the hydrodynamic model with regard to the representation of cross-shore gradients, mainly through inclusion of flow-dependent horizontal mixing. Among other characteristic features of the system, the coupled model system can reproduce the low salinities, high nutrient concentrations and low oxygen concentrations in the bottom layers observed within the German Bight following the flood event. Through a scenario analysis, we examined the sensitivity of the patterns observed during July 2013 to the hydrological and meteorological forcing in isolation. Within the region of freshwater influence (ROFI) of the Elbe–Weser rivers, the flood event clearly dominated the changes in salinity and nutrient concentrations, as expected. However, our findings point to the relevance of the peculiarities in the meteorological conditions in 2013 as well: a combination of low wind speeds, warm air temperatures and cold bottom-water temperatures resulted in a strong thermal stratification in the outer regions and limited vertical nutrient transport to the surface layers. Within the central region, the thermal and haline dynamics interactively resulted in an intense density stratification. This intense stratification, in turn, led to enhanced primary production within the central region enriched by nutrients due to the flood but led to reduction within the nutrient-limited outer region, and it caused a widespread oxygen depletion in bottom waters. Our results further point to the enhancement of the current velocities at the surface as a result of haline stratification and to intensification of the thermohaline estuarine-like circulation in the Wadden Sea, both driven by the flood event.},
note = {Online available at: \url{https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-17-5097-2020} (DOI). Kerimoglu, O.; Voynova, Y.; Chegini, F.; Brix, H.; Callies, U.; Hofmeister, R.; Klingbeil, K.; Schrum, C.; van Beusekom, J.: Interactive impacts of meteorological and hydrological conditions on the physical and biogeochemical structure of a coastal system. Biogeosciences. 2020. vol. 17, no. 20, 5097-5127. DOI: 10.5194/bg-17-5097-2020}}
@misc{abram_pages_2k_2020, 
author={Abram, N.,Bothe, O.,Eggleston, S.,Konecky, B.,Linderholm, H.,Martrat, B.,McGregor, H.,Phipps, S.,St. George, S.},
title={PAGES 2k Network community survey},
year={2020},
howpublished = {journal article},
doi = {https://doi.org/10.22498/pages.28.2.66},
note = {Online available at: \url{https://doi.org/10.22498/pages.28.2.66} (DOI). Abram, N.; Bothe, O.; Eggleston, S.; Konecky, B.; Linderholm, H.; Martrat, B.; McGregor, H.; Phipps, S.; St. George, S.: PAGES 2k Network community survey. Past Global Changes Magazine. 2020. vol. 28, no. 2, 66. DOI: 10.22498/pages.28.2.66}}
@misc{benkort_on_the_2020, 
author={Benkort, D.,Daewel, U.,Heath, M.,Schrum, C.},
title={On the Role of Biogeochemical Coupling Between Sympagic and Pelagic Ecosystem Compartments for Primary and Secondary Production in the Barents Sea},
year={2020},
howpublished = {journal article},
doi = {https://doi.org/10.3389/fenvs.2020.548013},
abstract = {Primary production in the Arctic marine system is principally due to pelagic phytoplankton. In addition, sea-ice algae also make a contribution and play an important role in food web dynamics. A proper representation of sea-ice algae phenology and the linkage with the pelagic and benthic systems is needed, so as to better understand the ecosystem response to warming and shrinking ice cover. Here we describe the extension of the biogeochemical model ECOSMO II to include a sympagic system in the model formulation, illustrated by implementation in the Barents Sea. The new sympagic system formulation includes four nutrients (NO3, NH4, PO4, and SiO2), one functional group for sea-ice algae and one detritus pool, and exchanges with the surface ocean layer. We investigated the effects of linkage between the three systems (sympagic, pelagic, and benthic) on the ecosystem dynamic; the contribution of the ice algae to total primary production; and how the changes in ice coverage will affect the lower trophic level Arctic food-web dynamics. To solve the scientific and technical challenges related to the coupling, the model was implemented in a 1D application of the General Ocean Turbulence Model (GOTM). Results showed that the model simulated the seasonal pattern of the sympagic components realistically when compared to the current knowledge of the Barents Sea. Our results show that the sympagic system influences the timing and the amplitude of the pelagic primary and secondary production in the water column. We also demonstrated that sea-ice algae production leads to seeding of pelagic diatoms and an enhancement of the zooplankton production. Finally, we used the model to explain how the interaction between zooplankton and ice algae can control the pelagic primary production in the Barents Sea.},
note = {Online available at: \url{https://doi.org/10.3389/fenvs.2020.548013} (DOI). Benkort, D.; Daewel, U.; Heath, M.; Schrum, C.: On the Role of Biogeochemical Coupling Between Sympagic and Pelagic Ecosystem Compartments for Primary and Secondary Production in the Barents Sea. Frontiers in Environmental Science. 2020. vol. 8, 548013. DOI: 10.3389/fenvs.2020.548013}}
@misc{fujii_observing_system_2019, 
author={Fujii, Y.,Remy, E.,Zuo, H.,Oke, P.R.,Halliwell, G.R.,Gasparin, F.,Benkiran, M.,Loose, N.,Cummings, J.,Xie, J.,Xue, Y.,Masuda, S.,Smith, G.C.,Balmaseda, M.A.,Germineaud, C.,Lea, D.J.,Larnicol, G.,Bertino, L.,Bonaduce, A.,Brasseur, P.,Donlon, C.,Heimbach, P.,Kim, Y.,Kourafalou, V.,Le Traon, P.Y.,Martin, M.J.,Paturi, S.,Tranchant, B.,Usui, N.},
title={Observing System Evaluation Based on Ocean Data Assimilation and Prediction Systems: On-Going Challenges and a Future Vision for Designing and Supporting Ocean Observational Networks},
year={2019},
howpublished = {journal article},
doi = {https://doi.org/10.3389/fmars.2019.00417},
abstract = {This paper summarizes recent efforts on Observing System Evaluation (OS-Eval) by the Ocean Data Assimilation and Prediction (ODAP) communities such as GODAE OceanView and CLIVAR-GSOP. It provides some examples of existing OS-Eval methodologies, and attempts to discuss the potential and limitation of the existing approaches. Observing System Experiment (OSE) studies illustrate the impacts of the severe decrease in the number of TAO buoys during 2012–2014 and TRITON buoys since 2013 on ODAP system performance. Multi-system evaluation of the impacts of assimilating satellite sea surface salinity data based on OSEs has been performed to demonstrate the need to continue and enhance satellite salinity missions. Impacts of underwater gliders have been assessed using Observing System Simulation Experiments (OSSEs) to provide guidance on the effective coordination of the western North Atlantic observing system elements. OSSEs are also being performed under H2020 AtlantOS project with the goal to enhance and optimize the Atlantic in-situ networks. Potential of future satellite missions of wide-swath altimetry and surface ocean currents monitoring is explored through OSSEs and evaluation of Degrees of Freedom for Signal (DFS). Forecast Sensitivity Observation Impacts (FSOI) are routinely evaluated for monitoring the ocean observation impacts in the US Navy's ODAP system. Perspectives on the extension of OS-Eval to coastal regions, the deep ocean, polar regions, coupled data assimilation, and biogeochemical applications are also presented. Based on the examples above, we identify the limitations of OS-Eval, indicating that the most significant limitation is reduction of robustness and reliability of the results due to their system-dependency. The difficulty of performing evaluation in near real time is also critical. A strategy to mitigate the limitation and to strengthen the impact of evaluations is discussed. In particular, we emphasize the importance of collaboration within the ODAP community for multi-system evaluation and of communication with ocean observational communities on the design of OS-Eval, required resources, and effective distribution of the results. Finally, we recommend further developing OS-Eval activities at international level with the support of the international ODAP (e.g., OceanPredict and CLIVAR-GSOP) and observational communities.},
note = {Online available at: \url{https://doi.org/10.3389/fmars.2019.00417} (DOI). Fujii, Y.; Remy, E.; Zuo, H.; Oke, P.; Halliwell, G.; Gasparin, F.; Benkiran, M.; Loose, N.; Cummings, J.; Xie, J.; Xue, Y.; Masuda, S.; Smith, G.; Balmaseda, M.; Germineaud, C.; Lea, D.; Larnicol, G.; Bertino, L.; Bonaduce, A.; Brasseur, P.; Donlon, C.; Heimbach, P.; Kim, Y.; Kourafalou, V.; Le Traon, P.; Martin, M.; Paturi, S.; Tranchant, B.; Usui, N.: Observing System Evaluation Based on Ocean Data Assimilation and Prediction Systems: On-Going Challenges and a Future Vision for Designing and Supporting Ocean Observational Networks. Frontiers in Marine Science. 2019. vol. 6, 417. DOI: 10.3389/fmars.2019.00417}}
@misc{davidson_synergies_in_2019, 
author={Davidson, F.,Alvera-Azcárate, A.,Barth, A.,Brassington, G.B.,Chassignet, E.P.,Clementi, E.,De Mey-Frémaux, P.,Divakaran, P.,Harris, C.,Hernandez, F.,Hogan, P.,Hole, L.R.,Holt, J.,Liu, G.,Lu, Y.,Lorente, P.,Maksymczuk, J.,Martin, M.,Mehra, A.,Melsom, A.,Mo, H.,Moore, A.,Oddo, P.,Pascual, A.,Pequignet, A.-C.,Kourafalou, V.,Ryan, A.,Siddorn, J.,Smith, G.,Spindler, D.,Spindler, T.,Stanev, E.V.,Staneva, J.,Storto, A.,Tanajura, C.,Vinayachandran, P.N.,Wan, L.,Wang, H.,Zhang, Y.,Zhu, X.,Zu, Z.},
title={Synergies in Operational Oceanography: The Intrinsic Need for Sustained Ocean Observations},
year={2019},
howpublished = {journal article},
doi = {https://doi.org/10.3389/fmars.2019.00450},
abstract = {Operational oceanography can be described as the provision of routine oceanographic information needed for decision-making purposes. It is dependent upon sustained research and development through the end-to-end framework of an operational service, from observation collection to delivery mechanisms. The core components of operational oceanographic systems are a multi-platform observation network, a data management system, a data assimilative prediction system, and a dissemination/accessibility system. These are interdependent, necessitating communication and exchange between them, and together provide the mechanism through which a clear picture of ocean conditions, in the past, present, and future, can be seen. Ocean observations play a critical role in all aspects of operational oceanography, not only for assimilation but as part of the research cycle, and for verification and validation of products. Data assimilative prediction systems are advancing at a fast pace, in tandem with improved science and the growth in computing power. To make best use of the system capability these advances would be matched by equivalent advances in operational observation coverage. This synergy between the prediction and observation systems underpins the quality of products available to stakeholders, and justifies the need for sustained ocean observations. In this white paper, the components of an operational oceanographic system are described, highlighting the critical role of ocean observations, and how the operational systems will evolve over the next decade to improve the characterization of ocean conditions, including at finer spatial and temporal scales.},
note = {Online available at: \url{https://doi.org/10.3389/fmars.2019.00450} (DOI). Davidson, F.; Alvera-Azcárate, A.; Barth, A.; Brassington, G.; Chassignet, E.; Clementi, E.; De Mey-Frémaux, P.; Divakaran, P.; Harris, C.; Hernandez, F.; Hogan, P.; Hole, L.; Holt, J.; Liu, G.; Lu, Y.; Lorente, P.; Maksymczuk, J.; Martin, M.; Mehra, A.; Melsom, A.; Mo, H.; Moore, A.; Oddo, P.; Pascual, A.; Pequignet, A.; Kourafalou, V.; Ryan, A.; Siddorn, J.; Smith, G.; Spindler, D.; Spindler, T.; Stanev, E.; Staneva, J.; Storto, A.; Tanajura, C.; Vinayachandran, P.; Wan, L.; Wang, H.; Zhang, Y.; Zhu, X.; Zu, Z.: Synergies in Operational Oceanography: The Intrinsic Need for Sustained Ocean Observations. Frontiers in Marine Science. 2019. vol. 6, 450. DOI: 10.3389/fmars.2019.00450}}
@misc{campos_addressing_longterm_2019, 
author={Campos, Á.,García-Valdecasas, J.,Molina, R.,Castillo, C.,Álvarez-Fanjul, E.,Staneva, J.},
title={Addressing Long-Term Operational Risk Management in Port Docks under Climate Change Scenarios—A Spanish Case Study},
year={2019},
howpublished = {journal article},
doi = {https://doi.org/10.3390/w11102153},
abstract = {Ports are strategic hubs of the logistic chain and are likely to be exposed to natural hazard events. Variation of metocean agents derived from climate change, such as sea level rise or changes in the magnitude, frequency, duration, and direction of storms, can modify the infrastructural and operational vulnerability of port areas and activities, demanding the development of adaptation or mitigation strategies. In this context, the present paper is aimed to propose a downscaling methodology for addressing local effects at port scale. In addition, based on previously identifying and defining the Areas of Operational Interest (AOIs) inside ports, an approach towards the evaluation of operational vulnerability is offered. The whole process is applied, as a practical case, to the Port of Gijón (Spain) for different General Circulation Models (GCMs), concentration scenarios, and time horizons. The results highlight, in line with other publications, that inter-model differences are, so far, more significant than intra-model differences from dissimilar time horizons or concentration scenarios.},
note = {Online available at: \url{https://doi.org/10.3390/w11102153} (DOI). Campos, Á.; García-Valdecasas, J.; Molina, R.; Castillo, C.; Álvarez-Fanjul, E.; Staneva, J.: Addressing Long-Term Operational Risk Management in Port Docks under Climate Change Scenarios—A Spanish Case Study. Water. 2019. vol. 11, no. 10, 2153. DOI: 10.3390/w11102153}}
@misc{morf_towards_sustainability_2019, 
author={Morf, A.,Moodie, J.,Gee, K.,Giacometti, A.,Kull, M.,Piwowarczyk, J.,Schiele, K.,Zaucha, J.,Kellecioglu, I.,Luttmann, A.,Strand, H.},
title={Towards sustainability of marine governance: Challenges and enablers for stakeholder integration in transboundary marine spatial planning in the Baltic Sea},
year={2019},
howpublished = {journal article},
doi = {https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ocecoaman.2019.04.009},
abstract = {Integrating stakeholder knowledge, views and needs in marine or maritime spatial planning (MSP) processes is important from a governance and social sustainability perspective both for MSP practitioners and for the evolving field of MSP research. Transboundary MSP appears particularly challenging for participation, which is why it is important to identify opportunities and address obstacles for stakeholder integration in this specific context. This article examines how stakeholder integration is currently practiced in the Baltic Sea Region (BSR), an enclosed sea where policy coherence and addressing conflicting interests across borders are especially relevant. It synthesises a range of challenges and enablers for stakeholder participation and mobilisation that have emerged from two transboundary MSP research and development projects, BaltSpace and Baltic SCOPE. The article finds that with the exception of statutory authorities, stakeholder engagement in the BSR is mostly limited to self-motivated stakeholders and consultation rather than more inclusive forms of participation. This can reduce the quality and legitimacy of MSP processes and risks to concentrate power in the hands of a small group of actors. For transboundary stakeholder integration to become more interactive and effective, five types of challenges need attention, regarding a) timing, b) governance systems, c) capacity and processes, d) stakeholder characteristics and e) knowledge and language. These obstacles can be addressed by (1) a dedicated research and development agenda that critically reflects on integrative tools and processes, and (2) by encouraging transnational institutions in the BSR to devote more resources to transboundary stakeholder integration and adopt flexible and adaptive strategies and tools that can facilitate stakeholder involvement throughout the MSP policy cycle.},
note = {Online available at: \url{https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ocecoaman.2019.04.009} (DOI). Morf, A.; Moodie, J.; Gee, K.; Giacometti, A.; Kull, M.; Piwowarczyk, J.; Schiele, K.; Zaucha, J.; Kellecioglu, I.; Luttmann, A.; Strand, H.: Towards sustainability of marine governance: Challenges and enablers for stakeholder integration in transboundary marine spatial planning in the Baltic Sea. Ocean and Coastal Management. 2019. vol. 177, 200-212. DOI: 10.1016/j.ocecoaman.2019.04.009}}
@misc{lvarezfanjul_sea_level_2019, 
author={Álvarez Fanjul, E.,Pascual Collar, Á.,Pérez Gómez, B.,De Alfonso, M.,García Sotillo, M.,Staneva, J.,Clementi, E.,Grandi, A.,Zacharioudaki, A.,Korres, G.,Ravdas, M.,Renshaw, R.,Tinker, J.,Raudsepp, U.,Lagemaa, P.,Maljutenko, I.,Geyer, G.,Müller, M.,Yumruktepe, V.},
title={Sea level, sea surface temperature and SWH extreme percentiles: combined analysis from model results and in situ observations},
year={2019},
howpublished = {journal article},
doi = {https://doi.org/10.1080/1755876X.2019.1633075},
note = {Online available at: \url{https://doi.org/10.1080/1755876X.2019.1633075} (DOI). Álvarez Fanjul, E.; Pascual Collar, Á.; Pérez Gómez, B.; De Alfonso, M.; García Sotillo, M.; Staneva, J.; Clementi, E.; Grandi, A.; Zacharioudaki, A.; Korres, G.; Ravdas, M.; Renshaw, R.; Tinker, J.; Raudsepp, U.; Lagemaa, P.; Maljutenko, I.; Geyer, G.; Müller, M.; Yumruktepe, V.: Sea level, sea surface temperature and SWH extreme percentiles: combined analysis from model results and in situ observations. Journal of Operational Oceanography. 2019. vol. 12, no. sup1, s31-s42. DOI: 10.1080/1755876X.2019.1633075}}
@misc{piwowarczyk_insights_into_2019, 
author={Piwowarczyk, J.,Gee, K.,Gilek, M.,Hassler, B.,Luttmann, A.,Maack, L.,Matczak, M.,Morf, A.,Saunders, F.,Stalmokaite, I.,Zaucha, J.},
title={Insights into integration challenges in the Baltic Sea Region marine spatial planning: Implications for the HELCOM-VASAB principles},
year={2019},
howpublished = {journal article},
doi = {https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ocecoaman.2019.03.023},
note = {Online available at: \url{https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ocecoaman.2019.03.023} (DOI). Piwowarczyk, J.; Gee, K.; Gilek, M.; Hassler, B.; Luttmann, A.; Maack, L.; Matczak, M.; Morf, A.; Saunders, F.; Stalmokaite, I.; Zaucha, J.: Insights into integration challenges in the Baltic Sea Region marine spatial planning: Implications for the HELCOM-VASAB principles. Ocean & Coastal Management. 2019. vol. 175, 98-109. DOI: 10.1016/j.ocecoaman.2019.03.023}}
@misc{hassler_new_generation_2019, 
author={Hassler, B.,Blazauskas, N.,Gee, K.,Luttmann, A.,Morf, A.,Piwowarczyk, J.,Saunders, F.,Stalmokaite, I.,Strand, H.,Zaucha, J.},
title={New generation EU directives, sustainability, and the role of transnational coordination in Baltic Sea maritime spatial planning},
year={2019},
howpublished = {journal article},
doi = {https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ocecoaman.2018.12.025},
abstract = {The EU MSP Directive is an example of a so-called new generation directive, which gives Member States room for adaptation to national contexts. The main objective in this article is to identify and analyse potential obstacles to effective and efficient planning caused by the diversity among national MSP frameworks that the Directive's broad regulatory boundaries have led to. It is shown that planning approaches can differ substantially between neighbouring countries, which can make it challenging to coordinate across national borders. Divergence between national MSP frameworks can also emerge from how political, jurisdictional and, administrative systems and traditions are organised in different Member States. It is shown that neighbouring countries can diverge substantially in how the ecological, economic and social dimensions of sustainability are balanced, which can make transnational coordination challenging. Furthermore, it is shown that stakeholder consultations differ among Member States in terms of, for example, who were invited, how the consultations were undertaken, and the role they play in relation to political decision-making. Because of these, and other differences in how MSP frameworks are being developed in the Member States, it is suggested that regional integration should be promoted with discretion. From this perspective, it seems reasonable to embrace diversity, while simultaneously promoting the adaptive management of coordination problems at lower levels, when, or if, they emerge or can be foreseen. Thus, increased integration of national MSP frameworks should be viewed as an instrument to reduce concrete efficiency losses, rather than as an intrinsic good.},
note = {Online available at: \url{https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ocecoaman.2018.12.025} (DOI). Hassler, B.; Blazauskas, N.; Gee, K.; Luttmann, A.; Morf, A.; Piwowarczyk, J.; Saunders, F.; Stalmokaite, I.; Strand, H.; Zaucha, J.: New generation EU directives, sustainability, and the role of transnational coordination in Baltic Sea maritime spatial planning. Ocean & Coastal Management. 2019. vol. 169, 254-263. DOI: 10.1016/j.ocecoaman.2018.12.025}}
@misc{zhang_temporal_and_2019, 
author={Zhang, M.,Storch, H.v.,Chen, X.,Wang, D.,Li, D.},
title={Temporal and spatial statistics of travelling eddy variability in the South China Sea},
year={2019},
howpublished = {journal article},
doi = {https://doi.org/10.1007/s10236-019-01282-2},
abstract = {The variability across decades of years of migrating eddy activities in the South China Sea (SCS) have not yet been documented. We employ a daily global eddy-resolving (0.1 degree) model product called STORM that covers a period of 1950-2010 to fill this gap. The frequency and pattern of eddy occurrence in the simulation is broadly consistent with satellite-based (AVISO) data.  On average, annually 28 anticyclonic travelling eddy (AE) tracks and 54 cyclonic travelling eddy (CE) tracks with long travel lengths were derived from the discrete sea surface height anomaly fields of STORM. Eddy centers most frequently pass by the Luzon Strait and along the continental slope in the northern SCS to the Vietnam coast. The lifespans range from 6 days to 240 days for AEs and to 293 days for CEs, and the longest travel lengths are 1941 km and 1988 km, respectively.  EOFs of the spatial fields of eddy diameter (ED), eddy intensity (EI) and eddy number (EN) show almost white eigenvalue spectra, when calculated on the model’s 0.1-degree grid, but when the data are coarsened to grids with 1-degree and 2-degree grid spacing, meaningful structures emerge.  EI and ED are highly correlated on both seasonal and interannual time scales. In general, CEs are much more active than AEs, but the AEs with high intensities or large diameters are more frequent than similar CEs.  The monthly ED, EI and EN exhibit annual cycles, which are, however, not very stable. The variabilities of annual means of ED, EI and EN is large at interannual time scales, little at interdecadal sales and exhibits hardly a trend. The sizes and intensities of eddies in the SCS are hardly connected to the ENSO-variability in the tropical Pacific. The EOFs, the weakness of the annual cycle stability and the absence of a correlation with ENSO, point to a massive presence of internal variability (as opposed to variability provoked by large-scale drivers).},
note = {Online available at: \url{https://doi.org/10.1007/s10236-019-01282-2} (DOI). Zhang, M.; Storch, H.; Chen, X.; Wang, D.; Li, D.: Temporal and spatial statistics of travelling eddy variability in the South China Sea. Ocean Dynamics. 2019. vol. 69, no. 8, 879-898. DOI: 10.1007/s10236-019-01282-2}}
@misc{deguttry_situating_climate_2019, 
author={de Guttry, C.,Süsser, D.,Döring, M.},
title={Situating climate change: Psychological distances as tool to understand the multifaceted dimensions of climate change meanings},
year={2019},
howpublished = {journal article},
doi = {https://doi.org/10.1016/j.geoforum.2019.06.015},
abstract = {In recent years, considerable efforts have been devoted to exploring and understanding how people attribute meaning to and engage with climate change. Although the relevance of society in regional mitigation and adaptation to climate change is now recognised, it is still not clear how local places and social climate change meanings inform each other. Taking this gap in research as a starting point, we investigate people’s ‘emplaced’ climate meanings with the approach of psychological distances (geographical, temporal and social). Using a grounded method and 36 semi-structured interviews with inhabitants of North Frisia (Germany) – a region that has always been profoundly affected by environmental change – we disentangle the different distances and proximities that permeate and create local climate change meanings. Overall, we demonstrate (1) the dynamic nature of psychological distances and proximities producing climate change meanings and we reveal (2) the importance of a place-based approach for analysing the abstract entity of climate change.},
note = {Online available at: \url{https://doi.org/10.1016/j.geoforum.2019.06.015} (DOI). de Guttry, C.; Süsser, D.; Döring, M.: Situating climate change: Psychological distances as tool to understand the multifaceted dimensions of climate change meanings. Geoforum. 2019. vol. 104, 92-100. DOI: 10.1016/j.geoforum.2019.06.015}}
@misc{lewis_can_wave_2019, 
author={Lewis, H.,Castillo Sanchez, J.,Siddorn, J.,King, R.,Tonani, M.,Saulter, A.,Sykes, P.,Pequignet, A.,Weedon, G.,Palmer, T.,Staneva, J.,Bricheno, L.},
title={Can wave coupling improve operational regional ocean forecasts for the north-west European Shelf?},
year={2019},
howpublished = {journal article},
doi = {https://doi.org/10.5194/os-15-669-2019},
abstract = {Operational ocean forecasts are typically produced by modelling systems run using a forced mode approach. The evolution of the ocean state is not directly influenced by surface waves, and the ocean dynamics are driven by an external source of meteorological data which are independent of the ocean state. Model coupling provides one approach to increase the extent to which ocean forecast systems can represent the interactions and feedbacks between ocean, waves, and the atmosphere seen in nature. This paper demonstrates the impact of improving how the effect of waves on the momentum exchange across the ocean–atmosphere interface is represented through ocean–wave coupling on the performance of an operational regional ocean prediction system. This study focuses on the eddy-resolving (1.5 km resolution) Atlantic Margin Model (AMM15) ocean model configuration for the north-west European Shelf (NWS) region.,A series of 2-year duration forecast trials of the Copernicus Marine Environment Monitoring Service (CMEMS) north-west European Shelf regional ocean prediction system are analysed. The impact of including ocean–wave feedbacks via dynamic coupling on the simulated ocean is discussed. The main interactions included are the modification of surface stress by wave growth and dissipation, Stokes–Coriolis forcing, and wave-height-dependent ocean surface roughness. Given the relevance to operational forecasting, trials with and without ocean data assimilation are considered.,Summary forecast metrics demonstrate that the ocean–wave coupled system is a viable evolution for future operational implementation. When results are considered in more depth, wave coupling was found to result in an annual cycle of relatively warmer winter and cooler summer sea surface temperatures for seasonally stratified regions of the NWS. This is driven by enhanced mixing due to waves, and a deepening of the ocean mixed layer during summer. The impact of wave coupling is shown to be reduced within the mixed layer with assimilation of ocean observations. Evaluation of salinity and ocean currents against profile measurements in the German Bight demonstrates improved simulation with wave coupling relative to control simulations. Further, evidence is provided of improvement to simulation of extremes of sea surface height anomalies relative to coastal tide gauges.},
note = {Online available at: \url{https://doi.org/10.5194/os-15-669-2019} (DOI). Lewis, H.; Castillo Sanchez, J.; Siddorn, J.; King, R.; Tonani, M.; Saulter, A.; Sykes, P.; Pequignet, A.; Weedon, G.; Palmer, T.; Staneva, J.; Bricheno, L.: Can wave coupling improve operational regional ocean forecasts for the north-west European Shelf?. Ocean Science. 2019. vol. 15, no. 3, 669-690. DOI: 10.5194/os-15-669-2019}}
@misc{curci_modelling_black_2019, 
author={Curci, G.,Alyuz, U.,Barò, R.,Bianconi, R.,Bieser, J.,Christensen, J.H.,Colette, A.,Farrow, A.,Francis, X.,Jiménez-Guerrero, P.,Im, U.,Liu, P.,Manders, A.,Palacios-Peña, L.,Prank, M.,Pozzoli, L.,Sokhi, R.,Solazzo, E.,Tuccella, P.,Unal, A.,Vivanco, M.G.,Hogrefe, C.,Galmarini, S.},
title={Modelling black carbon absorption of solar radiation: combining external and internal mixing assumptions},
year={2019},
howpublished = {journal article},
doi = {https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-19-181-2019},
abstract = {An accurate simulation of the absorption properties is key for assessing the radiative effects of aerosol on meteorology and climate. The representation of how chemical species are mixed inside the particles (the mixing state) is one of the major uncertainty factors in the assessment of these effects. Here we compare aerosol optical properties simulations over Europe and North America, coordinated in the framework of the third phase of the Air Quality Model Evaluation International Initiative (AQMEII), to 1 year of AERONET sunphotometer retrievals, in an attempt to identify a mixing state representation that better reproduces the observed single scattering albedo and its spectral variation. We use a single post-processing tool (FlexAOD) to derive aerosol optical properties from simulated aerosol speciation profiles, and focus on the absorption enhancement of black carbon when it is internally mixed with more scattering material, discarding from the analysis scenes dominated by dust.,We found that the single scattering albedo at 440 nm (ω0,440) is on average overestimated (underestimated) by 3–5 % when external (core-shell internal) mixing of particles is assumed, a bias comparable in magnitude with the typical variability of the quantity. The (unphysical) homogeneous internal mixing assumption underestimates ω0,440 by ∼14 %. The combination of external and core-shell configurations (partial internal mixing), parameterized using a simplified function of air mass aging, reduces the ω0,440 bias to −1/−3, %. The black carbon absorption enhancement (Eabs) in core-shell with respect to the externally mixed state is in the range 1.8–2.5, which is above the currently most accepted upper limit of ∼1.5. The partial internal mixing reduces Eabs to values more consistent with this limit. However, the spectral dependence of the absorption is not well reproduced, and the absorption Ångström exponent AAE440675 is overestimated by 70–120 %. Further testing against more comprehensive campaign data, including a full characterization of the aerosol profile in terms of chemical speciation, mixing state, and related optical properties, would help in putting a better constraint on these calculations.},
note = {Online available at: \url{https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-19-181-2019} (DOI). Curci, G.; Alyuz, U.; Barò, R.; Bianconi, R.; Bieser, J.; Christensen, J.; Colette, A.; Farrow, A.; Francis, X.; Jiménez-Guerrero, P.; Im, U.; Liu, P.; Manders, A.; Palacios-Peña, L.; Prank, M.; Pozzoli, L.; Sokhi, R.; Solazzo, E.; Tuccella, P.; Unal, A.; Vivanco, M.; Hogrefe, C.; Galmarini, S.: Modelling black carbon absorption of solar radiation: combining external and internal mixing assumptions. Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics. 2019. vol. 19, no. 1, 181-204. DOI: 10.5194/acp-19-181-2019}}
@misc{charrieau_rapid_environmental_2019, 
author={Charrieau, L.,Ljung, K.,Schenk, F.,Daewel, U.,Kritzberg, E.,Filipsson, H.},
title={Rapid environmental responses to climate-induced hydrographic changes in the Baltic Sea entrance},
year={2019},
howpublished = {journal article},
doi = {https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-16-3835-2019},
abstract = {The Öresund (the Sound), which is a part of the Danish straits, is linking the marine North Sea and the brackish Baltic Sea. It is a transition zone where ecosystems are subjected to large gradients in terms of salinity, temperature, carbonate chemistry, and dissolved oxygen concentration. In addition to the highly variable environmental conditions, the area is responding to anthropogenic disturbances in, e.g., nutrient loading, temperature, and pH. We have reconstructed environmental changes in the Öresund during the last ca. 200 years, and especially dissolved oxygen concentration, salinity, organic matter content, and pollution levels, using benthic foraminifera and sediment geochemistry. Five zones with characteristic foraminiferal assemblages were identified, each reflecting the environmental conditions for the respective period. The largest changes occurred around 1950, when the foraminiferal assemblage shifted from a low diversity fauna dominated by the species Stainforthia fusiformis to higher diversity and abundance and dominance of the Elphidium species. Concurrently, the grain-size distribution shifted from clayey to sandier sediment. To explore the causes of the environmental changes, we used time series of reconstructed wind conditions coupled with large-scale climate variations as recorded by the North Atlantic Oscillation (NAO) index as well as the ECOSMO II model of currents in the Öresund area. The results indicate increased changes in the water circulation towards stronger currents in the area after the 1950s. The foraminiferal fauna responded quickly (<10 years) to the environmental changes. Notably, when the wind conditions, and thereby the current system, returned in the 1980s to the previous pattern, the foraminiferal assemblage did not rebound. Instead, the foraminiferal faunas displayed a new equilibrium state.},
note = {Online available at: \url{https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-16-3835-2019} (DOI). Charrieau, L.; Ljung, K.; Schenk, F.; Daewel, U.; Kritzberg, E.; Filipsson, H.: Rapid environmental responses to climate-induced hydrographic changes in the Baltic Sea entrance. Biogeosciences. 2019. vol. 16, no. 19, 3835-3852. DOI: 10.5194/bg-16-3835-2019}}
@misc{zhang_corrigendum_to_2019, 
author={Zhang, W.,Didenkulova, I.,Kurkina, O.,Cui, Y.,Haberkern, J.,Aepfler, R.,Santos, A.,Zhang, H.,Hanebuth, T.},
title={Corrigendum to “Internal solitary waves control offshore extension of mud depocenters on the NW Iberian shelf” [Mar. Geol. 409 (2019) 15–30]},
year={2019},
howpublished = {journal article},
doi = {https://doi.org/10.1016/j.margeo.2019.01.012},
note = {Online available at: \url{https://doi.org/10.1016/j.margeo.2019.01.012} (DOI). Zhang, W.; Didenkulova, I.; Kurkina, O.; Cui, Y.; Haberkern, J.; Aepfler, R.; Santos, A.; Zhang, H.; Hanebuth, T.: Corrigendum to “Internal solitary waves control offshore extension of mud depocenters on the NW Iberian shelf” [Mar. Geol. 409 (2019) 15–30]. Marine Geology. 2019. vol. 411, 21. DOI: 10.1016/j.margeo.2019.01.012}}
@misc{zhao_characterizing_the_2019, 
author={Zhao, C.,Maerz, J.,Hofmeister, R.,Röttgers, R.,Wirtz, K.,Riethmüller, R.,Schrum, C.},
title={Characterizing the vertical distribution of chlorophyll a in the German Bight},
year={2019},
howpublished = {journal article},
doi = {https://doi.org/10.1016/j.csr.2019.01.012},
abstract = {Coastal and shelf seas display strong variability in the horizontal and vertical distributions of chlorophyll a (CHL). Detailed data are required to identify the processes that drive the observed spatio-temporal dynamics. A high-resolution, vertically resolved transect data set for biogeochemical and physical properties was collected in the inner German Bight (GB) from 2009 to 2011 on a seasonal basis. We used fluorescence as an indicator for phytoplankton biomass via the CHL concentrations. We classified profiles into different types by evaluating the heterogeneity of CHL vertical distribution and identifying vertical location (upper mixed layer, subsurface layer, bottom mixed layer of water column) of high CHL concentration in each profile. We analyzed the spatio-temporal occurrences of the different CHL vertical distribution types in the context of the hydrodynamic environment. More than half (68.7%) of all profiles showed vertically homogeneous CHL distributions. A smaller subset (3.2%) of all profiles showed subsurface CHL maximum layers (SCMLs) in the vicinity of the pycnocline, co-varying with strongly stratified conditions in deeper water. Profiles with highest concentration of CHL in the upper part of the water column (HCU) were observed in 11.5% of all profiles. Profiles with highest concentrations of CHL in the lower part of the water column (HCL) comprised 16.6% of all profiles. HCL profiles were extensively observed during the decay phase of the spring bloom and were associated with resuspension and erosion from pre-existing SCMLs, which could be driven by tide; photosynthetic activity below the pycnocline could also contribute. Under moderate weather conditions, tidal currents were the main driver of resuspension. This study highlighted the occurrence of SCMLs and HCL patterns in vertical CHL profiles in shallow shelf seas, such as the GB.},
note = {Online available at: \url{https://doi.org/10.1016/j.csr.2019.01.012} (DOI). Zhao, C.; Maerz, J.; Hofmeister, R.; Röttgers, R.; Wirtz, K.; Riethmüller, R.; Schrum, C.: Characterizing the vertical distribution of chlorophyll a in the German Bight. Continental Shelf Research. 2019. vol. 175, 127-146. DOI: 10.1016/j.csr.2019.01.012}}
@misc{bonaduce_wave_climate_2019, 
author={Bonaduce, A.,Staneva, J.,Behrens, A.,Bidlot, J.,Wilcke, R.},
title={Wave Climate Change in the North Sea and Baltic Sea},
year={2019},
howpublished = {journal article},
doi = {https://doi.org/10.3390/jmse7060166},
abstract = {Wave climate change by the end of the 21st century (2075–2100) was investigated using a regional wave climate projection under the RCP 8.5 scenario. The performance of the historical run (1980–2005) in representing the present wave climate was assessed when compared with in situ (e.g., GTS) and remote sensing (i.e., Jason-1) observations and wave hindcasts (e.g., ERA5-hindcast). Compared with significant wave height observations in different subdomains, errors on the order of 20–30% were observed. A Principal Component (PC) analysis showed that the temporal leading modes obtained from in situ data were well correlated (0.9) with those from the historical run. Despite systematic differences (10%), the general features of the present wave climate were captured by the historical run. In the future climate projection, with respect to the historical run, similar wave climate change patterns were observed when considering both the mean and severe wave conditions, which were generally larger during summer. The range of variation in the projected extremes (±10%) was consistent with those observed in previous studies both at the global and regional spatial scales. The most interesting feature was the projected increase in extreme wind speed, surface Stokes drift speed and significant wave height in the Northeast Atlantic. On the other hand, a decrease was observed in the North Sea and the southern part of the Baltic Sea basin, while increased extreme values occurred in the Gulf of Bothnia during winter.},
note = {Online available at: \url{https://doi.org/10.3390/jmse7060166} (DOI). Bonaduce, A.; Staneva, J.; Behrens, A.; Bidlot, J.; Wilcke, R.: Wave Climate Change in the North Sea and Baltic Sea. Journal of Marine Science and Engineering. 2019. vol. 7, no. 6, 166. DOI: 10.3390/jmse7060166}}
@misc{djath_wind_speed_2019, 
author={Djath, B.,Schulz-Stellenfleth, J.},
title={Wind speed deficits downstream offshore wind parks – A new automised estimation technique based on satellite synthetic aperture radar data},
year={2019},
howpublished = {journal article},
doi = {https://doi.org/10.1127/metz/2019/0992},
abstract = {Wind speed deficits behind offshore wind parks in the German Bight are estimated from satellite synthetic aperture radar (SAR) data using a new filter technique. The deficit computation requires knowledge about the undisturbed wind field, which is derived by a two-dimensional (2D) convolution filter tailored to the geometry of the wake. Both the wind direction and the size of the wind farm are taken into account. The most relevant scale for the wind speed deficit estimator (WISDEM) is the width ξ$\xi$ of the wake. Unlike approaches used so far, the proposed technique is suitable for a full automisation of the estimation process. Furthermore, the rigorous definition of the method and the reproducibility of the results can help in the consistent analysis of big data sets and the meaningful intercomparison of different geographic study areas. The filter is applied to Sentinel‑1 SAR data demonstrating the ability of the method to quantify and visualise wind speed deficits in a very efficient way. The method also allows the study of the 2D structure of wakes, in particular curved shapes, which are found frequently. A statistical wake analysis is performed for one year of data showing the most frequent occurrence of wakes during the spring and summer seasons. According to mast measurements taken at the FINO‑1 platform, this period is characterised by relatively strong atmospheric stability. Error estimates are derived for WISDEM wind speed deficit estimates based on a 2D spectral analysis of a Sentinel‑1 SAR data set acquired over one year. The impact of the wake filter on the background wind spectrum is quantified by application of the convolution theorem. The deficit estimation error is shown to increase with decreasing deficit values and with increasing wake width. The error is most sensitive to spectral components with wavelength in the across wake direction near 2ξ$2\xi$. The slope of the derived wind spectra is very close to the Kolmogorov k-5∕3$k^{-5/3}$ law, at least down to wave length of about 3 km. A significant dependence of the spectra on the atmospheric stability was found with energy levels increasing with instability. This relationship is beneficial for wake estimations, because wakes are more likely to occur in stable conditions, where relatively homogeneous background wind fields lead to reduced deficit estimation errors.},
note = {Online available at: \url{https://doi.org/10.1127/metz/2019/0992} (DOI). Djath, B.; Schulz-Stellenfleth, J.: Wind speed deficits downstream offshore wind parks – A new automised estimation technique based on satellite synthetic aperture radar data. Meteorologische Zeitschrift. 2019. vol. 28, no. 6, 499-515. DOI: 10.1127/metz/2019/0992}}
@misc{vonschuckmann_copernicus_marine_2019, 
author={von Schuckmann, K.,Le Traon, P.-Y.,Smith, N.,Staneva, J.},
title={Copernicus Marine Service Ocean State Report, Issue 3},
year={2019},
howpublished = {journal article},
doi = {https://doi.org/10.1080/1755876X.2019.1633075},
abstract = {The fundamental role of the ocean for life and well-being on Earth is more and more recognised at the highest political level. In 2015, the United Nations (UN) Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) of the 2030 Agenda for Sustainable Development were adopted by world leaders. The SDG 14 ‘Conserve and sustainably use the oceans, seas and marine resources for sustainable development’ is dedicated to the oceans. The mention of the ocean in the Paris Agreement signed in 2016 marked a decisive milestone. In 2018, the UN Decade of Ocean Science for Sustainable Development (2021–2030) has been proclaimed (https://en.unesco.org/ocean-decade): The Intergovernmental Oceanographic Commission of UNESCO will gather ocean stakeholders worldwide behind a common framework to foster evidence-based policy-making. In fall 2019, the IPCC special report on ocean and cryosphere will be published, and will provide an opportunity to increase awareness and action before COP251 (already claimed as ‘Blue COP’).},
note = {Online available at: \url{https://doi.org/10.1080/1755876X.2019.1633075} (DOI). von Schuckmann, K.; Le Traon, P.; Smith, N.; Staneva, J.: Copernicus Marine Service Ocean State Report, Issue 3. Journal of Operational Oceanography. 2019. vol. 12, no. sup1, S1-S123. DOI: 10.1080/1755876X.2019.1633075}}
@misc{letraon_from_observation_2019, 
author={Le Traon, P.Y.,Reppucci, A.,Fanjul, E.A.,Aouf, L.,Behrens, A.,Belmonte, M.,Bentamy, A.,Bertino, L.,Brando, V.E.,Kreiner, M.B.,Benkiran, M.,Carval, T.,Ciliberti, S.A.,Claustre, H.,Clementi, E.,Coppini, G.,Cossarini, G.,De Alfonso Alonso-Muñoyerro, M.,Delamarche, A.,Dibarboure, G.,Dinessen, F.,Drevillon, M.,Drillet, Y.,Faugere, Y.,Fernández, V.,Fleming, A.,Garcia-Hermosa, M.I.,Sotillo, M.G.,Garric, G.,Gasparin, F.,Giordan, C.,Gehlen, M.,Gregoire, M.L.,Guinehut, S.,Hamon, M.,Harris, C.,Hernandez, F.,Hinkler, J.B.,Hoyer, J.,Karvonen, J.,Kay, S.,King, R.,Lavergne, T.,Lemieux-Dudon, B.,Lima, L.,Mao, C.,Martin, M.J.,Masina, S.,Melet, A.,Nardelli, B.B.,Nolan, G.,Pascual, A.,Pistoia, J.,Palazov, A.,Piolle, J.F.,Pujol, M.I.,Pequignet, A.C.,Peneva, E.,Gómez, B.P.,de la Villeon, L.P.,Pinardi, N.,Pisano, A.,Pouliquen, S.,Reid, R.,Remy, E.,Santoleri, R.,Siddorn, J.,She, J.,Staneva, J.,Stoffelen, A.,Tonani, M.,Vandenbulcke, L.,von Schuckmann, K.,Volpe, G.,Wettre, C.,Zacharioudaki, A.},
title={From Observation to Information and Users: The Copernicus Marine Service Perspective},
year={2019},
howpublished = {journal article},
doi = {https://doi.org/10.3389/fmars.2019.00234},
abstract = {The Copernicus Marine Environment Monitoring Service (CMEMS) provides regular and systematic reference information on the physical and biogeochemical ocean and sea-ice state for the global ocean and the European regional seas. CMEMS serves a wide range of users (more than 15,000 users are now registered to the service) and applications. Observations are a fundamental pillar of the CMEMS value-added chain that goes from observation to information and users. Observations are used by CMEMS Thematic Assembly Centres (TACs) to derive high-level data products and by CMEMS Monitoring and Forecasting Centres (MFCs) to validate and constrain their global and regional ocean analysis and forecasting systems. This paper presents an overview of CMEMS, its evolution, and how the value of in situ and satellite observations is increased through the generation of high-level products ready to be used by downstream applications and services. The complementary nature of satellite and in situ observations is highlighted. Long-term perspectives for the development of CMEMS are described and implications for the evolution of the in situ and satellite observing systems are outlined. Results from Observing System Evaluations (OSEs) and Observing System Simulation Experiments (OSSEs) illustrate the high dependencies of CMEMS systems on observations. Finally future CMEMS requirements for both satellite and in situ observations are detailed.},
note = {Online available at: \url{https://doi.org/10.3389/fmars.2019.00234} (DOI). Le Traon, P.; Reppucci, A.; Fanjul, E.; Aouf, L.; Behrens, A.; Belmonte, M.; Bentamy, A.; Bertino, L.; Brando, V.; Kreiner, M.; Benkiran, M.; Carval, T.; Ciliberti, S.; Claustre, H.; Clementi, E.; Coppini, G.; Cossarini, G.; De Alfonso Alonso-Muñoyerro, M.; Delamarche, A.; Dibarboure, G.; Dinessen, F.; Drevillon, M.; Drillet, Y.; Faugere, Y.; Fernández, V.; Fleming, A.; Garcia-Hermosa, M.; Sotillo, M.; Garric, G.; Gasparin, F.; Giordan, C.; Gehlen, M.; Gregoire, M.; Guinehut, S.; Hamon, M.; Harris, C.; Hernandez, F.; Hinkler, J.; Hoyer, J.; Karvonen, J.; Kay, S.; King, R.; Lavergne, T.; Lemieux-Dudon, B.; Lima, L.; Mao, C.; Martin, M.; Masina, S.; Melet, A.; Nardelli, B.; Nolan, G.; Pascual, A.; Pistoia, J.; Palazov, A.; Piolle, J.; Pujol, M.; Pequignet, A.; Peneva, E.; Gómez, B.; de la Villeon, L.; Pinardi, N.; Pisano, A.; Pouliquen, S.; Reid, R.; Remy, E.; Santoleri, R.; Siddorn, J.; She, J.; Staneva, J.; Stoffelen, A.; Tonani, M.; Vandenbulcke, L.; von Schuckmann, K.; Volpe, G.; Wettre, C.; Zacharioudaki, A.: From Observation to Information and Users: The Copernicus Marine Service Perspective. Frontiers in Marine Science. 2019. vol. 6, 234. DOI: 10.3389/fmars.2019.00234}}
@misc{morim_robustness_and_2019, 
author={Morim, J.,Hemer, M.,Wang, X.,Cartwright, N.,Trenham, C.,Semedo, A.,Young, I.,Bricheno, L.,Camus, P.,Casas-Prat, M.,Erikson, L.,Mentaschi, L.,Mori, N.,Shimura, T.,Timmermans, B.,Aarnes, O.,Breivik, Ø.,Behrens, A.,Dobrynin, M.,Menendez, M.,Staneva, J.,Wehner, M.,Wolf, J.,Kamranzad, B.,Webb, A.,Stopa, J.,Andutta, F.},
title={Robustness and uncertainties in global multivariate wind-wave climate projections},
year={2019},
howpublished = {journal article},
doi = {https://doi.org/10.1038/s41558-019-0542-5},
abstract = {Understanding climate-driven impacts on the multivariate global wind-wave climate is paramount to effective offshore/coastal climate adaptation planning. However, the use of single-method ensembles and variations arising from different methodologies has resulted in unquantified uncertainty amongst existing global wave climate projections. Here, assessing the first coherent, community-driven, multi-method ensemble of global wave climate projections, we demonstrate widespread ocean regions with robust changes in annual mean significant wave height and mean wave period of 5–15% and shifts in mean wave direction of 5–15°, under a high-emission scenario. Approximately 50% of the world’s coastline is at risk from wave climate change, with ~40% revealing robust changes in at least two variables. Furthermore, we find that uncertainty in current projections is dominated by climate model-driven uncertainty, and that single-method modelling studies are unable to capture up to ~50% of the total associated uncertainty.},
note = {Online available at: \url{https://doi.org/10.1038/s41558-019-0542-5} (DOI). Morim, J.; Hemer, M.; Wang, X.; Cartwright, N.; Trenham, C.; Semedo, A.; Young, I.; Bricheno, L.; Camus, P.; Casas-Prat, M.; Erikson, L.; Mentaschi, L.; Mori, N.; Shimura, T.; Timmermans, B.; Aarnes, O.; Breivik, Ø.; Behrens, A.; Dobrynin, M.; Menendez, M.; Staneva, J.; Wehner, M.; Wolf, J.; Kamranzad, B.; Webb, A.; Stopa, J.; Andutta, F.: Robustness and uncertainties in global multivariate wind-wave climate projections. Nature Climate Change. 2019. vol. 9, 711-718. DOI: 10.1038/s41558-019-0542-5}}
@misc{demeyfrmaux_modelobservations_synergy_2019, 
author={De Mey-Frémaux, P.,Ayoub, N.,Barth, A.,Brewin, R.,Charria, G.,Campuzano, F.,Ciavatta, S.,Cirano, M.,Edwards, C.A.,Federico, I.,Gao, S.,Hermosa, I.G.,Sotillo, M.G.,Hewitt, H.,Hole, L.R.,Holt, J.,King, R.,Kourafalou, V.,Lu, Y.,Mourre, B.,Pascual, A.,Staneva, J.,Stanev, E.V.,Wang, H.,Zhu, X.},
title={Model-Observations Synergy in the Coastal Ocean},
year={2019},
howpublished = {journal article},
doi = {https://doi.org/10.3389/fmars.2019.00436},
abstract = {Integration of observations of the coastal ocean continuum, from regional oceans to shelf seas and estuaries/deltas with models, can substantially increase the value of observations and enable a wealth of applications. In particular, models can play a critical role at connecting sparse observations, synthesizing them, and assisting the design of observational networks; in turn, whenever available, observations can guide coastal model development. Coastal observations should sample the two-way interactions between nearshore, estuarine and shelf processes and open ocean processes, while accounting for the different pace of circulation drivers, such as the fast atmospheric, hydrological and tidal processes and the slower general ocean circulation and climate scales. Because of these challenges, high-resolution models can serve as connectors and integrators of coastal continuum observations. Data assimilation approaches can provide quantitative, validated estimates of Essential Ocean Variables in the coastal continuum, adding scientific and socioeconomic value to observations through applications (e.g., sea-level rise monitoring, coastal management under a sustainable ecosystem approach, aquaculture, dredging, transport and fate of pollutants, maritime safety, hazards under natural variability or climate change). We strongly recommend an internationally coordinated approach in support of the proper integration of global and coastal continuum scales, as well as for critical tasks such as community-agreed bathymetry and coastline products.},
note = {Online available at: \url{https://doi.org/10.3389/fmars.2019.00436} (DOI). De Mey-Frémaux, P.; Ayoub, N.; Barth, A.; Brewin, R.; Charria, G.; Campuzano, F.; Ciavatta, S.; Cirano, M.; Edwards, C.; Federico, I.; Gao, S.; Hermosa, I.; Sotillo, M.; Hewitt, H.; Hole, L.; Holt, J.; King, R.; Kourafalou, V.; Lu, Y.; Mourre, B.; Pascual, A.; Staneva, J.; Stanev, E.; Wang, H.; Zhu, X.: Model-Observations Synergy in the Coastal Ocean. Frontiers in Marine Science. 2019. vol. 6, 436. DOI: 10.3389/fmars.2019.00436}}
@misc{akhtar_european_marginal_2019, 
author={Akhtar, N.,Krug, A.,Brauch, J.,Arsouze, T.,Dieterich, C.,Ahrens, B.},
title={European marginal seas in a regional atmosphere–ocean coupled model and their impact on Vb-cyclones and associated precipitation},
year={2019},
howpublished = {journal article},
doi = {https://doi.org/10.1007/s00382-019-04906-x},
abstract = {Vb-cyclones are extratropical cyclones propagating from the Western Mediterranean Sea and traveling across the Eastern Alps into the Baltic region. With these cyclones, extreme precipitation over Central Europe potentially triggers significant flood events. Understanding the prediction ability of Vb-cyclones would lower risks from adverse impacts. This study analyzes the robustness of an atmosphere–ocean regional coupled model, including interactive models for the Mediterranean Sea (MED) and North and Baltic Seas (NORDIC) in reproducing observed Vb-cyclone characteristics. We use the regional climate model (RCM) COSMO-CLM (CCLM) in stand-alone and coupled with the ocean model NEMO configurations for the EURO-CORDEX domain from 1979 to 2014, driven by the ERA-Interim reanalysis. Sea surface temperature (SST) is evaluated to demonstrate the stability and reliability of the coupled configurations. Compared to observations, simulated SSTs show biases (~ 1 °C), especially during winter and summer. Generally, all model configurations are able to replicate Vb-cyclones, their trajectories, and associated precipitation fields. Cyclone trajectories are comparably well simulated with the coupled models, as with the stand-alone simulation which is driven by the reanalysis SST in the MED and NORDIC seas. The cyclone intensity shows large deviations from reanalysis reference in the simulations with the interactive MED Sea, and smallest with CCLM. Precipitation characteristics are similarly simulated in the coupled and stand-alone (with reanalysis SST) simulations. The results suggest that our coupled RCM is useful for studying the impacts of highly resolved and interactively simulated SSTs on European extreme events and regional climate, a crucial prerequisite for understanding future climate conditions.},
note = {Online available at: \url{https://doi.org/10.1007/s00382-019-04906-x} (DOI). Akhtar, N.; Krug, A.; Brauch, J.; Arsouze, T.; Dieterich, C.; Ahrens, B.: European marginal seas in a regional atmosphere–ocean coupled model and their impact on Vb-cyclones and associated precipitation. Climate Dynamics. 2019. vol. 53, 5967-5984. DOI: 10.1007/s00382-019-04906-x}}
@misc{bothe_when_does_2019, 
author={Bothe, O.},
title={When does weather become climate?},
year={2019},
howpublished = {journal article},
doi = {https://doi.org/10.1029/2019EO131019},
abstract = {Flexible definitions of the word “climate” may impede policy discussions on climate change. Closing apparent gaps between “climate” and “weather” may help reduce the ambiguity.},
note = {Online available at: \url{https://doi.org/10.1029/2019EO131019} (DOI). Bothe, O.: When does weather become climate?. Eos : Earth & Space Science News. 2019. vol. 100, DOI: 10.1029/2019EO131019}}
@misc{taherzadeh_a_traitbased_2019, 
author={Taherzadeh, N.,Bengfort, M.,Wirtz, K.},
title={A Trait-Based Framework for Explaining Non-additive Effects of Multiple Stressors on Plankton Communities},
year={2019},
howpublished = {journal article},
doi = {https://doi.org/10.3389/fmars.2019.00351},
abstract = {Phytoplankton communities are increasingly subject to multiple stressors of natural or anthropogenic origin. The cumulative effect of these stressors, however, may vary considerably from the sum of impacts from individual stressors. Nonlinear effects, such as changes in community traits can either boost up (synergistic) or weaken (antagonistic) single stressors. Despite previous empirical studies and meta analyses on the interaction types of various multiple stressors, a more fundamental understanding of cumulative effects is lacking. To fill this gap, we here propose a new theoretical framework that is centered on the concept of interaction traits and their trade-offs. The framework is applied to a novel size-based plankton model resolving multi-species phytoplankton-nutrients-detritus-zooplankton dynamics within the upper mixed layer. The model is validated using data from a series of outdoor mesocosm experiments. In the direct aftermath of single perturbations that increase net growth rate, here nutrient enrichment and grazer removal, the simulated phytoplankton community undergoes structural changes as visible in altered community traits. These temporal variations explain why the multiple stressor interaction switches from antagonistic to synergistic as compensatory trait variations reduce over time of the experiment. This finding can be generalized within our trait-based explanatory framework to mechanistically assess and predict effects of other stressor combinations and for other organism groups.},
note = {Online available at: \url{https://doi.org/10.3389/fmars.2019.00351} (DOI). Taherzadeh, N.; Bengfort, M.; Wirtz, K.: A Trait-Based Framework for Explaining Non-additive Effects of Multiple Stressors on Plankton Communities. Frontiers in Marine Science. 2019. vol. 6, 351. DOI: 10.3389/fmars.2019.00351}}
@misc{georgievski_characterizing_uncertainties_2019, 
author={Georgievski, G.,Hagemann, S.},
title={Characterizing uncertainties in the ESA-CCI land cover map of the epoch 2010 and their impacts on MPI-ESM climate simulations},
year={2019},
howpublished = {journal article},
doi = {https://doi.org/10.1007/s00704-018-2675-2},
abstract = {Limitations of mapping land surface properties and their conversion into climate model boundary conditions are major sources of uncertainty in climate simulations. In this paper, the range of the largest possible uncertainty in satellite-derived land cover (LC) map is estimated and its impact on climate simulations is quantified with the Earth System Model of the Max-Planck Institute for Meteorology utilizing prescribed sea surface temperature and sea ice. Two types of uncertainty in the LC map are addressed: (i) uncertainty due to classification algorithm of spectral reflectance into LC classes, and (ii) uncertainty due to conversion of LC classes into the climate model vegetation distribution. For forest cover, each of them is about the same order of magnitude as the uncertainty range in recent observations (∼± 700 Mha). Superposing two sources of uncertainty results in LC maps that feature the range of vegetation deviation that is about the same order of magnitude as the recent (since year 1700) forest loss due to agriculture (forest cover uncertainty range ∼± 1700 Mha). These uncertainties in vegetation distribution lead to noticeable variations in near-surface climate variables, local, regional, and global climate forcing. Temperature does not show significant uncertainty in global mean, but rather exhibits regional deviations with an opposite response to LC uncertainty that compensate each other in the global mean (e.g., albedo feedback controls temperature in boreal North America resulting in cooling (warming) with decrease (increase) of vegetation while evaporative cooling controls temperature in South America and sub-Saharan Africa resulting in cooling (warming) with increase (decrease) of vegetation). Large-scale circulation is also affected by the LC uncertainty, and consequently precipitation pattern as well. It is demonstrated that precipitation uncertainty in the monsoonal regions are about the same order of magnitude as in previous studies with idealized perturbations of vegetation. These findings indicate that the range of uncertainty in satellite-derived vegetation maps for climate models is about the same order of magnitude as the uncertainty in recent observations of forest cover or as the forest lost due to agriculture. Consequently, climate simulations have a similar range of uncertainty in variables representing near-surface climate as the observed climate change due to land use. Hence, more accurate methods are needed for mapping and converting LC properties into model vegetation in order to increase reliability of climate model simulations.},
note = {Online available at: \url{https://doi.org/10.1007/s00704-018-2675-2} (DOI). Georgievski, G.; Hagemann, S.: Characterizing uncertainties in the ESA-CCI land cover map of the epoch 2010 and their impacts on MPI-ESM climate simulations. Theoretical and Applied Climatology. 2019. vol. 137, no. 1-2, 1587-1603. DOI: 10.1007/s00704-018-2675-2}}
@misc{slavik_the_largescale_2019, 
author={Slavik, K.,Lemmen, C.,Zhang, W.,Kerimoglu, O.,Klingbeil, K.,Wirtz, K.W.},
title={The large-scale impact of offshore wind farm structures on pelagic primary productivity in the southern North Sea},
year={2019},
howpublished = {journal article},
doi = {https://doi.org/10.1007/s10750-018-3653-5},
abstract = {The increasing demand for renewable energy is projected to result in a 40-fold increase in offshore wind electricity in the European Union by 2030. Despite a great number of local impact studies for selected marine populations, the regional ecosystem impacts of offshore wind farm (OWF) structures are not yet well assessed nor understood. Our study investigates whether the accumulation of epifauna, dominated by the filter feeder Mytilus edulis (blue mussel), on turbine structures affects pelagic primary productivity and ecosystem functioning in the southern North Sea. We estimate the anthropogenically increased potential distribution based on the current projections of turbine locations and reported patterns of M. edulis settlement. This distribution is integrated through the Modular Coupling System for Shelves and Coasts to state-of-the-art hydrodynamic and ecosystem models. Our simulations reveal non-negligible potential changes in regional annual primary productivity of up to 8% within the OWF area, and induced maximal increases of the same magnitude in daily productivity also far from the wind farms. Our setup and modular coupling are effective tools for system scale studies of other environmental changes arising from large-scale offshore wind farming such as ocean physics and distributions of pelagic top predators.},
note = {Online available at: \url{https://doi.org/10.1007/s10750-018-3653-5} (DOI). Slavik, K.; Lemmen, C.; Zhang, W.; Kerimoglu, O.; Klingbeil, K.; Wirtz, K.: The large-scale impact of offshore wind farm structures on pelagic primary productivity in the southern North Sea. Hydrobiologia. 2019. vol. 845, no. 1, 35-53. DOI: 10.1007/s10750-018-3653-5}}
@misc{lemos_midtwentyfirst_century_2019, 
author={Lemos, G.,Semedo, A.,Dobrynin, M.,Behrens, A.,Staneva, J.,Bidlot, J.-R.,Miranda, P.M.A.},
title={Mid-twenty-first century global wave climate projections: Results from a dynamic CMIP5 based ensemble},
year={2019},
howpublished = {journal article},
doi = {https://doi.org/10.1016/j.gloplacha.2018.09.011},
abstract = {Ocean surface gravity waves are part of the climate system, regulating the exchange of energy and momentum at the atmosphere-ocean interface. Besides that, waves have a direct impact on coastal erosion and sediment transport, in ship routing and offshore/ship infrastructure design, as well as in coastal management. Most future wave climate projections point out to statistically significant changes in wave height conditions in the global ocean towards the end of the 21st century. In the present study, the near future impact of a warmer climate on the global ocean wave climate towards the mid-21st century (2031–2060) is investigated through a 4-member “coherent” ensemble of wave climate projections: single-model (wave model WAM), single-forcing (EC-Earth) and single-scenario (RCP8.5). The wave model WAM was forced by wind speed and ice coverage from four Coupled Model Intercomparison Project Phase 5 (CMIP5) EC-Earth projections. The ensemble historic climate reference period has been evaluated by comparison against wave reanalysis/hindcast data, and wave in-situ observations. Statistically significant increases in the global mean wind speed, wave height, wave period and wave energy flux are to be expected towards the mid-twenty first century, in less than 50 years, these changes being more striking in the mid-to-high latitudes of the Southern Hemisphere. Due to the propagation of swell to lower latitudes, statistically significant increases in wave heights, periods and energy fluxes are also projected to occur in equatorial areas, especially along the eastern side of the main ocean basins, during the Austral winter. Comparatively, the projected changes in wave heights and energy fluxes are expected to occur more intensely during the first half of the 21st century, in several areas of the global ocean.},
note = {Online available at: \url{https://doi.org/10.1016/j.gloplacha.2018.09.011} (DOI). Lemos, G.; Semedo, A.; Dobrynin, M.; Behrens, A.; Staneva, J.; Bidlot, J.; Miranda, P.: Mid-twenty-first century global wave climate projections: Results from a dynamic CMIP5 based ensemble. Global and Planetary Change. 2019. vol. 172, 69-87. DOI: 10.1016/j.gloplacha.2018.09.011}}
@misc{weitzel_diving_into_2019, 
author={Weitzel, N.,Wagner, S.,Sjolte, J.,Klockmann, M.,Bothe, O.,Andres, H.,Tarasov, L.,Rehfeld, K.,Zorita, E.,Widmann, M.,Sommer, P.,Schaedler, G.,Ludwig, P.,Kapp, F.,Jonkers, L.,Garcia_Pintado, J.,Fuhrmann, F.,Dolman, A.,Dallmeyer, A.,Bruecher, T.},
title={Diving into the Past: A Paleo Data–Model Comparison Workshop on the Late Glacial and Holocene},
year={2019},
howpublished = {journal article},
doi = {https://doi.org/10.1175/BAMS-D-18-0169.1},
abstract = {Understanding changes in the climate of the late Pleistocene and the Holocene has long been a research topic. Studies rely on different sources of information, ranging from terrestrial and marine archives to a hierarchy of climate modeling activities. In contrast to the climate of the last millennium, novel approaches are necessary to bridge the different temporal and spatial representations of the various archives and the climate models, and to achieve a robust understanding of climate variability and climate processes on centennial-to-millennial time scales.},
note = {Online available at: \url{https://doi.org/10.1175/BAMS-D-18-0169.1} (DOI). Weitzel, N.; Wagner, S.; Sjolte, J.; Klockmann, M.; Bothe, O.; Andres, H.; Tarasov, L.; Rehfeld, K.; Zorita, E.; Widmann, M.; Sommer, P.; Schaedler, G.; Ludwig, P.; Kapp, F.; Jonkers, L.; Garcia_Pintado, J.; Fuhrmann, F.; Dolman, A.; Dallmeyer, A.; Bruecher, T.: Diving into the Past: A Paleo Data–Model Comparison Workshop on the Late Glacial and Holocene. Bulletin of the American Meteorological Society. 2019. vol. 100, no. 1, ES1-ES4. DOI: 10.1175/BAMS-D-18-0169.1}}
@misc{primo_a_regional_2019, 
author={Primo, C.,Kelemen, F.,Feldmann, H.,Akhtar, N.,Ahrens, B.},
title={A regional atmosphere–ocean climate system model (CCLMv5.0clm7-NEMOv3.3-NEMOv3.6) over Europe including three marginal seas: on its stability and performance},
year={2019},
howpublished = {journal article},
doi = {https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-12-5077-2019},
abstract = {The frequency of extreme events has changed, having a direct impact on human lives. Regional climate models help us to predict these regional climate changes. This work presents an atmosphere–ocean coupled regional climate system model (RCSM; with the atmospheric component COSMO-CLM and the ocean component NEMO) over the European domain, including three marginal seas: the Mediterranean, North, and Baltic Sea. To test the model, we evaluate a simulation of more than 100 years (1900–2009) with a spatial grid resolution of about 25 km. The simulation was nested into a coupled global simulation with the model MPI-ESM in a low-resolution configuration, whose ocean temperature and salinity were nudged to the ocean–ice component of the MPI-ESM forced with the NOAA 20th Century Reanalysis (20CR). The evaluation shows the robustness of the RCSM and discusses the added value by the coupled marginal seas over an atmosphere-only simulation. The coupled system is stable for the complete 20th century and provides a better representation of extreme temperatures compared to the atmosphere-only model. The produced long-term dataset will help us to better understand the processes leading to meteorological and climate extremes.},
note = {Online available at: \url{https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-12-5077-2019} (DOI). Primo, C.; Kelemen, F.; Feldmann, H.; Akhtar, N.; Ahrens, B.: A regional atmosphere–ocean climate system model (CCLMv5.0clm7-NEMOv3.3-NEMOv3.6) over Europe including three marginal seas: on its stability and performance. Geoscientific Model Development. 2019. vol. 12, no. 12, 5077-5095. DOI: 10.5194/gmd-12-5077-2019}}
@misc{schartau_on_the_2019, 
author={Schartau, M.,Riethmueller, R.,Floeser, G.,Beusekom, J.E.E.van,Krasemann, H.,Hofmeister, R.,Wirtz, K.},
title={On the separation between inorganic and organic fractions of suspended matter in a marine coastal environment},
year={2019},
howpublished = {journal article},
doi = {https://doi.org/10.1016/j.pocean.2018.12.011},
abstract = {A central aspect of coastal biogeochemistry is to determine how nutrients, lithogenic and organic matter are distributed and transformed within coastal and estuarine environments. Analyses of the spatio-temporal changes of total suspended matter (TSM) concentration indicate strong and variable linkages between intertidal fringes and pelagic regions. In particular, knowledge about the organic fraction of TSM provides insight to how biogenic and lithogenic particulate matter are distributed in suspension. In our study we take advantage of a set of over 3000 in situ Loss on Ignition (LoI) data from the Southern North Sea that represent fractions of particulate organic matter (POM) relative to TSM (LoI POM:TSM). We introduce a parameterization (POM-TSM model) that distinguishes between two POM fractions incorporated in TSM. One fraction is described in association with mineral particles. The other represents a seasonally varying fresh pool of POM. The performance of the POM-TSM model is tested against data derived from MERIS/ENVISAT-TSM products of the German Bight. Our analysis of remote sensing data exhibits specific qualitative features of TSM that can be attributed to distinct coastal zones. Most interestingly, a transition zone between the Wadden Sea and seasonally stratified regions of the Southern North Sea is identified where mineral associated POM appears in concentrations comparable to those of freshly produced POM. We will discuss how this transition is indicative for a zone of effective particle interaction and sedimentation.The dimension of this transition zone varies between seasons and with location. Our proposed POM-TSM model is generic and can be calibrated against in situ data of other coastal regions.},
note = {Online available at: \url{https://doi.org/10.1016/j.pocean.2018.12.011} (DOI). Schartau, M.; Riethmueller, R.; Floeser, G.; Beusekom, J.; Krasemann, H.; Hofmeister, R.; Wirtz, K.: On the separation between inorganic and organic fractions of suspended matter in a marine coastal environment. Progress in Oceanography. 2019. vol. 171, 231-250. DOI: 10.1016/j.pocean.2018.12.011}}
@misc{bomhauerbeins_when_culture_2019, 
author={Bomhauer-Beins, L.,de Guttry, C.,Ratter, B.M.W.},
title={When Culture Materializes: Societal Dynamics in Resilience of Social-Ecological Systems in the Case of Conch Management on Abaco, The Bahamas},
year={2019},
howpublished = {journal article},
doi = {https://doi.org/10.3390/su11041080},
abstract = {The concept of resilience has greatly contributed to the scientific discussion on human–nature interactions by analysing the dynamics, relationships and feedbacks between society and the natural environment at different levels. In this paper, we analyse how culture and societal dynamics influence those connections and, at the same time, have the potential to eventually hinder or foster social-ecological resilience. In order to do so, we take the example of a natural element which is also a cultural icon: the Conch (pronounced ‘konk’). Conch is a marine mollusc with significant social and cultural value for the islands’ society of The Bahamas. In the last decade, a decline in several Conch stocks has been documented, calling for an urgent sustainable management strategy. Nevertheless, only little efforts are happening. This case study offers an innovative understanding of resilience by introducing an aspect which is too often overseen: the role of culture in shaping social-ecological resilience. In this case study, the role of culture proved to be crucial as the cultural significance and embeddedness of Conch has made the management process challenging. But at the same time, culture can be used as a positive impulse towards adaptive management and as a starting point for sustainability. When culture materializes, it affects not only societal dynamics but also the vulnerability and the resilience process of the entire social-ecological system.},
note = {Online available at: \url{https://doi.org/10.3390/su11041080} (DOI). Bomhauer-Beins, L.; de Guttry, C.; Ratter, B.: When Culture Materializes: Societal Dynamics in Resilience of Social-Ecological Systems in the Case of Conch Management on Abaco, The Bahamas. Sustainability. 2019. vol. 11, no. 4, 1080. DOI: 10.3390/su11041080}}
@misc{ludwig_reproduzierbarkeit__2019, 
author={Ludwig, T.,Geyer, B.},
title={Reproduzierbarkeit},
year={2019},
howpublished = {journal article},
doi = {https://doi.org/10.1007/s00287-019-01149-2},
abstract = {Reproduzierbarkeit von Forschungsergebnissen gehört zu den grundlegenden Qualitätskriterien in der Wissenschaft. Auf Betreiben Robert Boyles wurde ab der Mitte des 17. Jahrhunderts erstmals eine Forderung nach Transparenz des wissenschaftlichen Erkenntnisprozessesin die Standards der Royal Society aufgenommen. Seit Beginn der 2010er-Jahre gewinnt dabei der Begriff der Reproduzierbarkeits-oderReplikationskrisezunehmend an Bedeutung. Ihren Ausgangspunktnahm diese als Methodenschwäche erkannte Problematik inden Sozialwissenschaften.InderPsychologie veröffentlichte Forschungsergebnissekonnten von unabhängigen Wissenschaftlern in Replikationsstudien mehrfach nicht nachvollzogen werden. Die Wissenschaft diskutiert methodische VerbesserungenhierzuunterdenÜberschriftenOpenData und Open Science [ 7].ImvorliegendenSchlagwort konzentrieren wir uns auf die computergestützten Wissenschaftenundinsbesondereaufdiecomputerbasierte Klimaforschung als ein Beispielfür die zu diskutierendenFragestellungen.},
note = {Online available at: \url{https://doi.org/10.1007/s00287-019-01149-2} (DOI). Ludwig, T.; Geyer, B.: Reproduzierbarkeit. Informatik Spektrum. 2019. vol. 42, no. 1, 48-52. DOI: 10.1007/s00287-019-01149-2}}
@misc{mircea_eurodelta_iii_2019, 
author={Mircea, M.,Bessagnet, B.,D'Isidoro, M.,Pirovano, G.,Aksoyoglu, S.,Ciarelli, G.,Tsyro, S.,Manders, A.,Bieser, J.,Stern, R.,Vivanco, M.G.,Cuvelier, C.,Aas, W.,Prévôt, A.S.H.,Aulinger, A.,Briganti, G.,Calori, G.,Cappelletti, A.,Colette, A.,Couvidat, F.,Fagerli, H.,Finardi, S.,Kranenburg, R.,Rouïl, L.,Silibello, C.,Spindler, G.,Poulain, L.,Herrmann, H.,Jimenez, J.L.,Day, D.A.,Tiitta, P.,Carbone, S.},
title={EURODELTA III exercise: An evaluation of air quality models’ capacity to reproduce the carbonaceous aerosol},
year={2019},
howpublished = {journal article},
doi = {https://doi.org/10.1016/j.aeaoa.2019.100018},
abstract = {The carbonaceous aerosol accounts for an important part of total aerosol mass, affects human health and climate through its effects on physical and chemical properties of the aerosol, yet the understanding of its atmospheric sources and sinks is still incomplete. This study shows the state-of-the-art in modelling carbonaceous aerosol over Europe by comparing simulations performed with seven chemical transport models (CTMs) currently in air quality assessments in Europe: CAMx, CHIMERE, CMAQ, EMEP/MSC-W, LOTOS-EUROS, MINNI and RCGC. The simulations were carried out in the framework of the EURODELTA III modelling exercise and were evaluated against field measurements from intensive campaigns of European Monitoring and Evaluation Programme (EMEP) and the European Integrated Project on Aerosol Cloud Climate and Air Quality Interactions (EUCAARI). Model simulations were performed over the same domain, using as much as possible the same input data and covering four seasons: summer (1–30 June 2006), winter (8 January – 4 February 2007), autumn (17 September- 15 October 2008) and spring (25 February - 26 March 2009). The analyses of models’ performances in prediction of elemental carbon (EC) for the four seasons and organic aerosol components (OA) for the last two seasons show that all models generally underestimate the measured concentrations. The maximum underestimation of EC is about 60% and up to about 80% for total organic matter (TOM). The underestimation of TOM outside of highly polluted area is a consequence of an underestimation of secondary organic aerosol (SOA), in particular of its main contributor: biogenic secondary aerosol (BSOA). This result is independent on the SOA modelling approach used and season. The concentrations and daily cycles of total primary organic matter (TPOM) are generally better reproduced by the models since they used the same anthropogenic emissions. However, the combination of emissions and model formulation leads to overestimate TPOM concentrations in 2009 for most of the models. All models capture relatively well the SOA daily cycles at rural stations mainly due to the spatial resolution used in the simulations. For the investigated carbonaceous aerosol compounds, the differences between the concentrations simulated by different models are lower than the differences between the concentrations simulated with a model for different seasons.},
note = {Online available at: \url{https://doi.org/10.1016/j.aeaoa.2019.100018} (DOI). Mircea, M.; Bessagnet, B.; D'Isidoro, M.; Pirovano, G.; Aksoyoglu, S.; Ciarelli, G.; Tsyro, S.; Manders, A.; Bieser, J.; Stern, R.; Vivanco, M.; Cuvelier, C.; Aas, W.; Prévôt, A.; Aulinger, A.; Briganti, G.; Calori, G.; Cappelletti, A.; Colette, A.; Couvidat, F.; Fagerli, H.; Finardi, S.; Kranenburg, R.; Rouïl, L.; Silibello, C.; Spindler, G.; Poulain, L.; Herrmann, H.; Jimenez, J.; Day, D.; Tiitta, P.; Carbone, S.: EURODELTA III exercise: An evaluation of air quality models’ capacity to reproduce the carbonaceous aerosol. Atmospheric Environment: X. 2019. vol. 2, 100018. DOI: 10.1016/j.aeaoa.2019.100018}}
@misc{bothe_inconsistencies_between_2019, 
author={Bothe, O.,Wagner, S.,Zorita, E.},
title={Inconsistencies between observed, reconstructed, and simulated precipitation indices for England since the year 1650 CE},
year={2019},
howpublished = {journal article},
doi = {https://doi.org/10.5194/cp-15-307-2019},
abstract = {The scarcity of long instrumental records, uncertainty in reconstructions, and insufficient skill in model simulations hamper assessing how regional precipitation changed over past centuries. Here, we use standardised precipitation data to compare global and regional climate simulations and reconstructions and long observational records of seasonal mean precipitation in England and Wales over the past 350 years. The effect of the external forcing on the precipitation records appears very weak. Internal variability dominates all records. Even the relatively strong exogenous forcing history of the late 18th and early 19th century shows only little effect in synchronizing the different records. Multi-model simulations do not agree on the changes over this period. Precipitation estimates are also not consistent among reconstructions, simulations, and instrumental observations regarding the probability distributions’ changes in the quantiles for severe and extreme dry or wet conditions and in the standard deviations.,We have also investigated the possible link between precipitation and temperature variations in the various data sets. This relationship is also not consistent across the data sets. Thus, one cannot reach any clear conclusions about precipitation changes in warmer or colder background climates during the past centuries.,Our results emphasize the complexity of changes in the hydroclimate during the most recent historical period and stress the necessity of a thorough understanding of the processes affecting forced and unforced precipitation variability.},
note = {Online available at: \url{https://doi.org/10.5194/cp-15-307-2019} (DOI). Bothe, O.; Wagner, S.; Zorita, E.: Inconsistencies between observed, reconstructed, and simulated precipitation indices for England since the year 1650 CE. Climate of the Past. 2019. vol. 15, no. 1, 307-334. DOI: 10.5194/cp-15-307-2019}}
@misc{walsh_planning_at_2019, 
author={Walsh, C.,Kannen, A.},
title={Planning at Sea: Shifting planning practices at the German North Sea coast},
year={2019},
howpublished = {journal article},
doi = {https://doi.org/10.2478/rara-2019-0020},
abstract = {Coastal and marine areas represent an increasingly important and relevant action space for spatial planning. However, to a large extent marine (or maritime) spatial planning has emerged separately from terrestrial spatial planning, constituting its own epistemic community. In particular, previous studies indicate that Marine Spatial Planning often follows an expert-driven resource management rationale focused on sea-use regulation. This paper examines practices of Marine Spatial Planning and Integrated Coastal Zone Management at the German North Sea  coast.  The  paper  focuses  in  particular  on  the  engagement  of  spatial  planners  with  these  practices  and  their  perception of their role therein. We seek to understand what form spatial planning at the coast and at sea currently takes and how this might develop in the future in response to current and anticipated policy developments. We argue for the necessity of a communicative, cross-sectoral approach to spatial planning at sea, providing a spatial vision for the future that extends from the Exclusive Economic Zone to encompass both the coastal waters of the federal states and the land-sea interface in a substantive manner.},
note = {Online available at: \url{https://doi.org/10.2478/rara-2019-0020} (DOI). Walsh, C.; Kannen, A.: Planning at Sea: Shifting planning practices at the German North Sea coast. Raumforschung und Raumordnung. 2019. vol. 77, no. 2, 147-164. DOI: 10.2478/rara-2019-0020}}
@misc{cormier_putting_on_2019, 
author={Cormier, R.,Elliott, M.,Rice, J.},
title={Putting on a bow-tie to sort out who does what and why in the complex arena of marine policy and management},
year={2019},
howpublished = {journal article},
doi = {https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2018.08.168},
abstract = {Marine policy and management has to cope with a plethora of human activities that cause pressures leading to changes to the natural and human systems. Accordingly, it requires many policy and management responses to address traditional, cultural, social, ecological, technical, and economic policy objectives. Because of this, we advocate that a fully-structured approach using the IEC/ISO 31010 Bow-tie analysis will allow all elements to be integrated for a cost-effective system.,This industry-standard system, described here with examples for the marine environment, will fulfil many of the demands by the users and uses of the marine system and the regulators of those users and uses. It allows for bridging several aspects: the management and environmental sciences, the management complexity and governance demands, the natural and social sciences and socio-economics and outcomes. Most importantly, the use of the Bow-tie approach bridges systems analysis and ecosystem complexity. At a time when scientific decisions in policy making and implementation are under question, we conclude that it provides a rigorous, transparent and defendable system of decision-making.},
note = {Online available at: \url{https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2018.08.168} (DOI). Cormier, R.; Elliott, M.; Rice, J.: Putting on a bow-tie to sort out who does what and why in the complex arena of marine policy and management. Science of the Total Environment. 2019. vol. 648, 293-305. DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2018.08.168}}
@misc{storto_steric_sea_2019, 
author={Storto, A.,Bonaduce, A.,Feng, X.,Yang, C.},
title={Steric Sea Level Changes from Ocean Reanalyses at Global and Regional Scales},
year={2019},
howpublished = {journal article},
doi = {https://doi.org/10.3390/w11101987},
abstract = {Sea level has risen significantly in the recent decades and is expected to rise further based on recent climate projections. Ocean reanalyses that synthetize information from observing networks, dynamical ocean general circulation models, and atmospheric forcing data offer an attractive way to evaluate sea level trend and variability and partition the causes of such sea level changes at both global and regional scales. Here, we review recent utilization of reanalyses for steric sea level trend investigations. State-of-the-science ocean reanalysis products are then used to further infer steric sea level changes. In particular, we used an ensemble of centennial reanalyses at moderate spatial resolution (between 0.5 × 0.5 and 1 × 1 degree) and an ensemble of eddy-permitting reanalyses to quantify the trends and their uncertainty over the last century and the last two decades, respectively. All the datasets showed good performance in reproducing sea level changes. Centennial reanalyses reveal a 1900–2010 trend of steric sea level equal to 0.47 ± 0.04 mm year−1, in agreement with previous studies, with unprecedented rise since the mid-1990s. During the altimetry era, the latest vintage of reanalyses is shown to outperform the previous ones in terms of skill scores against the independent satellite data. They consistently reproduce global and regional upper ocean steric expansion and the association with climate variability, such as ENSO. However, the mass contribution to the global mean sea level rise is varying with products and its representability needs to be improved, as well as the contribution of deep and abyssal waters to the steric sea level rise. Similarly, high-resolution regional reanalyses for the European seas provide valuable information on sea level trends, their patterns, and their causes.},
note = {Online available at: \url{https://doi.org/10.3390/w11101987} (DOI). Storto, A.; Bonaduce, A.; Feng, X.; Yang, C.: Steric Sea Level Changes from Ocean Reanalyses at Global and Regional Scales. Water. 2019. vol. 11, no. 10, 1987. DOI: 10.3390/w11101987}}
@misc{ponte_towards_comprehensive_2019, 
author={Ponte, R.M.,Carson, M.,Cirano, M.,Domingues, C.M.,Jevrejeva, S.,Marcos, M.,Mitchum, G.,van de Wal, R.S.W.,Woodworth, P.L.,Ablain, M.,Ardhuin, F.,Ballu, V.,Becker, M.,Benveniste, J.,Birol, F.,Bradshaw, E.,Cazenave, A.,De Mey-Frémaux, P.,Durand, F.,Ezer, T.,Fu, L.-L.,Fukumori, I.,Gordon, K.,Gravelle, M.,Griffies, S.M.,Han, W.,Hibbert, A.,Hughes, C.W.,Idier, D.,Kourafalou, V.H.,Little, C.M.,Matthews, A.,Melet, A.,Merrifield, M.,Meyssignac, B.,Minobe, S.,Penduff, T.,Picot, N.,Piecuch, C.,Ray, R.D.,Rickards, L.,Santamaría-Gómez, A.,Stammer, D.,Staneva, J.,Testut, L.,Thompson, K.,Thompson, P.,Vignudelli, S.,Williams, J.,Williams, S.D.P.,Wöppelmann, G.,Zanna, L.,Zhang, X.},
title={Towards Comprehensive Observing and Modeling Systems for Monitoring and Predicting Regional to Coastal Sea Level},
year={2019},
howpublished = {journal article},
doi = {https://doi.org/10.3389/fmars.2019.00437},
abstract = {A major challenge for managing impacts and implementing effective mitigation measures and adaptation strategies for coastal zones affected by future sea level (SL) rise is our limited capacity to predict SL change at the coast on relevant spatial and temporal scales. Predicting coastal SL requires the ability to monitor and simulate a multitude of physical processes affecting SL, from local effects of wind waves and river runoff to remote influences of the large-scale ocean circulation on the coast. Here we assess our current understanding of the causes of coastal SL variability on monthly to multi-decadal timescales, including geodetic, oceanographic and atmospheric aspects of the problem, and review available observing systems informing on coastal SL. We also review the ability of existing models and data assimilation systems to estimate coastal SL variations and of atmosphere-ocean global coupled models and related regional downscaling efforts to project future SL changes. We discuss (1) observational gaps and uncertainties, and priorities for the development of an optimal and integrated coastal SL observing system, (2) strategies for advancing model capabilities in forecasting short-term processes and projecting long-term changes affecting coastal SL, and (3) possible future developments of sea level services enabling better connection of scientists and user communities and facilitating assessment and decision making for adaptation to future coastal SL change.},
note = {Online available at: \url{https://doi.org/10.3389/fmars.2019.00437} (DOI). Ponte, R.; Carson, M.; Cirano, M.; Domingues, C.; Jevrejeva, S.; Marcos, M.; Mitchum, G.; van de Wal, R.; Woodworth, P.; Ablain, M.; Ardhuin, F.; Ballu, V.; Becker, M.; Benveniste, J.; Birol, F.; Bradshaw, E.; Cazenave, A.; De Mey-Frémaux, P.; Durand, F.; Ezer, T.; Fu, L.; Fukumori, I.; Gordon, K.; Gravelle, M.; Griffies, S.; Han, W.; Hibbert, A.; Hughes, C.; Idier, D.; Kourafalou, V.; Little, C.; Matthews, A.; Melet, A.; Merrifield, M.; Meyssignac, B.; Minobe, S.; Penduff, T.; Picot, N.; Piecuch, C.; Ray, R.; Rickards, L.; Santamaría-Gómez, A.; Stammer, D.; Staneva, J.; Testut, L.; Thompson, K.; Thompson, P.; Vignudelli, S.; Williams, J.; Williams, S.; Wöppelmann, G.; Zanna, L.; Zhang, X.: Towards Comprehensive Observing and Modeling Systems for Monitoring and Predicting Regional to Coastal Sea Level. Frontiers in Marine Science. 2019. vol. 6, 437. DOI: 10.3389/fmars.2019.00437}}
@misc{palazov_black_sea_2019, 
author={Palazov, A.,Ciliberti, S.,Peneva, E.,Gregoire, M.,Staneva, J.,Lemieux-Dudon, B.,Masina, S.,Pinardi, N.,Vandenbulcke, L.,Behrens, A.,Lima, L.,Coppini, G.,Marinova, V.,Slabakova, V.,Lecci,R.,Creti, S.,Palermo, F.,Stefanizzi, L.,Valcheva, N.,Agostini, P.},
title={Black Sea Observing System},
year={2019},
howpublished = {journal article},
doi = {https://doi.org/10.3389/fmars.2019.00315},
abstract = {The ultimate goal of modern operational oceanography are end user oriented products with high scientific quality. Beneficiaries are the governmental services, coast and offshore based enterprises and research institutions that make use of the products generated by operational oceanography. Direct users are coastal managers, shipping, search and rescue, oil spill combat, offshore industry, ports, fishing, tourism, and recreation industry. Indirect beneficiaries, through climate forecasting based on ocean observations, are food, energy, water and medical suppliers. Availability of updated information on the actual state as well as forecast of marine environment is essential for the success and safety of maritime operations in the offshore industry. Various systems for the collection and presentation of marine data for the needs of different users have been developed and put in operation in the Black Sea. The systems are located both along the coast and in the open sea and the information they provide is used by both the maritime industry and the widest range of users. The Black Sea Monitoring and Forecasting Center in the frame of the Copernicus Marine Service is providing regular and systematic information about the physical state of the ocean, marine ecosystem and wave conditions in the Black Sea area, assimilating observations, keeping efficient operations, advanced technology and high quality modeling products. Combining and optimizing in situ, remote sensing, modeling and forecasting into a Black Sea observing system is a task that has to be solved, and that will allow to get a more complete and comprehensive picture of the state of the marine environment as well as to forecast future changes of physical and biogeochemical state of the Black Sea and the Black Sea ecosystem.},
note = {Online available at: \url{https://doi.org/10.3389/fmars.2019.00315} (DOI). Palazov, A.; Ciliberti, S.; Peneva, E.; Gregoire, M.; Staneva, J.; Lemieux-Dudon, B.; Masina, S.; Pinardi, N.; Vandenbulcke, L.; Behrens, A.; Lima, L.; Coppini, G.; Marinova, V.; Slabakova, V.; Lecci, R.; Creti, S.; Palermo, F.; Stefanizzi, L.; Valcheva, N.; Agostini, P.: Black Sea Observing System. Frontiers in Marine Science. 2019. vol. 6, 315. DOI: 10.3389/fmars.2019.00315}}
@misc{stanev_extreme_westward_2019, 
author={Stanev, E.,Badewien, T.,Freund, H.,Grayek, S.,Hahner, F.,Meyerjürgens, J.,Ricker, M.,Schöneich-Argent, R.,Wolff, J.,Zielinski, O.},
title={Extreme westward surface drift in the North Sea: Public reports of stranded drifters and Lagrangian tracking},
year={2019},
howpublished = {journal article},
doi = {https://doi.org/10.1016/j.csr.2019.03.003},
abstract = {Observations using two kinds of drifters were carried out in the southern North Sea aiming to study the propagation pathways of marine litter. One drifter, which was driven by the upper layer currents, was equipped with Global Positioning System. Further 1600 wooden drifters, mostly driven by wind and Stokes drift, were released offshore in German waters. The detailed reports of stranded wooden drifters from members of the public, the majority of which are likely to be non-scientists, provided a valuable contribution to the drifter experiment demonstrating the usefulness of citizen science. In 2018, an extreme wind event reversed the circulation of North Sea for more than a month which resulted in a large number of wooden drifters being washed ashore on the British coast. Lagrangian numerical experiments, calibrated using data from the drifter observations, helped explain the anomalous transport and the reversal of the circulation at the sea surface and in deeper layers. The plausibility of similar events during past decades has also been estimated using data from atmospheric analyses. Events as strong as the one observed in 2018 occurred only four times in the last 40 years.},
note = {Online available at: \url{https://doi.org/10.1016/j.csr.2019.03.003} (DOI). Stanev, E.; Badewien, T.; Freund, H.; Grayek, S.; Hahner, F.; Meyerjürgens, J.; Ricker, M.; Schöneich-Argent, R.; Wolff, J.; Zielinski, O.: Extreme westward surface drift in the North Sea: Public reports of stranded drifters and Lagrangian tracking. Continental Shelf Research. 2019. vol. 177, 24-32. DOI: 10.1016/j.csr.2019.03.003}}
@misc{mauritsen_developments_in_2019, 
author={Mauritsen, T.,Bader, J.,Becker, T.,Hagemann, S.,Tian, F.},
title={Developments in the MPI‐M Earth System Model version 1.2 (MPI‐ESM1.2) and Its Response to Increasing CO2},
year={2019},
howpublished = {journal article},
doi = {https://doi.org/10.1029/2018MS001400},
abstract = {A new release of the Max Planck Institute for Meteorology Earth System Model version 1.2 (MPI‐ESM1.2) is presented. The development focused on correcting errors in and improving the physical processes representation, as well as improving the computational performance, versatility, and overall user friendliness. In addition to new radiation and aerosol parameterizations of the atmosphere, several relatively large, but partly compensating, coding errors in the model's cloud, convection, and turbulence parameterizations were corrected. The representation of land processes was refined by introducing a multilayer soil hydrology scheme, extending the land biogeochemistry to include the nitrogen cycle, replacing the soil and litter decomposition model and improving the representation of wildfires. The ocean biogeochemistry now represents cyanobacteria prognostically in order to capture the response of nitrogen fixation to changing climate conditions and further includes improved detritus settling and numerous other refinements. As something new, in addition to limiting drift and minimizing certain biases, the instrumental record warming was explicitly taken into account during the tuning process. To this end, a very high climate sensitivity of around 7 K caused by low‐level clouds in the tropics as found in an intermediate model version was addressed, as it was not deemed possible to match observed warming otherwise. As a result, the model has a climate sensitivity to a doubling of CO2 over preindustrial conditions of 2.77 K, maintaining the previously identified highly nonlinear global mean response to increasing CO2 forcing, which nonetheless can be represented by a simple two‐layer model.},
note = {Online available at: \url{https://doi.org/10.1029/2018MS001400} (DOI). Mauritsen, T.; Bader, J.; Becker, T.; Hagemann, S.; Tian, F.: Developments in the MPI‐M Earth System Model version 1.2 (MPI‐ESM1.2) and Its Response to Increasing CO2. Journal of Advances in Modeling Earth Systems : JAMES. 2019. vol. 11, no. 4, 998-1038. DOI: 10.1029/2018MS001400}}
@misc{stanev_german_bight_2019, 
author={Stanev, E.V.,Jacob, B.,Pein, J.},
title={German Bight estuaries: An inter-comparison on the basis of numerical modeling},
year={2019},
howpublished = {journal article},
doi = {https://doi.org/10.1016/j.csr.2019.01.001},
abstract = {The Semi-implicit Cross-scale Hydroscience Integrated System Model (SCHISM), which is an unstructured-grid model, was coupled with a 3D sediment model and established for the German Bight and its estuaries. The horizontal resolution of the model ranges from ~10 m in the estuaries to ~400 m in most of the open sea. Validation against tidal gauge data, fixed station data, and FerryBox data demonstrated that the model adequately simulated tidal dynamics in the entire area as well as the salinity fronts and estuarine turbidity maxima in the Ems, Weser and Elbe estuaries. Comparisons of model output with that of experiments with constant density allowed to estimate the role of density control, which appeared to be strongest in the landward reaches of salinity front. The increase of tidal range caused by density effects was most prominent in the Weser and Elbe estuaries, and relatively small in the Ems, where the runoff was also small. The magnitude of the density effect on the sea level oscillations was comparable to that of the M4 tide amplitude, demonstrating its importance in shaping the tidal asymmetry in the estuaries. Density effects not only reduced the dissipation of tidal energy; density stratification suppressed also the resuspension of sediment and contributed to a displacement of the position of the estuarine turbidity maximum upstream compared to the case of an homogeneous estuary. In the case of hyper-turbid Ems Estuary, density effects on stratification caused by high sediment concentrations resulted in a suppression of turbulence and further increase of concentration of suspended matter at the bottom. Although the three estuaries, which are only ~100 km apart, were driven by similar tidal and atmospheric forcings, they exhibited different extensions of both fronts and vertical stratification, mainly due to different river runoff conditions. At intra-tidal time scales, the dependencies between sea surface height and sea surface salinity varied considerably from estuary to estuary, and the largest flood asymmetry appeared in the Elbe Estuary. Wind acted as the dominant factor driving the longer-term estuarine variability; the correlation between zonal wind magnitude and sea surface height appeared to be very strong. The simulated suspended particulate matter dynamics and position of the estuarine turbidity maxima (ETM) were in agreement with observations. Secondary ETM appeared at different locations depending on the grain size, providing an illustration of sediment sorting.},
note = {Online available at: \url{https://doi.org/10.1016/j.csr.2019.01.001} (DOI). Stanev, E.; Jacob, B.; Pein, J.: German Bight estuaries: An inter-comparison on the basis of numerical modeling. Continental Shelf Research. 2019. vol. 174, 48-65. DOI: 10.1016/j.csr.2019.01.001}}
@misc{samuelsen_risk_of_2019, 
author={Samuelsen, A.,Daewel, U.,Wettre, C.},
title={Risk of oil contamination of fish eggs and larvae under different oceanic and weather conditions},
year={2019},
howpublished = {journal article},
doi = {https://doi.org/10.1093/icesjms/fsz035},
abstract = {An oil drift model is applied to determine the spread of oil spills from different locations along ship lanes off southern Norway every month for 20 years. These results are combined with results from an egg- and larvae drift model for Atlantic cod (Gadus morhua) to determine their risk of being impacted by oil. The number of eggs and larvae exposed to oil contamination is connected to environmental conditions. The highest risk of overlap between an oil spill and cod in early life stages occurs during March and April when the eggs and larvae concentrations are highest. Spills off the west coast pose a greater risk because of the ship lanes’ proximity to the spawning grounds, but there is large interannual variability. For some spill locations the interannual variability can be explained by variability in wind and ocean currents. Simultaneously occurring onshore transports lead to a high-risk situation because both oil and larvae are concentrated towards the coast. This study demonstrates how results from oil drift and biological models can be combined to estimate the risks of oil contamination for marine organisms, based on the location and timing of the oil spill, weather/ocean conditions, and knowledge of the organisms’ life cycle.},
note = {Online available at: \url{https://doi.org/10.1093/icesjms/fsz035} (DOI). Samuelsen, A.; Daewel, U.; Wettre, C.: Risk of oil contamination of fish eggs and larvae under different oceanic and weather conditions. ICES Journal of Marine Science : Journal du Conseil. 2019. vol. 76, no. 6, 1902-1916. DOI: 10.1093/icesjms/fsz035}}
@misc{koul_atlantic_inflow_2019, 
author={Koul, V.,Schrum, C.,Duesterhus, A.,Baehr, J.},
title={Atlantic Inflow to the North Sea Modulated by the Subpolar Gyre in a Historical Simulation With MPI‐ESM},
year={2019},
howpublished = {journal article},
doi = {https://doi.org/10.1029/2018JC014738},
abstract = {While the influence of the subpolar gyre (SPG) on thermohaline variability in the eastern North Atlantic is well documented, the extent and timescale of the influence of the SPG on North Sea is not well understood. This is primarily because earlier investigations on the causes of variability in the North Sea water properties mostly focused on the role of atmosphere and deployed regional models. Here using a historical simulation with the Max Planck Institute Earth System Model (MPI‐ESM), we investigate circulation and water mass variability in key regions, namely, the Rockall Trough and the Faroe‐Scotland Channel, which link the North Atlantic to the North Sea. We find that salinity covaries with advective lags in these three regions and that the northern North Sea salinity follows the Rockall Trough with a lag of 1 year. We show that recurring and persistent excursions of salinity anomalies into the northern North Sea are related to the SPG strength and not to the local acceleration of the inflow. Furthermore, we illustrate that the SPG signal is more pronounced in salinity than in temperature and that this simulated SPG signal has a period of 30–40 years. Overall, our study suggests that, at low frequency, water mass variability originating in the North Atlantic dominates changes in the North Sea water properties over those due to local wind‐driven volume transport.},
note = {Online available at: \url{https://doi.org/10.1029/2018JC014738} (DOI). Koul, V.; Schrum, C.; Duesterhus, A.; Baehr, J.: Atlantic Inflow to the North Sea Modulated by the Subpolar Gyre in a Historical Simulation With MPI‐ESM. Journal of Geophysical Research : Oceans. 2019. vol. 124, no. 3, 1807-1826. DOI: 10.1029/2018JC014738}}
@misc{li_testing_the_2019, 
author={Li, Y.,von Storch, H.,Wang, Q.,Zhou, Q.,Tang, S.},
title={Testing the validity of regional detail in global analyses of sea surface temperature – the case of Chinese coastal waters},
year={2019},
howpublished = {journal article},
doi = {https://doi.org/10.5194/os-15-1455-2019},
abstract = {We have designed a method for testing the quality of multidecadal analyses of sea surface temperature (SST) in regional seas by using a set of high-quality local SST observations. In recognizing that local data may reflect local effects, we focus on the dominant empirical orthogonal functions (EOFs) of the local data and of the localized data of the gridded SST analyses. We examine the patterns, variability, and trends of the principal components. This method is applied to examine three different SST analyses, i.e., HadISST1, ERSST, and COBE SST. They have been assessed using a newly constructed high-quality dataset of SST at 26 coastal stations along the Chinese coast in 1960–2015, which underwent careful examination with respect to quality and a number of corrections for inhomogeneities. The three gridded analyses perform generally well from 1960 to 2015, in particular since 1980. However, for the pre-satellite period prior to the 1980s, the analyses differ among each other and show some inconsistencies with the local data, such as artificial break points, periods of bias, and differences in trends. We conclude that gridded SST analyses need improvement in the pre-satellite period (prior to the 1980s) by reexamining in detail archives of local quality-controlled SST data in many data-sparse regions of the world.},
note = {Online available at: \url{https://doi.org/10.5194/os-15-1455-2019} (DOI). Li, Y.; von Storch, H.; Wang, Q.; Zhou, Q.; Tang, S.: Testing the validity of regional detail in global analyses of sea surface temperature – the case of Chinese coastal waters. Ocean Science. 2019. vol. 15, no. 6, 1455-1467. DOI: 10.5194/os-15-1455-2019}}
@misc{tim_analysis_of_2019, 
author={Tim, N.,Zorita, E.,Emeis, K.,Schwarzkopf, F.,Biastoch, A.,Hünicke, B.},
title={Analysis of the position and strength of westerlies and trades with implications for Agulhas leakage and South Benguela upwelling},
year={2019},
howpublished = {journal article},
doi = {https://doi.org/10.5194/esd-10-847-2019},
abstract = {The westerlies and trade winds over the South Atlantic and Indian Ocean are important drivers of the regional oceanography around southern Africa, including features such as the Agulhas Current, the Agulhas leakage, and the Benguela upwelling. Agulhas leakage constitutes a fraction of warm and saline water transport from the Indian Ocean into the South Atlantic. The leakage is stronger during intensified westerlies. Here, we analyze the wind stress of different observational and modeled atmospheric data sets (covering the last 2 millennia, the recent decades, and the 21st century) with regard to the intensity and position of the southeasterly trades and the westerlies. The analysis reveals that variations of both wind systems go hand in hand and that a poleward shift of the westerlies and trades and an intensification of westerlies took place during the recent decades. Furthermore, upwelling in South Benguela is slightly intensified when trades are shifted poleward. Projections for strength and position of the westerlies in the 21st century depend on assumed CO2 emissions and on their effect relative to the ozone forcing. In the strongest emission scenario (RCP8.5) the simulations show a further southward displacement, whereas in the weakest emission scenario (RCP2.6) a northward shift is modeled, possibly due to the effect of ozone recovery dominating the effect of anthropogenic greenhouse forcing. We conclude that the Agulhas leakage has intensified during the last decades and is projected to increase if greenhouse gas emissions are not reduced. This will have a small impact on Benguela upwelling strength and may also have consequences for water mass characteristics in the upwelling region. An increased contribution of Agulhas water to the upwelling water masses will import more preformed nutrients and oxygen into the upwelling region.},
note = {Online available at: \url{https://doi.org/10.5194/esd-10-847-2019} (DOI). Tim, N.; Zorita, E.; Emeis, K.; Schwarzkopf, F.; Biastoch, A.; Hünicke, B.: Analysis of the position and strength of westerlies and trades with implications for Agulhas leakage and South Benguela upwelling. Earth System Dynamics. 2019. vol. 10, no. 4, 847-858. DOI: 10.5194/esd-10-847-2019}}
@misc{storch_attitudes_of_2019, 
author={Storch, H.v.,Chen, X.,Pfau-Effinger, B.,Bray, D.,Ullmann, A.},
title={Attitudes of young scholars in Qingdao and Hamburg about climate change and climate policy – The role of culture for the explanation of differences},
year={2019},
howpublished = {journal article},
doi = {https://doi.org/10.1016/j.accre.2019.04.001},
abstract = {This article analyses differences in the attitudes related to climate change of young scholars in environmental science in Qingdao (China) and Hamburg (Germany). The main aim of the article is to evaluate the role of cultural differences for their explanation. We expect no significant differences in the attitudes related to the findings of climate research, since scientific principles are the joint basis of the scientific discourse wordwide. However, we expect that there are differences in the attitudes of the young scholars about the role of science, of the state and of the civil society for dealing with the challenge of climate change. We suggest that these can be explained with substantial cultural differences between both societies, with regard to the role of the state and the civil society for the solution of environmental problems.,In order to evaluate these hypotheses, we have conducted a comparative survey among environmental science students in Qingdao (China) and Hamburg (Germany) about their attitudes towards climate change. The findings support our main hypotheses. The young scholars in Qingdao and Hamburg differ substantially in their views of the role of science in society and policymaking. Plausibly, these differences may mainly be explained with differences in the cultural ideas about the role of the state and of the civil society for the solution of environmental problems. Gradual differences in the share of young scholars who think that climate change has anthropogenic causes, may be explained with differences in the curriculum but also by cultural habits. This article makes a new contribution to the scientific debate by exploring the role of cultural differences for differences in the attitudes of young scholars in environmental science in connection with climate change and climate policy in different cultural contexts.},
note = {Online available at: \url{https://doi.org/10.1016/j.accre.2019.04.001} (DOI). Storch, H.; Chen, X.; Pfau-Effinger, B.; Bray, D.; Ullmann, A.: Attitudes of young scholars in Qingdao and Hamburg about climate change and climate policy – The role of culture for the explanation of differences. Advances in Climate Change Research. 2019. vol. 10, no. 3, 158-164. DOI: 10.1016/j.accre.2019.04.001}}
@misc{daewel_towards_endtoend_2019, 
author={Daewel, U.,Schrum, C.,Macdonald, J.},
title={Towards end-to-end (E2E) modelling in a consistent NPZD-F modelling framework (ECOSMO E2E_v1.0): application to the North Sea and Baltic Sea},
year={2019},
howpublished = {journal article},
doi = {https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-12-1765-2019},
abstract = {Coupled physical-biological models usually resolve only parts of the trophic food chain and hence, run the risk of neglecting relevant ecosystem processes. Additionally, this imposes a closure term problem at the respective “ends” of the considered trophic levels. Here we propose a consistent NPZD-Fish modelling approach (ECOSMO E2E) to address the above-mentioned problem in lower trophic ecosystem modelling, and to understand how the implementation of higher trophic levels in a NPZD model affects the simulated response of the combined North Sea and Baltic Sea ecosystem.,On the basis of the coupled ecosystem model ECOSMO II we implemented one functional group that represents fish and one group representing macrobenthos in the 3d model formulation. Both groups are linked to the lower trophic levels and to each other via predator-prey relationships. The model allows investigating bottom-up impacts on primary and secondary production and cumulative fish biomass dynamics, but also top-down mechanisms on the lower trophic level production. Model results for a ten-year long simulation period (1980–1989) were analysed and discussed with respect to the observed pattern. To address the relevance of the newly implemented trophic levels for the simulated model response, we compare the performance of the ECOSMO E2E to a respective truncated NPZD model (ECOSMO II), which simulated the same time period. Additionally, we performed scenario tests to analyse the new role of the zooplankton mortality closure term in the truncated NPZD and the fish mortality term in the end-to-end model, which summarizes pressure imposed on the system by fisheries and mortality imposed by apex predators.,We found that the model-simulated macrobenthos and fish spatial and seasonal pattern agree well with current system understanding. Considering a dynamic fish component in the ecosystem model resulted in slightly improved model performance with respect to representation of spatial and temporal variations in nutrients, changes in modelled plankton seasonality and nutrient profiles. Model sensitivity scenarios showed that changes in the zooplankton mortality parameter are transferred up and down the trophic chain with little attenuation of the signal, while major changes in fish mortality and in fish biomass cascade down the food chain.},
note = {Online available at: \url{https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-12-1765-2019} (DOI). Daewel, U.; Schrum, C.; Macdonald, J.: Towards end-to-end (E2E) modelling in a consistent NPZD-F modelling framework (ECOSMO E2E_v1.0): application to the North Sea and Baltic Sea. Geoscientific Model Development. 2019. vol. 12, no. 5, 1765-1789. DOI: 10.5194/gmd-12-1765-2019}}
@misc{piracha_satellitedriven_estimates_2019, 
author={Piracha, A.,Sabia, R.,Klockmann, M.,Castaldo, L.,Fernández, D.},
title={Satellite-Driven Estimates of Water Mass Formation and Their Spatio-Temporal Evolution},
year={2019},
howpublished = {journal article},
doi = {https://doi.org/10.3389/fmars.2019.00589},
abstract = {We derive water mass transformation and formation rates using satellite-derived datasets of salinity, temperature and fluxes of heat and freshwater over the North Atlantic, North Pacific and Southern Ocean. The formation rates are expressed in three coordinate systems: (1) density, (2) temperature-salinity and (3) latitude-longitude. In the North Atlantic and North Pacific, peak formation occurs south of the western boundary current extensions during the winter months of the study period. In the Southern Ocean, wintertime peak formation occurs just north of the sub-Antarctic Front. The satellite-derived water mass properties and formation areas agree well with previous estimates from literature. The location of peak Mode Water formation varies slightly with time in all coordinate systems. We assess seasonal and inter-annual variability in all three basins from 2012 to 2014. We assess the impact of satellite uncertainties on final estimates of formation rates and areas with Monte-Carlo simulations. The simulations provide insights on the associated uncertainty of formation estimates. They also provide information on the geographic spread of the water mass formation area subject to the satellite errors. We find that the total uncertainty is dominated by the uncertainty in the sea surface salinity dataset. This stresses the need for frequent and increasingly accurate sea surface salinity data for reliable estimates of water mass formation rates and areas. Our study highlights the feasibility of providing satellite-based estimates of water mass formation rates and areas. The good spatio-temporal coverage of satellite data further adds to the utility of the approach.},
note = {Online available at: \url{https://doi.org/10.3389/fmars.2019.00589} (DOI). Piracha, A.; Sabia, R.; Klockmann, M.; Castaldo, L.; Fernández, D.: Satellite-Driven Estimates of Water Mass Formation and Their Spatio-Temporal Evolution. Frontiers in Marine Science. 2019. vol. 6, 589. DOI: 10.3389/fmars.2019.00589}}
@misc{gommenginger_seastar_a_2019, 
author={Gommenginger, C.,Chapron, B.,Hogg, A.,Buckingham, C.,Fox-Kemper, B.,Eriksson, L.,Soulat, F.,Ubelmann, C.,Ocampo-Torres, F.,Nardelli, B.,Griffin, D.,Lopez-Dekker, P.,Knudsen, P.,Andersen, O.,Stenseng,L.,Stapleton, N.,Perrie, W.,Violante-Carvalho, N.,Schulz-Stellenfleth, J.,Woolf, D.,Isern-Fontanet, J.,Ardhuin, F.,Klein, P.,Mouche, A.,Pascual, A.,Capet, X.,Hauser, D.,Stoffelen, A.,Morrow, R.,Aouf, L.,Breivik, Ø.,Fu, L.,Johannessen, J.A.,Aksenov, Y.,Bricheno, L.,Hirschi, J.,Martin, A.C.H.,Martin, A.P.,Nurser, G.,Polton, J.,Wolf, J.,Johnsen, H.,Soloviev, A.,Jacobs, G.A.,Collard, F.,Groom, S.,Kudryavtsev, V.,Wilkin, J.,Navarro, V.,Babanin, A.,Martin, M.,Siddorn, J.,Saulter, A.,Rippeth, T.,Emery, B.,Maximenko, N.,Romeiser, R.,Graber, H.,Alvera-Azcarate, A.,Hughes, C. W.,Vandemark, D.,Silva, J. da,Leeuwen, P.J. Van,Naveira-Garabato, A.,Gemmrich, J.,Mahadevan, A.,Marquez, J.,Munro, Y.,Doody, S.,Burbidge G.},
title={SEASTAR: A Mission to Study Ocean Submesoscale Dynamics and Small-Scale Atmosphere-Ocean Processes in Coastal, Shelf and Polar Seas},
year={2019},
howpublished = {journal article},
doi = {https://doi.org/10.3389/fmars.2019.00457},
abstract = {High-resolution satellite images of ocean color and sea surface temperature reveal an abundance of ocean fronts, vortices and filaments at scales below 10 km but measurements of ocean surface dynamics at these scales are rare. There is increasing recognition of the role played by small scale ocean processes in ocean-atmosphere coupling, upper-ocean mixing and ocean vertical transports, with advanced numerical models and in situ observations highlighting fundamental changes in dynamics when scales reach 1 km. Numerous scientific publications highlight the global impact of small oceanic scales on marine ecosystems, operational forecasts and long-term climate projections through strong ageostrophic circulations, large vertical ocean velocities and mixed layer re-stratification. Small-scale processes particularly dominate in coastal, shelf and polar seas where they mediate important exchanges between land, ocean, atmosphere and the cryosphere, e.g., freshwater, pollutants. As numerical models continue to evolve toward finer spatial resolution and increasingly complex coupled atmosphere-wave-ice-ocean systems, modern observing capability lags behind, unable to deliver the high-resolution synoptic measurements of total currents, wind vectors and waves needed to advance understanding, develop better parameterizations and improve model validations, forecasts and projections. SEASTAR is a satellite mission concept that proposes to directly address this critical observational gap with synoptic two-dimensional imaging of total ocean surface current vectors and wind vectors at 1 km resolution and coincident directional wave spectra. Based on major recent advances in squinted along-track Synthetic Aperture Radar interferometry, SEASTAR is an innovative, mature concept with unique demonstrated capabilities, seeking to proceed toward spaceborne implementation within Europe and beyond.},
note = {Online available at: \url{https://doi.org/10.3389/fmars.2019.00457} (DOI). Gommenginger, C.; Chapron, B.; Hogg, A.; Buckingham, C.; Fox-Kemper, B.; Eriksson, L.; Soulat, F.; Ubelmann, C.; Ocampo-Torres, F.; Nardelli, B.; Griffin, D.; Lopez-Dekker, P.; Knudsen, P.; Andersen, O.; Stenseng, L.; Stapleton, N.; Perrie, W.; Violante-Carvalho, N.; Schulz-Stellenfleth, J.; Woolf, D.; Isern-Fontanet, J.; Ardhuin, F.; Klein, P.; Mouche, A.; Pascual, A.; Capet, X.; Hauser, D.; Stoffelen, A.; Morrow, R.; Aouf, L.; Breivik, Ø.; Fu, L.; Johannessen, J.; Aksenov, Y.; Bricheno, L.; Hirschi, J.; Martin, A.; Martin, A.; Nurser, G.; Polton, J.; Wolf, J.; Johnsen, H.; Soloviev, A.; Jacobs, G.; Collard, F.; Groom, S.; Kudryavtsev, V.; Wilkin, J.; Navarro, V.; Babanin, A.; Martin, M.; Siddorn, J.; Saulter, A.; Rippeth, T.; Emery, B.; Maximenko, N.; Romeiser, R.; Graber, H.; Alvera-Azcarate, A.; Hughes, C.; Vandemark, D.; Silva, J.; Leeuwen, P.; Naveira-Garabato, A.; Gemmrich, J.; Mahadevan, A.; Marquez, J.; Munro, Y.; Doody, S.; Burbidge G.: SEASTAR: A Mission to Study Ocean Submesoscale Dynamics and Small-Scale Atmosphere-Ocean Processes in Coastal, Shelf and Polar Seas. Frontiers in Marine Science. 2019. vol. 6, 457. DOI: 10.3389/fmars.2019.00457}}
@misc{hirsch_amplification_of_2019, 
author={Hirsch, A.L.,Evans, J.P.,Di Virgillio, G.,Perkins-Kirkpatrick, S.E.,Argueso, D.,Pitman, A.J.,Carouge, C.C.,Kala, J.,Andrys, J.,Petrelli, P.,Rockel, B.},
title={Amplification of Australian Heatwaves via Local Land‐Atmosphere Coupling},
year={2019},
howpublished = {journal article},
doi = {https://doi.org/10.1029/2019JD030665},
abstract = {Antecedent land surface conditions play a role in the amplification of temperature anomalies experienced during heatwaves by modifying the local partitioning of available energy between sensible and latent heating. Most existing analyses of heatwave amplification from soil moisture anomalies have focused on exceptionally rare events and consider seasonal scale timescales. However, it is not known how much the daily evolution of land surface conditions, both before and during a heatwave, contributes to the intensity and frequency of these extremes. We examine how the daily evolution of land surface conditions preceding a heatwave event contributes to heatwave intensity. We also diagnose why the land surface contribution to Australian heatwaves is not homogeneous due to spatiotemporal variations in land‐atmosphere coupling. We identify two coupling regimes: a land‐driven regime where surface temperatures are sensitive to local variations in sensible heating and an atmosphere‐driven regime where this is not the case. Northern Australia is consistently strongly coupled, where antecedent soil moisture conditions can influence temperature anomalies up to day 4 of a heatwave. For southern Australia, heatwave temperature anomalies are not influenced by antecedent soil moisture conditions due to an atmosphere‐driven coupling regime. Therefore, antecedent land surface conditions have a role in increasing the temperature anomalies experienced during a heatwave only over regions with strong land‐driven coupling. The timescales over which antecedent land surface conditions contribute to Australian heatwaves also vary regionally. Overall, the spatiotemporal variations of land‐atmosphere interactions help determine where and when antecedent land surface conditions contribute to Australian heat extremes.},
note = {Online available at: \url{https://doi.org/10.1029/2019JD030665} (DOI). Hirsch, A.; Evans, J.; Di Virgillio, G.; Perkins-Kirkpatrick, S.; Argueso, D.; Pitman, A.; Carouge, C.; Kala, J.; Andrys, J.; Petrelli, P.; Rockel, B.: Amplification of Australian Heatwaves via Local Land‐Atmosphere Coupling. Journal of Geophysical Research : Atmospheres. 2019. vol. 124, no. 24, 13625-13647. DOI: 10.1029/2019JD030665}}
@misc{ratter_risikomanagement_in_2019, 
author={Ratter, B.M.W.,Schaper, J.},
title={Risiko-Management in der Badewanne},
year={2019},
howpublished = {journal article},
abstract = {Ostfriesland liegt in großen Teilen unter dem Meeresspiegel und ist insbesondere bei Sturmflut durch Wasser von allen Seiten bedroht. Im Kontext des Klimawandels verschaerft sich diese Gefaehrdungslage und stellt Kuestenschutz, Deich- und Entwaesserungsverbaende vor wachsende Herausforderungen. Der Beitrag gibt einen Einblick in die Risikolandschaft und zeigt, welchen Herausforderungen sich ein an die vielfaeltigen Bedrohungen angepasstes Risiko-Management heute und in Zukunft stellen muss.},
note = {Online available at: \url{} (DOI). Ratter, B.; Schaper, J.: Risiko-Management in der Badewanne. Geographische Rundschau. 2019. vol. 71, no. 9, 28-33.}}
@misc{deng_characterising_the_2019, 
author={Deng, J.,Wu, J.,Zhang, W.,Dudzinska-Nowak, J.,Harff, J.},
title={Characterising the relaxation distance of nearshore submarine morphology: A southern Baltic Sea case study},
year={2019},
howpublished = {journal article},
doi = {https://doi.org/10.1016/j.geomorph.2018.11.018},
abstract = {A method for defining the length of coast with alongshore uniformity of nearshore submarine morphology is required in many shore-normal, nearshore profile modelling approaches. Here, we introduce a new variable, the ‘relaxation distance’, to describe the alongshore spacing between two adjacent shore-normal profiles characterised by distinct morphologies. Within this distance, alongshore morphological changes are too small to distinguish, so the nearshore submarine morphology is regarded as uniform along the coast. We apply a semi-variogram approach, which expresses decreased spatial correlation of the nearshore submarine morphology with alongshore distance, to quantify relaxation distances. We apply this morphological variable to analyse 225 measured shore-normal submarine profiles at 500 m intervals in three distinct sites of the tideless, wave-dominated southern Baltic coast: Swina, Łeba, and Hel. The relaxation distances of these three sites are approximately 4500 m, 3000 m, and 2200 m. Of the three sites, Swina has the smoothest nearshore submarine morphology and the weakest wave energy. The relaxation distances of different quasi-straight segments at each site appear similar but those at different sites decrease with enlarged morphological perturbations, which are residuals resulting from detrending the shore-normal profiles. The standard deviations of these morphological perturbations are correlated with the incidence wave angles and wave energy. We also found that large perturbations (such as longshore bars and channels) have a significant impact on the estimation of underwater volume using shore-normal profile trends. Therefore, relaxation distance can indicate morphological smoothness, the length of shore-parallel uniform nearshore submarine morphology, and the impact of local processes on submarine morphology.},
note = {Online available at: \url{https://doi.org/10.1016/j.geomorph.2018.11.018} (DOI). Deng, J.; Wu, J.; Zhang, W.; Dudzinska-Nowak, J.; Harff, J.: Characterising the relaxation distance of nearshore submarine morphology: A southern Baltic Sea case study. Geomorphology. 2019. vol. 327, 365-376. DOI: 10.1016/j.geomorph.2018.11.018}}
@misc{stanev_the_fate_2019, 
author={Stanev, E.V.,Ricker, M.},
title={The Fate of Marine Litter in Semi-Enclosed Seas: A Case Study of the Black Sea},
year={2019},
howpublished = {journal article},
doi = {https://doi.org/10.3389/fmars.2019.00660},
abstract = {The accumulation patterns of floating marine litter (FML) in the Black Sea and the stranding locations on coasts are studied by performing dedicated Lagrangian simulations using freely available ocean current and Stokes drift data from operational models. The low FML concentrations in the eastern and northern areas and the high concentrations along the western and southern coasts are due to the dominant northerlies and resulting Ekman and Stokes drift. No pronounced FML accumulation zones resembling the Great Pacific Garbage Patch are observed at time scales from months to a year. The ratio of circulation intensity (measured by the sea level slope) to the rate of the temporal variability of sea level determines whether FML will compact. This ratio is low in the Black Sea, which is prohibitive for FML accumulation. It is demonstrated that the strong temporal variability of the velocity field (ageostrophic motion) acts as a mixing mechanism that opposes another ageostrophic constituent of the velocity field (spatial variability in sea level slope, or frontogenesis), the latter promoting the accumulation of particles. The conclusion is that not all ageostrophic ocean processes lead to clustering. The short characteristic stranding time of ∼20 days in this small and almost enclosed basin explains the large variability in the total amount of FML and the low FML concentration in the open ocean. The predominant stranding areas are determined by the cyclonic general circulation. The simulated distribution of stranded objects is supported by available coastal and near-coastal observations. It is shown that the areas that were the most at risk extend from the Kerch Strait to the western coast.},
note = {Online available at: \url{https://doi.org/10.3389/fmars.2019.00660} (DOI). Stanev, E.; Ricker, M.: The Fate of Marine Litter in Semi-Enclosed Seas: A Case Study of the Black Sea. Frontiers in Marine Science. 2019. vol. 6, 660. DOI: 10.3389/fmars.2019.00660}}
@misc{zhou_landatmosphere_feedbacks_2019, 
author={Zhou, S.,Williams, A.P.,Berg, A.M.,Cook, B.I.,Zhang, Y.,Hagemann, S.,Lorenz, R.,Seneviratne, S.I.,Gentine, P.},
title={Land–atmosphere feedbacks exacerbate concurrent soil drought and atmospheric aridity},
year={2019},
howpublished = {journal article},
doi = {https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1904955116},
abstract = {Compound extremes such as cooccurring soil drought (low soil moisture) and atmospheric aridity (high vapor pressure deficit) can be disastrous for natural and societal systems. Soil drought and atmospheric aridity are 2 main physiological stressors driving widespread vegetation mortality and reduced terrestrial carbon uptake. Here, we empirically demonstrate that strong negative coupling between soil moisture and vapor pressure deficit occurs globally, indicating high probability of cooccurring soil drought and atmospheric aridity. Using the Global Land Atmosphere Coupling Experiment (GLACE)-CMIP5 experiment, we further show that concurrent soil drought and atmospheric aridity are greatly exacerbated by land–atmosphere feedbacks. The feedback of soil drought on the atmosphere is largely responsible for enabling atmospheric aridity extremes. In addition, the soil moisture–precipitation feedback acts to amplify precipitation and soil moisture deficits in most regions. CMIP5 models further show that the frequency of concurrent soil drought and atmospheric aridity enhanced by land–atmosphere feedbacks is projected to increase in the 21st century. Importantly, land–atmosphere feedbacks will greatly increase the intensity of both soil drought and atmospheric aridity beyond that expected from changes in mean climate alone.},
note = {Online available at: \url{https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1904955116} (DOI). Zhou, S.; Williams, A.; Berg, A.; Cook, B.; Zhang, Y.; Hagemann, S.; Lorenz, R.; Seneviratne, S.; Gentine, P.: Land–atmosphere feedbacks exacerbate concurrent soil drought and atmospheric aridity. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America: PNAS. 2019. vol. 116, no. 38, 18848-18853. DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1904955116}}
@misc{khider_pacts_10_2019, 
author={Khider, D.,Emile-Geay, J.,McKay, N.P.,Gil, Y.,Garijo, D.,Ratnakar, V.,Alonso-Garcia, M.,Bertrand, S.,Bothe, O.,Brewer, P.,Bunn, A.,Chevalier, M.,Comas-Bru, L.,Csank, A.,Dassie, E.,DeLong, K.,Felis, T.,Francus, P.,Frappier, A.,Gray, W.,Goring, S.,Jonkers, L.,Kahle, M.,Kaufman, D.,Kehrwald, N.M.,Martrat, B.,McGregor, H.,Richey, J.,Schmittner, A.,Scroxton, N.,Thirumalai, K.,Allen, K.,Arnaud, F.,Axford, Y.,Barrows, T.T.,Bazin, L.,Pilaar Birch, S.E.,Bradley, E.,Bregy, J.,Capron, E.,Cartapanis, O.,Chiang, H.-W.,Cobb, K.,Debret, M.,Dommain, R.,Du, J.,Dyez, K.,Emerick, S.,Erb, M.P.,Falster, G.,Finsinger, W.,Fortier, D.,Gauthier, N.,George, S.,Grimm, E.,Hertzberg, J.,Hibbert, F.,Hillman, A.,Hobbs, W.,Huber, M.,Hughes, A.L.C.,Jaccard, S.,Ruan, J.,Kienast, M.,Konecky, B.,Le Roux, G.,Lyubchich, V.,Novello, V.F.,Olaka, L.,Partin, J.W.,Pearce, C.,Phipps, S.J.,Pignol, C.,Piotrowska, N.,Poli, M.-S.,Prokopenko, A.,Schwanck, F.,Stepanek, C.,Swann, G.E.A.,Telford, R.,Thomas, E.,Thomas, Z.,Truebe, S.,Gunten, L.v.,Waite, A.,Weitzel, N.,Wilhelm, B.,Williams, J.,Williams, J.J.,Winstrup, M.,Zhao, N.,Zhou, Y.},
title={PaCTS 1.0: A Crowdsourced Reporting Standard for Paleoclimate Data},
year={2019},
howpublished = {journal article},
doi = {https://doi.org/10.1029/2019PA003632},
abstract = {The progress of science is tied to the standardization of measurements, instruments, and data. This is especially true in the Big Data age, where analyzing large data volumes critically hinges on the data being standardized. Accordingly, the lack of community‐sanctioned data standards in paleoclimatology has largely precluded the benefits of Big Data advances in the field. Building upon recent efforts to standardize the format and terminology of paleoclimate data, this article describes the Paleoclimate Community reporTing Standard (PaCTS), a crowdsourced reporting standard for such data. PaCTS captures which information should be included when reporting paleoclimate data, with the goal of maximizing the reuse value of paleoclimate datasets, particularly for synthesis work and comparison to climate model simulations. Initiated by the LinkedEarth project, the process to elicit a reporting standard involved an international workshop in 2016, various forms of digital community engagement over the next few years, and grassroots working groups. Participants in this process identified important properties across paleoclimate archives, in addition to the reporting of uncertainties and chronologies; they also identified archive‐specific properties and distinguished reporting standards for new vs. legacy datasets. This work shows that at least 135 respondents overwhelmingly support a drastic increase in the amount of metadata accompanying paleoclimate datasets. Since such goals are at odds with present practices, we discuss a transparent path towards implementing or revising these recommendations in the near future, using both bottom‐up and top‐down approaches.},
note = {Online available at: \url{https://doi.org/10.1029/2019PA003632} (DOI). Khider, D.; Emile-Geay, J.; McKay, N.; Gil, Y.; Garijo, D.; Ratnakar, V.; Alonso-Garcia, M.; Bertrand, S.; Bothe, O.; Brewer, P.; Bunn, A.; Chevalier, M.; Comas-Bru, L.; Csank, A.; Dassie, E.; DeLong, K.; Felis, T.; Francus, P.; Frappier, A.; Gray, W.; Goring, S.; Jonkers, L.; Kahle, M.; Kaufman, D.; Kehrwald, N.; Martrat, B.; McGregor, H.; Richey, J.; Schmittner, A.; Scroxton, N.; Thirumalai, K.; Allen, K.; Arnaud, F.; Axford, Y.; Barrows, T.; Bazin, L.; Pilaar Birch, S.; Bradley, E.; Bregy, J.; Capron, E.; Cartapanis, O.; Chiang, H.; Cobb, K.; Debret, M.; Dommain, R.; Du, J.; Dyez, K.; Emerick, S.; Erb, M.; Falster, G.; Finsinger, W.; Fortier, D.; Gauthier, N.; George, S.; Grimm, E.; Hertzberg, J.; Hibbert, F.; Hillman, A.; Hobbs, W.; Huber, M.; Hughes, A.; Jaccard, S.; Ruan, J.; Kienast, M.; Konecky, B.; Le Roux, G.; Lyubchich, V.; Novello, V.; Olaka, L.; Partin, J.; Pearce, C.; Phipps, S.; Pignol, C.; Piotrowska, N.; Poli, M.; Prokopenko, A.; Schwanck, F.; Stepanek, C.; Swann, G.; Telford, R.; Thomas, E.; Thomas, Z.; Truebe, S.; Gunten, L.; Waite, A.; Weitzel, N.; Wilhelm, B.; Williams, J.; Williams, J.; Winstrup, M.; Zhao, N.; Zhou, Y.: PaCTS 1.0: A Crowdsourced Reporting Standard for Paleoclimate Data. Paleoceanography and Paleoclimatology. 2019. vol. 34, no. 10, 1570-1596. DOI: 10.1029/2019PA003632}}
@misc{wiese_the_impact_2019, 
author={Wiese, A.,Stanev, E.,Koch, W.,Behrens, A.,Geyer, B.,Staneva, J.},
title={The Impact of the Two-Way Coupling between Wind Wave and Atmospheric Models on the Lower Atmosphere over the North Sea},
year={2019},
howpublished = {journal article},
doi = {https://doi.org/10.3390/atmos10070386},
abstract = {The effects of coupling between the atmospheric model of the Consortium for Small-Scale Modelling-Climate Limited-area Modelling (CCLM) and the wind wave model (WAM) on the lower atmosphere within the North Sea area are studied. Due to the two-way coupling between the models, the influences of wind waves and the atmosphere on each other can be determined. This two-way coupling between these models is enabled through the introduction of wave-induced drag into CCLM and updated winds into WAM. As a result of wave-induced drag, different atmospheric parameters are either directly or indirectly influenced by the wave conditions. The largest differences between the coupled and reference model simulation are found during storm events as well as in areas of steep gradients in the mean sea level pressure, wind speed or temperature. In the two-way coupled simulation, the position and strength of these gradients vary, compared to the reference simulation, leading to differences that spread throughout the entire planetary boundary layer and outside the coupled model area, thereby influencing the atmosphere over land and ocean, although not coupled to the wave model. Ultimately, the results of both model simulations are assessed against in situ and satellite measurements, with a better general performance of the two-way coupled simulation with respect to the observations.},
note = {Online available at: \url{https://doi.org/10.3390/atmos10070386} (DOI). Wiese, A.; Stanev, E.; Koch, W.; Behrens, A.; Geyer, B.; Staneva, J.: The Impact of the Two-Way Coupling between Wind Wave and Atmospheric Models on the Lower Atmosphere over the North Sea. Atmosphere. 2019. vol. 10, no. 7, 386. DOI: 10.3390/atmos10070386}}
@misc{bothe_simple_noise_2019, 
author={Bothe, O.,Wagner, S.,Zorita, E.},
title={Simple noise estimates and pseudoproxies for the last 21 000 years},
year={2019},
howpublished = {journal article},
doi = {https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-11-1129-2019},
abstract = {Climate reconstructions are means to extract the signal from uncertain paleo-observations, so-called proxies. It is essential to evaluate these reconstructions to understand and quantify their uncertainties. Similarly, comparing climate simulations and proxies requires approaches to bridge the temporal and spatial differences between both and to address their specific uncertainties. One way to achieve these two goals is so-called pseudoproxies. These are surrogate proxy records within the virtual reality of a climate simulation. They in turn depend on an understanding of the uncertainties of the real proxies including the noise characteristics disturbing the original environmental signal. Common pseudoproxy approaches so far concentrate on data with high temporal resolution over the last approximately 2000 years. Here we provide a simple but flexible noise model forpotentiallylow-resolutionsedimentaryclimateproxiesfortemperatureonmillennialtimescales,thecodefor calculating a set of pseudoproxies from a simulation, and one example of pseudoproxies. The noise model considers the influence of other environmental variables, a dependence on the climate state, a bias due to changing seasonality, modifications of the archive (for example bioturbation), potential sampling variability, and a measurement error. Model, code, and data allow us to develop new ways of comparing simulation data with proxies onlongtimescales.},
note = {Online available at: \url{https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-11-1129-2019} (DOI). Bothe, O.; Wagner, S.; Zorita, E.: Simple noise estimates and pseudoproxies for the last 21 000 years. Earth System Science Data. 2019. vol. 11, no. 3, 1129-1152. DOI: 10.5194/essd-11-1129-2019}}
@misc{zhang_the_budget_2019, 
author={Zhang, W.,Wirtz, K.,Daewel, U.,Wrede, A.,Kroencke, I.,Kuhn, G.,Neumann, A.,Meyer, J.,Ma, M.,Schrum, C.},
title={The Budget of Macrobenthic Reworked Organic Carbon: A Modeling Case Study of the North Sea},
year={2019},
howpublished = {journal article},
doi = {https://doi.org/10.1029/2019JG005109},
abstract = {The importance of macrobenthos in benthic‐pelagic coupling and early diagenesis of organic carbon has long been recognized but has not been quantified at a regional scale. By using the southern North Sea as an exemplary area we present a modeling attempt to quantify the budget of total organic carbon (TOC) reworked by macrobenthos in seafloor surface sediments. Vertical profiles in sediments collected in the field indicate a significant but nonlinear correlation between TOC and macrobenthic biomass. A mechanistic model is used to resolve the bidirectional interaction between TOC and macrobenthos. A novelty of this model is that bioturbation is resolved dynamically depending on variations in local food resource and macrobenthic biomass. The model is coupled to 3‐D hydrodynamic‐biogeochemical simulations to hindcast the mutual dependence between sedimentary TOC and macrobenthos from 1948 to 2015. Agreement with field data reveals a satisfactory model performance. Our simulations show that the preservation of TOC in the North Sea sediments is determined not only by pelagic conditions (hydrodynamic regime and primary production) but also by the vertical distribution of TOC, bioturbation intensity, and the vertical positioning of macrobenthos. Macrobenthos annually ingest 20–35% and in addition vertically diffuse 11–22% of the total budget of TOC in the uppermost 30‐cm sediments in the southern North Sea. This result indicates a central role of benthic animals in modulating the organic carbon cycling at the sediment‐water interface of continental margins.},
note = {Online available at: \url{https://doi.org/10.1029/2019JG005109} (DOI). Zhang, W.; Wirtz, K.; Daewel, U.; Wrede, A.; Kroencke, I.; Kuhn, G.; Neumann, A.; Meyer, J.; Ma, M.; Schrum, C.: The Budget of Macrobenthic Reworked Organic Carbon: A Modeling Case Study of the North Sea. Journal of Geophysical Research : Biogeosciences. 2019. vol. 124, no. 6, 1446-1471. DOI: 10.1029/2019JG005109}}
@misc{gee_can_tools_2019, 
author={Gee, K.,Blazauskas, N.,Dahl, K.,Goeke, C.,Hassler, B.,Kannen, A.,Leposa, N.,Morf, A.,Strand, H.,Weig, B.,Zaucha, J.},
title={Can tools contribute to integration in MSP? A comparative review of selected tools and approaches},
year={2019},
howpublished = {journal article},
doi = {https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ocecoaman.2019.104834},
abstract = {The role of tools and approaches is currently much debated in maritime spatial planning (MSP). Past evaluation has mainly concentrated on decision support tools and the tangible outputs these can provide for MSP, but little attention has so far been been given to the soft or indirect benefits tool use can have in MSP. This paper assesses the potential benefits of tool use in the context of four common integration challenges in MSP. Drawing on case study material from the Baltic Sea region, the paper reviews the potential contribution of five selected tools and approaches to multi-level and transboundary, policy and sector, stakeholder and knowledge integration. Specific end points are defined for each integration challenge, including general desired outcomes of integrated MSP processes as a template for assessment. Our review shows that the selected tools play different roles in moving towards the various end points of MSP integration. There is an important difference between the potential of each tool, or its inherent capacity, and how it is applied, e.g. in a participative or non-participative setting. Another lesson is that some integration benefits can be achieved by the tools alone, while others – often secondary benefits - depend on how the outcomes of tool use are taken up by the subsequent MSP process. Although the nature of a tool does restrict its potential contribution to MSP integration challenges, the secondary “soft” benefits that can be achieved through certain styles of application and good links to the MSP process can add important integration benefits up and beyond the tool itself. The results presented here may also be relevant to other types of spatial planning and conservation management.},
note = {Online available at: \url{https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ocecoaman.2019.104834} (DOI). Gee, K.; Blazauskas, N.; Dahl, K.; Goeke, C.; Hassler, B.; Kannen, A.; Leposa, N.; Morf, A.; Strand, H.; Weig, B.; Zaucha, J.: Can tools contribute to integration in MSP? A comparative review of selected tools and approaches. Ocean and Coastal Management. 2019. vol. 179, 104834. DOI: 10.1016/j.ocecoaman.2019.104834}}
@misc{schaaf_longterm_atmospheric_2019, 
author={Schaaf, B.,Feser, F.,Meinke, I.},
title={Long-Term Atmospheric Changes in a Convection-Permitting Regional Climate Model Hindcast Simulation over Northern Germany and the German Bight},
year={2019},
howpublished = {journal article},
doi = {https://doi.org/10.3390/atmos10050283},
abstract = {Long-term atmospheric changes are a result of complex interactions on various spatial scales. In this study, we examine the long-term variability of the most important meteorological variables in a convection-permitting regional climate model simulation. A consistent, gridded data set from 1948 to 2014 was computed using the regional climate model COSMO-CLM with a very high convection-permitting resolution at a grid distance of 2.8 km, for a region encompassing the German Bight and Northern Germany. This is one of the very first atmospheric model simulations with such high resolution, and covering several decades. Using a very high-resolution hindcast, this study aims to extend knowledge of the significance of regional details for long-term variability and multi-decadal trends of several meteorological variables such as wind, temperature, cloud cover, precipitation, and convective available potential energy (CAPE). This study demonstrates that most variables show merely large decadal variability and no long-term trends. The analysis shows that the most distinct and significant positive trends occur in temperature and in CAPE for annual mean values as well as for extreme events. No clear and no significant trend is detectable for the annual sum of precipitation and for extreme precipitation. However, spatial structures in the trends remain weak.},
note = {Online available at: \url{https://doi.org/10.3390/atmos10050283} (DOI). Schaaf, B.; Feser, F.; Meinke, I.: Long-Term Atmospheric Changes in a Convection-Permitting Regional Climate Model Hindcast Simulation over Northern Germany and the German Bight. Atmosphere. 2019. vol. 10, no. 5, 283. DOI: 10.3390/atmos10050283}}
@misc{zhao_tidal_impacts_2019, 
author={Zhao, C.,Daewel, U.,Schrum, C.},
title={Tidal impacts on primary production in the North Sea},
year={2019},
howpublished = {journal article},
doi = {https://doi.org/10.5194/esd-10-287-2019},
abstract = {This study highlights the importance of tides in controlling the spatial and temporal distributions of phytoplankton and other factors related to growth, such as nutrients and light availability. To quantify the responses of net primary production (NPP) to tidal forcing, we conducted scenario model simulations considering M2 and S2 tidal constituents using the physical–biogeochemical coupled model ECOSMO (ECOSystem MOdel). The results were analyzed with respect to a reference simulation without tidal forcing, with particular focus on the spatial scale of the tidally induced changes. Tidal forcing regulates the mixing–stratification processes in shelf seas such as the North Sea and hence also influences ecosystem dynamics. In principle, the results suggest three different response types with respect to primary production: (i) in southern shallow areas with strong tidal energy dissipation, tidal mixing dilutes phytoplankton concentrations in the upper water layers and thereby decreases NPP. Additionally, tides increase turbidity in near-coastal shallow areas, which has the potential to further hamper NPP. (ii) In the frontal region of the southern North Sea, which is a transition zone between stratified and mixed areas, tidal mixing infuses nutrients into the surface mixed layer and resolves summer nutrient depletion, thus sustaining the NPP during the summer season after spring bloom nutrient depletion. (iii) In the northern North Sea, the NPP response to tidal forcing is limited. Additionally, our simulations indicate that spring bloom phenology is impacted by tidal forcing, leading to a later onset of the spring bloom in large parts of the North Sea and to generally higher spring bloom peak phytoplankton biomasses. By testing the related changes in stratification, light conditions and grazing pressure, we found that all three factors potentially contribute to the change in spring bloom phenology with clear local differences. Finally, we also analyzed the impact of the spring–neap tidal cycle on NPP. The annual mean impact of spring–neap tidal forcing on NPP is limited. However, locally, we found substantial differences in NPP either in phase or anti-phase with the spring–neap tidal cycle. These differences could be attributed to locally different dominant factors such as light or nutrient availability during spring tides. In general, we conclude that in shallow shelf seas such as the North Sea, intensified vertical mixing induced by tidal forcing could either promote NPP by counteracting nutrient depletion or hinder NPP by deteriorating the light environment because of the resuspension and mixing of suspended matter into the euphotic zone.},
note = {Online available at: \url{https://doi.org/10.5194/esd-10-287-2019} (DOI). Zhao, C.; Daewel, U.; Schrum, C.: Tidal impacts on primary production in the North Sea. Earth System Dynamics. 2019. vol. 10, no. 2, 287-317. DOI: 10.5194/esd-10-287-2019}}
@misc{schulzstellenfleth_a_multicollocation_2019, 
author={Schulz-Stellenfleth, J.,Staneva, J.},
title={A multi-collocation method for coastal zone observations with applications to Sentinel-3A altimeter wave height data},
year={2019},
howpublished = {journal article},
doi = {https://doi.org/10.5194/os-15-249-2019},
abstract = {In many coastal areas there is an increasing number and variety of observation data available, which are often very heterogeneous in their temporal and spatial sampling characteristics. With the advent of new systems, like the radar altimeter on board the Sentinel-3A satellite, a lot of questions arise concerning the accuracy and added value of different instruments and numerical models. Quantification of errors is a key factor for applications, like data assimilation and forecast improvement. In the past, the triple collocation method to estimate systematic and stochastic errors of measurements and numerical models was successfully applied to different data sets. This method relies on the assumption that three independent data sets provide estimates of the same quantity. In coastal areas with strong gradients even small distances between measurements can lead to larger differences and this assumption can become critical. In this study the triple collocation method is extended in different ways with the specific problems of the coast in mind. In addition to nearest-neighbour approximations considered so far, the presented method allows for use of a large variety of interpolation approaches to take spatial variations in the observed area into account. Observation and numerical model errors can therefore be estimated, even if the distance between the different data sources is too large to assume that they measure the same quantity. If the number of observations is sufficient, the method can also be used to estimate error correlations between certain data source components. As a second novelty, an estimator for the uncertainty in the derived observation errors is derived as a function of the covariance matrices of the input data and the number of available samples.,In the first step, the method is assessed using synthetic observations and Monte Carlo simulations. The technique is then applied to a data set of Sentinel-3A altimeter measurements, in situ wave observations, and numerical wave model data with a focus on the North Sea. Stochastic observation errors for the significant wave height, as well as bias and calibration errors, are derived for the model and the altimeter. The analysis indicates a slight overestimation of altimeter wave heights, which become more pronounced at higher sea states. The smallest stochastic errors are found for the in situ measurements.,Different observation geometries of in situ data and altimeter tracks are furthermore analysed, considering 1-D and 2-D interpolation approaches. For example, the geometry of an altimeter track passing between two in situ wave instruments is considered with model data being available at the in situ locations. It is shown that for a sufficiently large sample, the errors of all data sources, as well as the error correlations of the model, can be estimated with the new method.},
note = {Online available at: \url{https://doi.org/10.5194/os-15-249-2019} (DOI). Schulz-Stellenfleth, J.; Staneva, J.: A multi-collocation method for coastal zone observations with applications to Sentinel-3A altimeter wave height data. Ocean Science. 2019. vol. 15, no. 2, 249-268. DOI: 10.5194/os-15-249-2019}}
@misc{ludwig_perspectives_of_2019, 
author={Ludwig, P.,Gomez-Navarro, J.J.,Pinto, J.G.,Raible, C.C.,Wagner, S.,Zorita, E.},
title={Perspectives of regional paleoclimate modeling},
year={2019},
howpublished = {journal article},
doi = {https://doi.org/10.1111/nyas.13865},
abstract = {Regional climate modeling bridges the gap between the coarse resolution of current global climate models and the regional‐to‐local scales, where the impacts of climate change are of primary interest. Here, we present a review of the added value of the regional climate modeling approach within the scope of paleoclimate research and discuss the current major challenges and perspectives. Two time periods serve as an example: the Holocene, including the Last Millennium, and the Last Glacial Maximum. Reviewing the existing literature reveals the benefits of regional paleo climate modeling, particularly over areas with complex terrain. However, this depends largely on the variable of interest, as the added value of regional modeling arises from a more realistic representation of physical processes and climate feedbacks compared to global climate models, and this affects different climate variables in various ways. In particular, hydrological processes have been shown to be better represented in regional models, and they can deliver more realistic meteorological data to drive ice sheet and glacier modeling. Thus, regional climate models provide a clear benefit to answer fundamental paleoclimate research questions and may be key to advance a meaningful joint interpretation of climate model and proxy data.},
note = {Online available at: \url{https://doi.org/10.1111/nyas.13865} (DOI). Ludwig, P.; Gomez-Navarro, J.; Pinto, J.; Raible, C.; Wagner, S.; Zorita, E.: Perspectives of regional paleoclimate modeling. Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences. 2019. vol. 1436, no. 1, 54-69. DOI: 10.1111/nyas.13865}}
@misc{holzwarth_the_effect_2019, 
author={Holzwarth, I.,Weilbeer, H.,Wirtz, K.},
title={The effect of bathymetric modification on water age in the Elbe Estuary},
year={2019},
howpublished = {journal article},
doi = {https://doi.org/10.18171/1.087109},
abstract = {The transport time of substances is a physical factor that influences the completeness of,biogeochemical  reactions  in  the  estuary.  Since  hydrodynamic  changes  induce  changes  in,transport time, river discharge and its seasonal variability strongly determine the transport,time of riverine water and its fluctuations.,A  factor  that  leads  to  a  permanent  change  in  hydrodynamics  is  man-made  bathymetric,modification. However, the impact of such modification on transport time has never been,quantified.  Here  we  show  for  the  Elbe  Estuary  (Germany),  an  example  of  a  partially  to,well-mixed alluvial estuary, that the impact of typical, decadal man-made bathymetric mod-,ification  on  the  transport  time  of  riverine  water  is  much  smaller  than  the  effect  of  the,natural variability in river discharge. In this study, we used riverine water age to determine,transport time. We found the age difference due to river discharge variation to be in the,order of days to weeks, depending on  the location within  the estuary. In contrast to the,strong influence of discharge, we found the age difference between scenarios which differ,by the effect of 40 years of man-made bathymetric modification to be in the order of hours,with a maximum of 38 hours, depending on location and discharge. Overall, riverine water,age increases by approximately 7 % in the more strongly impacted bathymetry, suggesting,that transport time is only slightly affected by the considerable depth differences of several,meters in large parts of the estuary.,With regard to the summer oxygen minimum zone, which regularly develops in the estua-,rine freshwater section, we therefore expect the physical influence of the realistic modifi-,cation via a change in transport time to be small. Nevertheless, the increase in transport,time of land-borne material potentially poses an additional stressor to the dissolved oxygen,dynamics in the estuary.},
note = {Online available at: \url{https://doi.org/10.18171/1.087109} (DOI). Holzwarth, I.; Weilbeer, H.; Wirtz, K.: The effect of bathymetric modification on water age in the Elbe Estuary. Die Küste. 2019. no. 87, 261-282. DOI: 10.18171/1.087109}}
@misc{schaper_transdisziplinres_risikomanagement_2019, 
author={Schaper, J.,Ulm, M.,Arns, A.,Jensen, J.,Ratter, B.,Weisse, R.},
title={Transdisziplinäres Risikomanagement im Umgang mit extremen Nordsee-Sturmfluten – Vom Modell zur Wissenschafts-Praxis-Kooperation},
year={2019},
howpublished = {journal article},
doi = {https://doi.org/10.18171/1.087112},
abstract = {Die Region Emden-Krummhörn in Ostfriesland wird aufgrund ihrer besonderen Lage zur angrenzenden Nordsee von einer Vielzahl hydrologischer Risiken bedroht. Da z. B. große Teile der Region unter dem Meeresspiegel liegen, werden Deiche zum Schutz vor Sturm-fluten benötigt. Zudem muss Niederschlag aus dem tiefliegenden Hinterland mit Hilfe von Sielen und Schöpfwerken entwässert werden. Im Zuge des Klimawandels droht sich diese multiple Risikolage von mehreren Seiten zu verschärfen, da Ereignisse wie Starkregen und Sturmfluten zukünftig häufiger und/oder extremer auftreten können. Um diesen steigen-den Herausforderungen im Küsten-  und Katastrophenschutz zu begegnen, wurden im For-schungsprojekt „EXTREMENESS – Extreme Nordseesturmfluten und mögliche Auswir-kungen“ Sturmflutrisiken für die Region Emden-Krummhörn transdisziplinär untersucht. Im vorliegenden Beitrag werden (a) das transdisziplinäre Risikomanagement im Umgang mit  extremen,  möglichen  Nordseesturmfluten  in  einem  Wissenschafts-Praxis-Kooperati-onsforum beschrieben und (b) die auf hydrodynamisch-numerischen Simulationen basie-renden Schadenspotenzialanalysen vorgestellt, die für die Bewertung und Diskussion der Konsequenzen im Rahmen des Kooperationsforums verwendet wurden. Wissenschaftler und Fachleute aus der Praxis haben dabei zunächst die Risikovorstellungen und -wahrneh-mungen sowie unwahrscheinliche Extremereignisse identifiziert (Was ist denkbar?),  anschlie-ßend  mögliche  Auswirkungen  von  Katastrophenereignissen  auf  neuralgische  Punkte  an-hand von Versagensketten entwickelt und numerisch modelliert (Was passiert, wenn?) sowie abschließend Handlungsoptionen und Maßnahmen abgeleitet und bewertet (Was tun?).},
note = {Online available at: \url{https://doi.org/10.18171/1.087112} (DOI). Schaper, J.; Ulm, M.; Arns, A.; Jensen, J.; Ratter, B.; Weisse, R.: Transdisziplinäres Risikomanagement im Umgang mit extremen Nordsee-Sturmfluten – Vom Modell zur Wissenschafts-Praxis-Kooperation. Die Küste. 2019. no. 87, 75-114. DOI: 10.18171/1.087112}}
@misc{chen_sediment_dynamics_2019, 
author={Chen, H.,Zhang, W.,Xie, X.,Ren, J.},
title={Sediment dynamics driven by contour currents and mesoscale eddies along continental slope: A case study of the northern South China Sea},
year={2019},
howpublished = {journal article},
doi = {https://doi.org/10.1016/j.margeo.2018.12.012},
abstract = {Based upon 3-D seismic reflection data, published drill core studies, oceanographic observations and numerical modelling, this study identifies a small scale contourite depositional system that is locally confined by canyons, slope failures, erosional terraces and erosional slopes on the Jianfeng slope, northern South China Sea (~1500 to ~2300 m water depth). Possible oceanic driving mechanisms for the spatial heterogeneity in sedimentation and erosion within the Quaternary deposits in this complex slope system are investigated. Numerical simulations show that the quasi-steady South China Sea deep water circulation, which affects the study area, is characterised by low velocities (maximum 4 cm/s), with a slight modulation by tides (±1 cm/s). This quasi-steady deep-water thermohaline circulation is able to keep sediment particles in suspension, rather than to erode seafloor sediment. The bottom hydrodynamic regime becomes energetic when mesoscale eddies (horizontal scale of 10 to 100 km) approach.,Our modelling study indicates that both surface and bottom mesoscale eddies are essential to account for the spatial heterogeneity in sedimentation pattern along the northern South China Sea continental slope. According to simulation, the eddy front contains the highest flow velocity over a mesoscale eddy cycle (45 days), exceeding the threshold for resuspension of unconsolidated sediment (15 cm/s). As a consequence massive resuspension is produced at various sites, and redistributed by sub-mesoscale (horizontal scale of 1 to 10 km) circulations originated from an eddy-topography interaction. In contrast to the surrounding areas, which are subject to erosional forcing for a relatively long part (>7% of an eddy cycle), both the locally-confined drift and a further upstream large elongated-mounded drift experience little erosion (<2.5% of an eddy cycle), and serve as depositional centres for sediment from remote areas and erosion from adjacent areas. Our study demonstrates a promising new perspective for bridging the scales between short-term sediment dynamics and long-term sedimentation through a comparison of modelled scenarios between normal conditions and energetic events.},
note = {Online available at: \url{https://doi.org/10.1016/j.margeo.2018.12.012} (DOI). Chen, H.; Zhang, W.; Xie, X.; Ren, J.: Sediment dynamics driven by contour currents and mesoscale eddies along continental slope: A case study of the northern South China Sea. Marine Geology. 2019. vol. 409, 48-66. DOI: 10.1016/j.margeo.2018.12.012}}
@misc{zhang_internal_solitary_2019, 
author={Zhang, W.,Didenkulova, I.,Kurkina, O.,Cui, Y.,Haberkern, J.,Aepfler, R.,Santos, A.,Zhang, H.,Hanebuth, T.},
title={Internal solitary waves control offshore extension of mud depocenters on the NW Iberian shelf},
year={2019},
howpublished = {journal article},
doi = {https://doi.org/10.1016/j.margeo.2018.12.008},
abstract = {Hydrodynamic conditions and near-bottom sediment transport on the NW Iberian shelf associated with a 5-day storm in September 2014 were monitored. During the post-storm relaxation period, active bottom sediment transport by internal solitary waves (ISWs) on a mid-shelf mud depocenter, located in between 110 and 130 m water depth (WD), was observed. To explore the potential of internal waves in sediment transport and its link to development of mid-shelf mud depocenters, we apply a weakly nonlinear model based on the variable-coefficient Gardner equation to estimate the flow fields and bottom shear stress induced by shoaling of mode-1 long internal solitary waves. Shoreward propagation of the ISWs in three representative periods (pre-, intra- and post-storm) is simulated, respectively. Transformation of the internal wave, from a single sech2 shape characterized by negative polarity and small amplitude to a dispersive trailing wave packet with varying amplitude and inverse polarity, are satisfactorily reproduced. Model results indicate enhancement of the maximum orbital velocity of the ISWs during and after the storm on the outer shelf (130–220 m WD) including the seaward margin of the mud depocenter. Bottom shear stress consequently becomes strong enough (≥0.1 Pa) to winnow unconsolidated sediment and constrains the offshore extension of the depocenter. The enhanced bottom orbital velocity and the asymmetry in the excursion direction of mode-1 long ISWs in the post-storm period prove to be efficient in transporting fine-grained sediment across shelf. Our results suggest that mid-shelf mud depocenters are not necessarily areas under permanently calm conditions where fine-grained sediment can settle straightforwardly. They could also result from convergent sediment transport from both onshore and offshore directions, and sediment may go through numerous cycles of resuspension-transport-deposition before its ultimate lasting burial.},
note = {Online available at: \url{https://doi.org/10.1016/j.margeo.2018.12.008} (DOI). Zhang, W.; Didenkulova, I.; Kurkina, O.; Cui, Y.; Haberkern, J.; Aepfler, R.; Santos, A.; Zhang, H.; Hanebuth, T.: Internal solitary waves control offshore extension of mud depocenters on the NW Iberian shelf. Marine Geology. 2019. vol. 409, 15-30. DOI: 10.1016/j.margeo.2018.12.008}}
@misc{yin_the_influence_2019, 
author={Yin, S.,Hernández-Molina, F.,Zhang, W.,Li, J.,Wang, L.,Ding, W.},
title={The influence of oceanographic processes on contourite features: A multidisciplinary study of the northern South China Sea},
year={2019},
howpublished = {journal article},
doi = {https://doi.org/10.1016/j.margeo.2019.105967},
abstract = {This study examines how multiscale oceanographic processes interact with the seafloor to influence the development of contourite features in northern part of the South China Sea. The multidisciplinary approach used in this study combines physical oceanographic monitoring, numerical simulation, multibeam echosounding, seismic reflection profiling, and sediment core interpretation. The contourites detected and interpreted herein include depositional (drifts and sediment waves), erosional (channels, moats and furrows), and mixed erosional and depositional features (terraces and irregular depressions). This study finds that climatic variation influences the intensity of quasi-steady, along-slope regional water circulation which in turn influences the long-term development of primary (10–100 km) contourite depositional systems. Energetic but intermittent oceanographic processes (such as eddies and internal waves) generate smaller secondary features within the contourite depositional systems resulting in a complex, local seafloor morphology. Westward to south-westward migrating mesoscale eddies locally enhance regional water mass circulation and trigger sub-mesoscale flows which can generate (1–10 km) irregular depressions along their paths. Westward-propagating internal solitary waves form sedimentary waves. With the aid of numerical modelling results, a sedimentary model is proposed to explain how oceanographic processes influence sedimentary processes and determine a hierarchy of associated feature formation. This model can help advance understanding of how bottom currents influence sedimentary processes along continental margins and abyssal plains.},
note = {Online available at: \url{https://doi.org/10.1016/j.margeo.2019.105967} (DOI). Yin, S.; Hernández-Molina, F.; Zhang, W.; Li, J.; Wang, L.; Ding, W.: The influence of oceanographic processes on contourite features: A multidisciplinary study of the northern South China Sea. Marine Geology. 2019. vol. 415, 105967. DOI: 10.1016/j.margeo.2019.105967}}
@misc{zhang_ocean_response_2019, 
author={Zhang, H.,Liu, X.,Wu, R.,Liu, F.,Yu, L.,Shang, X.,Qi, Y.,Wang, Y.,Song, X.,Xie, X.,Yang, C.,Tian, D.,Zhang, W.},
title={Ocean Response to Successive Typhoons Sarika and Haima (2016) Based on Data Acquired via Multiple Satellites and Moored Array},
year={2019},
howpublished = {journal article},
doi = {https://doi.org/10.3390/rs11202360},
abstract = {Tropical cyclones (TCs) are natural disasters for coastal regions. TCs with maximum wind speeds higher than 32.7 m/s in the north-western Pacific are referred to as typhoons. Typhoons Sarika and Haima successively passed our moored observation array in the northern South China Sea in 2016. Based on the satellite data, the winds (clouds and rainfall) biased to the right (left) sides of the typhoon tracks. Sarika and Haima cooled the sea surface similar to 4 and similar to 2 degrees C and increased the salinity similar to 1.2 and similar to 0.6 psu, respectively. The maximum sea surface cooling occurred nearly one day after the two typhoons. Station 2 (S2) was on left side of Sarika's track and right side of Haima's track, which is studied because its data was complete. Strong near-inertial currents from the ocean surface toward the bottom were generated at S2, with a maximum mixed-layer speed of similar to 80 cm/s. The current spectrum also shows weak signal at twice the inertial frequency (2f). Sarika deepened the mixed layer, cooled the sea surface, but warmed the subsurface by similar to 1 degrees C. Haima subsequently pushed the subsurface warming anomaly into deeper ocean, causing a temperature increase of similar to 1.8 degrees C therein. Sarika and Haima successively increased the heat content anomaly upper than 160 m at S2 to similar to 50 and similar to 100 m degrees C, respectively. Model simulation of the two typhoons shows that mixing and horizontal advection caused surface ocean cooling, mixing and downwelling caused subsurface warming, while downwelling warmed the deeper ocean. It indicates that Sarika and Haima sequentially modulated warm water into deeper ocean and influenced internal ocean heat budget. Upper ocean salinity response was similar to temperature, except that rainfall refreshed sea surface and caused a successive salinity decrease of similar to 0.03 and similar to 0.1 psu during the two typhoons, changing the positive subsurface salinity anomaly to negative},
note = {Online available at: \url{https://doi.org/10.3390/rs11202360} (DOI). Zhang, H.; Liu, X.; Wu, R.; Liu, F.; Yu, L.; Shang, X.; Qi, Y.; Wang, Y.; Song, X.; Xie, X.; Yang, C.; Tian, D.; Zhang, W.: Ocean Response to Successive Typhoons Sarika and Haima (2016) Based on Data Acquired via Multiple Satellites and Moored Array. Remote Sensing. 2019. vol. 11, no. 20, 2360. DOI: 10.3390/rs11202360}}
@misc{krueger_northeast_atlantic_2019, 
author={Krueger, O.,Feser, F.,Weisse, R},
title={Northeast Atlantic Storm Activity and Its Uncertainty from the Late Nineteenth to the Twenty-First Century},
year={2019},
howpublished = {journal article},
doi = {https://doi.org/10.1175/JCLI-D-18-0505.1},
abstract = {Geostrophic wind speeds calculated from mean sea level pressure readings are used to derive time series of northeast Atlantic storminess. The technique of geostrophic wind speed triangles provides relatively homogeneous long-term storm activity data and is thus suited for statistical analyses. This study makes use of historical air pressure data available from the International Surface Pressure Databank (ISPD) complemented with data from the Danish and Norwegian Meteorological Institutes. For the first time the time series of northeast Atlantic storminess is extended until the most recent year available, i. e. 2016. A multi-decadal increasing trend in storm activity starting in the mid-1960s until the 1990s, whose high storminess levels are comparable to those found in the late 19th century, initiated debate whether this would already be a sign of climate change. This study confirms that long-term storminess levels have returned to average values in recent years and that the multidecadal increase is part of an extended interdecadal oscillation. In addition, new storm activity uncertainty estimates were developed and novel insights into the connection with the North Atlantic Oscillation (NAO) are provided.},
note = {Online available at: \url{https://doi.org/10.1175/JCLI-D-18-0505.1} (DOI). Krueger, O.; Feser, F.; Weisse, R.: Northeast Atlantic Storm Activity and Its Uncertainty from the Late Nineteenth to the Twenty-First Century. Journal of Climate. 2019. vol. 32, no. 6, 1919-1931. DOI: 10.1175/JCLI-D-18-0505.1}}
@misc{breivik_global_stokes_2019, 
author={Breivik, Ø.,Carrasco, A.,Staneva, J.,Behrens, A.,Semedo, A.,Bidlot, J.,Aarnes, O.},
title={Global Stokes Drift Climate under the RCP8.5 Scenario},
year={2019},
howpublished = {journal article},
doi = {https://doi.org/10.1175/JCLI-D-18-0435.1},
abstract = {The future Stokes drift climate is investigated using a global wave climate projection (2071–2100) forced with EC-EARTH winds under the RCP8.5 scenario. The future climate run is compared against a historical run (1976–2005). The Stokes drift climate is analyzed in terms of Stokes transport and surface Stokes drift. The impact on Stokes drift from changes to the wind, wind sea, and swell climate is identified. The consequences for upper-ocean mixing and circulation are studied by investigating the turbulent Langmuir number and the Stokes depth. The historical climate run is also compared to a hindcast with ERA-Interim forcing. Systematic discrepancies due to differences in resolution and model physics are identified, but no fundamental weaknesses are uncovered that should adversely affect the future run. As the surface Stokes drift is largely dictated by high-frequency waves, it is to a great degree controlled by changes to the local wind field, whereas the Stokes transport is more sensitive to swell. Both are expected to increase in the Southern Ocean by about 15%, while the North Atlantic sees a decrease of about 10%. The Stokes depth and the turbulent Langmuir number are set to change by about ±20% and ±10%, respectively. The changes to the Stokes depth suggest a deeper impact of the Coriolis–Stokes force in the Southern Ocean and a decrease in the northern extratropics. Changes to the KPP Langmuir-enhancement factor suggests potentially increased mixing in the Southern Ocean and a reduction in the North Atlantic and the North Pacific.},
note = {Online available at: \url{https://doi.org/10.1175/JCLI-D-18-0435.1} (DOI). Breivik, Ø.; Carrasco, A.; Staneva, J.; Behrens, A.; Semedo, A.; Bidlot, J.; Aarnes, O.: Global Stokes Drift Climate under the RCP8.5 Scenario. Journal of Climate. 2019. vol. 32, no. 6, 1677-1691. DOI: 10.1175/JCLI-D-18-0435.1}}
@misc{weisse_extreme_nordseesturmfluten_2019, 
author={Weisse, R.,Grabemann, I.,Gaslikova, L.,Meyer, E.,Tinz, B.,Fery, N.,Möller, T.,Rudolph, E.,Brodhagen, T.,Arns, A.,Jensen, J.,Ulm, M.,Ratter, B.,Schaper, J.},
title={Extreme Nordseesturmfluten und mögliche Auswirkungen: Das EXTREMENESS Projekt},
year={2019},
howpublished = {journal article},
doi = {https://doi.org/10.18171/1.087110},
abstract = {Das Projekt EXTREMENESS verfolgte das Ziel, extreme Nordseesturmfluten zu identi-fizieren und zu beschreiben, die zum einen extrem unwahrscheinlich, zum anderen aber noch  physikalisch  plausibel  sind.  Darauf  aufbauend  wurden  in  einem  transdisziplinären  Ansatz mögliche Auswirkungen untersucht und diskutiert, welche Maßnahmen und Hand-lungsoptionen  im  Umgang  mit  solchen  Extremereignissen  existieren.  EXTREMENESS  leistet damit wichtige Beiträge zur Diskussion über Anpassung, Formen und Notwendig-keiten eines zukünftigen Küstenschutzes und Risikomanagements},
note = {Online available at: \url{https://doi.org/10.18171/1.087110} (DOI). Weisse, R.; Grabemann, I.; Gaslikova, L.; Meyer, E.; Tinz, B.; Fery, N.; Möller, T.; Rudolph, E.; Brodhagen, T.; Arns, A.; Jensen, J.; Ulm, M.; Ratter, B.; Schaper, J.: Extreme Nordseesturmfluten und mögliche Auswirkungen: Das EXTREMENESS Projekt. Die Küste. 2019. no. 87, 39-45. DOI: 10.18171/1.087110}}
@misc{divirgilio_evaluating_reanalysisdriven_2019, 
author={Di Virgilio, G.,Evans, J.P.,Di Luca, A.,Olsen, R.,Argueso, D.,Kala, J.,Andrys, J.,Hoffmann, P.,Katzfey, J.J.,Rockel, B.},
title={Evaluating reanalysis-driven CORDEX regional climate models over Australia: model performance and errors},
year={2019},
howpublished = {journal article},
doi = {https://doi.org/10.1007/s00382-019-04672-w},
abstract = {The ability of regional climate models (RCMs) to accurately simulate current and future climate is increasingly important for impact assessment. This is the first evaluation of all reanalysis-driven RCMs within the CORDEX Australasia framework [four configurations of the Weather Forecasting and Research (WRF) model, and single configurations of COSMO-CLM (CCLM) and the Conformal-Cubic Atmospheric Model (CCAM)] to simulate the historical climate of Australia (1981–2010) at 50 km resolution. Simulations of near-surface maximum and minimum temperature and precipitation were compared with gridded observations at annual, seasonal, and daily time scales. The spatial extent, sign, and statistical significance of biases varied markedly between the RCMs. However, all RCMs showed widespread, statistically significant cold biases in maximum temperature which were the largest during winter. This bias exceeded − 5 K for some WRF configurations, and was the lowest for CCLM at ± 2 K. Most WRF configurations and CCAM simulated minimum temperatures more accurately than maximum temperatures, with biases in the range of ± 1.5 K. RCMs overestimated precipitation, especially over Australia’s populous eastern seaboard. Strong negative correlations between mean monthly biases in precipitation and maximum temperature suggest that the maximum temperature cold bias is linked to precipitation overestimation. This analysis shows that the CORDEX Australasia ensemble is a valuable dataset for future impact studies, but improving the representation of land surface processes, and subsequently of surface temperatures, will improve RCM performance. The varying RCM capabilities identified here serve as a foundation for the development of future regional climate projections and impact assessments for Australia.},
note = {Online available at: \url{https://doi.org/10.1007/s00382-019-04672-w} (DOI). Di Virgilio, G.; Evans, J.; Di Luca, A.; Olsen, R.; Argueso, D.; Kala, J.; Andrys, J.; Hoffmann, P.; Katzfey, J.; Rockel, B.: Evaluating reanalysis-driven CORDEX regional climate models over Australia: model performance and errors. Climate Dynamics. 2019. vol. 53, 2985-3005. DOI: 10.1007/s00382-019-04672-w}}
@misc{green_large_influence_2019, 
author={Green, J.K.,Seneviratne, S.I.,Berg, A.M.,Findell, K.L.,Hagemann, S.,Lawrence, D.M.,Gentine, P.},
title={Large influence of soil moisture on long-term terrestrial carbon uptake},
year={2019},
howpublished = {journal article},
doi = {https://doi.org/10.1038/s41586-018-0848-x},
abstract = {Although the terrestrial biosphere absorbs about 25 per cent of anthropogenic carbon dioxide (CO2) emissions, the rate of land carbon uptake remains highly uncertain, leading to uncertainties in climate projections1,2. Understanding the factors that limit or drive land carbon storage is therefore important for improving climate predictions. One potential limiting factor for land carbon uptake is soil moisture, which can reduce gross primary production through ecosystem water stress3,4, cause vegetation mortality5 and further exacerbate climate extremes due to land–atmosphere feedbacks6. Previous work has explored the impact of soil-moisture availability on past carbon-flux variability3,7,8. However, the influence of soil-moisture variability and trends on the long-term carbon sink and the mechanisms responsible for associated carbon losses remain uncertain. Here we use the data output from four Earth system models9 from a series of experiments to analyse the responses of terrestrial net biome productivity to soil-moisture changes, and find that soil-moisture variability and trends induce large CO2 fluxes (about two to three gigatons of carbon per year; comparable with the land carbon sink itself1) throughout the twenty-first century. Subseasonal and interannual soil-moisture variability generate CO2 as a result of the nonlinear response of photosynthesis and net ecosystem exchange to soil-water availability and of the increased temperature and vapour pressure deficit caused by land–atmosphere interactions. Soil-moisture variability reduces the present land carbon sink, and its increase and drying trends in several regions are expected to reduce it further. Our results emphasize that the capacity of continents to act as a future carbon sink critically depends on the nonlinear response of carbon fluxes to soil moisture and on land–atmosphere interactions. This suggests that the increasing trend in carbon uptake rate may not be sustained past the middle of the century and could result in accelerated atmospheric CO2 growth.},
note = {Online available at: \url{https://doi.org/10.1038/s41586-018-0848-x} (DOI). Green, J.; Seneviratne, S.; Berg, A.; Findell, K.; Hagemann, S.; Lawrence, D.; Gentine, P.: Large influence of soil moisture on long-term terrestrial carbon uptake. Nature. 2019. vol. 565, 476-479. DOI: 10.1038/s41586-018-0848-x}}
@misc{staneva_synergy_between_2019, 
author={Staneva, J.,Behrens, A.,Gayer, G.,Aouf, L.},
title={Synergy between CMEMS products and newly available data from SENTINEL},
year={2019},
howpublished = {journal article},
doi = {https://doi.org/10.1080/1755876X.2019.1633075},
abstract = {This study explores the synergy between the CMEMS Monitoring and Forecasting Centres model products and the newly available satellite data. Working with these complementary sources of reliable information is useful not only for validation and assimilation purposes but also to explore in depth both the temporal and spatial scales of variability in European seas. The quality of the newly available Sentinel-3A (S3) data is assessed in comparison with data from Jason-3 (J3) at regional scales. The general performance of the wave products is very good and fairly similar compared to both satellite products. The assimilation of these satellite data in the global Monitoring and Forecasting Centres has indicated the skill of the system during storms generating high waves (Aouf ). The joined satellite and model analyses also demonstrates the capabilities of CMEMS as a whole, and the potential benefits of merging observational and modelled Copernicus products (Wiese et al. Behrens et al. ;).},
note = {Online available at: \url{https://doi.org/10.1080/1755876X.2019.1633075} (DOI). Staneva, J.; Behrens, A.; Gayer, G.; Aouf, L.: Synergy between CMEMS products and newly available data from SENTINEL. Journal of Operational Oceanography. 2019. vol. 12, no. 3, 52-55. DOI: 10.1080/1755876X.2019.1633075}}
@misc{vautard_evaluation_of_2019, 
author={Vautard, R.,Christidis, N.,Ciavarella, A.,Alvarez-Castro, C.,Bellprat, O.,Christiansen, B.,Colfescu, I.,Cowan, T.,Doblas-Reyes, F.,Eden, J.,Hauser, M.,Hegerl, G.,Hempelmann, N.,Klehmet, K.,Lott, F.,Nangini, C.,Orth, R.,Radanovics, S.,Seneviratne, S.I.,Oldenborgh, G.J.van,Stott, P.,Tett, S.,Wilcox, L.,Yiou, P.},
title={Evaluation of the HadGEM3-A simulations in view of detection and attribution of human influence on extreme events in Europe},
year={2019},
howpublished = {journal article},
doi = {https://doi.org/10.1007/s00382-018-4183-6},
abstract = {A detailed analysis is carried out to assess the HadGEM3-A global atmospheric model skill in simulating extreme temperatures, precipitation and storm surges in Europe in the view of their attribution to human influence. The analysis is performed based on an ensemble of 15 atmospheric simulations forced with observed sea surface temperature of the 54 year period 1960–2013. These simulations, together with dual simulations without human influence in the forcing, are intended to be used in weather and climate event attribution. The analysis investigates the main processes leading to extreme events, including atmospheric circulation patterns, their links with temperature extremes, land–atmosphere and troposphere-stratosphere interactions. It also compares observed and simulated variability, trends and generalized extreme value theory parameters for temperature and precipitation. One of the most striking findings is the ability of the model to capture North-Atlantic atmospheric weather regimes as obtained from a cluster analysis of sea level pressure fields. The model also reproduces the main observed weather patterns responsible for temperature and precipitation extreme events. However, biases are found in many physical processes. Slightly excessive drying may be the cause of an overestimated summer interannual variability and too intense heat waves, especially in central/northern Europe. However, this does not seem to hinder proper simulation of summer temperature trends. Cold extremes appear well simulated, as well as the underlying blocking frequency and stratosphere-troposphere interactions. Extreme precipitation amounts are overestimated and too variable. The atmospheric conditions leading to storm surges were also examined in the Baltics region. There, simulated weather conditions appear not to be leading to strong enough storm surges, but winds were found in very good agreement with reanalyses. The performance in reproducing atmospheric weather patterns indicates that biases mainly originate from local and regional physical processes. This makes local bias adjustment meaningful for climate change attribution.},
note = {Online available at: \url{https://doi.org/10.1007/s00382-018-4183-6} (DOI). Vautard, R.; Christidis, N.; Ciavarella, A.; Alvarez-Castro, C.; Bellprat, O.; Christiansen, B.; Colfescu, I.; Cowan, T.; Doblas-Reyes, F.; Eden, J.; Hauser, M.; Hegerl, G.; Hempelmann, N.; Klehmet, K.; Lott, F.; Nangini, C.; Orth, R.; Radanovics, S.; Seneviratne, S.; Oldenborgh, G.; Stott, P.; Tett, S.; Wilcox, L.; Yiou, P.: Evaluation of the HadGEM3-A simulations in view of detection and attribution of human influence on extreme events in Europe. Climate Dynamics. 2019. vol. 52, no. 1-2, 1187-1210. DOI: 10.1007/s00382-018-4183-6}}
@misc{wu_wave_effects_2019, 
author={Wu, L.,Staneva, J.,Breivik, Ø.,Rutgersson, A.,Nurser, A.,Clementi, E.,Madec, G.},
title={Wave effects on coastal upwelling and water level},
year={2019},
howpublished = {journal article},
doi = {https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ocemod.2019.101405},
abstract = {Traditional atmosphere, ocean and wave models are run independently of each other. This means that the energy and momentum fluxes do not fully account for the impact of the oceanic wave field at the air-sea interface. In this study, the Stokes drift impact on mass and tracer advection, the Stokes-Coriolis forcing, and the sea-state-dependent momentum and energy fluxes are introduced into an ocean circulation model and tested for a domain covering the Baltic Sea and the North Sea. Sensitivity experiments are designed to investigate the influence on the simulation of storms and Baltic Sea upwelling. Inclusion of wave effects improves the model performance compared with the stand-alone circulation model in terms of sea level height, temperature and circulation. The direct sea-state-dependent momentum and turbulent kinetic energy fluxes prove to be of higher importance than the Stokes drift related effects investigated in this study (i.e., Stokes-Coriolis forcing and Stokes drift advection on tracers and on mass). The latter affects the mass and tracer advection but largely balances the influence of the Stokes-Coriolis forcing. The upwelling frequency changes by >10% along the Swedish coast when wave effects are included. In general, the strong (weak) upwelling probability is reduced (increased) when adding the wave effects. From the results, we conclude that inclusion of wave effects can be important for regional, high-resolution ocean models even on short time scales, suggesting that they should be introduced in operational ocean circulation models. However, care should be taken when introducing the Stokes-Coriolis forcing as it should be balanced by the Stokes drift in mass and tracer advection.},
note = {Online available at: \url{https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ocemod.2019.101405} (DOI). Wu, L.; Staneva, J.; Breivik, Ø.; Rutgersson, A.; Nurser, A.; Clementi, E.; Madec, G.: Wave effects on coastal upwelling and water level. Ocean Modelling. 2019. vol. 140, 101405. DOI: 10.1016/j.ocemod.2019.101405}}
@misc{stopa_a_sampling_2019, 
author={Stopa, J.,Semedo, A.,Staneva, J.,Dobrynin, M.,Behrens, A.,Lemos, G.},
title={A sampling technique to compare climate simulations with sparse satellite observations: Performance evaluation of a CMIP5 EC-Earth forced dynamical wave climate ensemble with altimeter observations},
year={2019},
howpublished = {journal article},
doi = {https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ocemod.2018.12.002},
abstract = {Global climate simulations do not capture the exact time history, making it difficult to directly compare them with observations. In this study we simulate the sampling of altimeter observations from a seven-member wind and wave climate ensemble. This allows us to assess the skill of the climate simulations, relative to satellite observations instead of the typical approach which uses reanalysis or hindcast datasets as reference. Out of the sampling methods tested, we find that a systematic sampling technique performs the best. We then apply systematic sampling to wind fields from EC-Earth and wave fields generated using the wave model (WAM) to replicate the changing sampling of the satellite observations. Next we then quantitatively assess the climate simulations and find that the probability density functions (PDFs) computed from the EC-Earth wind speed samples match the shape of the PDFs obtained from the altimeter observations. EC-Earth consistently underestimates the wind speed with respect to the altimeter observations. Contrary to the wind speed underestimation, the wave simulations overestimate wave heights especially in the extra-tropics. The wind speed seasonality in EC-Earth is larger than the seasonality evaluated from altimeter wind observations while the opposite is true for the wave height seasonality; suggesting the wave physical parameterizations can be improved. We find that the wave height inter-annual variability of the modeled data is considerably less than the inter-annual variability evaluated from the altimeter observations; suggesting long-term climate variability is not well captured. Overall the wave ensemble captures the important features of the global wave climate. The methodology can be adapted to other climate simulations and observational datasets.},
note = {Online available at: \url{https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ocemod.2018.12.002} (DOI). Stopa, J.; Semedo, A.; Staneva, J.; Dobrynin, M.; Behrens, A.; Lemos, G.: A sampling technique to compare climate simulations with sparse satellite observations: Performance evaluation of a CMIP5 EC-Earth forced dynamical wave climate ensemble with altimeter observations. Ocean Modelling. 2019. vol. 134, 18-29. DOI: 10.1016/j.ocemod.2018.12.002}}
@misc{rudolph_analyse_extremer_2019, 
author={Rudolph, E.,Brodhagen, T.,Fery, N.,Gaslikova, L.,Grabemann, I.,Meyer, E.,Möller, T.,Tinz, B.,Weisse, R.},
title={Analyse extremer Sturmfluten an der deutschen Nordseeküste und ihrer möglichen Verstärkung},
year={2019},
howpublished = {journal article},
doi = {https://doi.org/10.18171/1.087111},
abstract = {Kenntnisse über mögliche Auswirkungen schwerer Sturmfluten sowie mögliche Änderun-gen im Zuge eines anthropogenen Klimawandels sind für die Planung des Küstenschutzes von großer Bedeutung. In EXTREMENESS werden aus einem umfangreichen Modellda-tensatz bestehend aus Reanalysen, Hindcasts und Klimaprojektionen für die Fokusregion Emsästuar Sturmflutereignisse extrahiert, die extrem selten und höchst unwahrscheinlich aber potentiell mit extremen Konsequenzen verbunden sein könnten. Diese ausgewählten extremen Sturmfluten sowie ihr Potential für eine mögliche Verstärkung durch z. B. unter-schiedliche  Wechselwirkungen  zwischen  Tidephase  und  Windentwicklung  oder  durch  einen  Meeresspiegelanstieg  werden mit  numerischen  Modellen  für  die  Nordsee  und  die  Ästuare von Ems und Elbe untersucht und Sturmflutkenngrößen entlang der Ästuare und besonders für die Region Emden analysiert.},
note = {Online available at: \url{https://doi.org/10.18171/1.087111} (DOI). Rudolph, E.; Brodhagen, T.; Fery, N.; Gaslikova, L.; Grabemann, I.; Meyer, E.; Möller, T.; Tinz, B.; Weisse, R.: Analyse extremer Sturmfluten an der deutschen Nordseeküste und ihrer möglichen Verstärkung. Die Küste. 2019. no. 87, 47-73. DOI: 10.18171/1.087111}}
@misc{liu_attributing_differences_2018, 
author={Liu, P.,Hogrefe, C.,Im, U.,Christensen, J.,Bieser, J.,Nopmongcol, U.,Yarwood, G.,Mathur, R.,Roselle, S.,Spero, T.},
title={Attributing differences in the fate of lateral boundary ozone in AQMEII3 models to physical process representations},
year={2018},
howpublished = {journal article},
doi = {https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-18-17157-2018},
abstract = {Increasing emphasis has been placed on characterizing the contributions and the uncertainties of ozone imported from outside the US. In chemical transport models (CTMs), the ozone transported through lateral boundaries (referred to as LB ozone hereafter) undergoes a series of physical and chemical processes in CTMs, which are important sources of the uncertainty in estimating the impact of LB ozone on ozone levels at the surface. By implementing inert tracers for LB ozone, the study seeks to better understand how differing representations of physical processes in regional CTMs may lead to differences in the simulated LB ozone that eventually reaches the surface across the US. For all the simulations in this study (including WRF∕CMAQ, WRF∕CAMx, COSMO-CLM∕CMAQ, and WRF∕DEHM), three chemically inert tracers that generally represent the altitude ranges of the planetary boundary layer (BC1), free troposphere (BC2), and upper troposphere–lower stratosphere (BC3) are tracked to assess the simulated impact of LB specification.,Comparing WRF∕CAMx with WRF∕CMAQ, their differences in vertical grid structure explain 10 %–60 % of their seasonally averaged differences in inert tracers at the surface. Vertical turbulent mixing is the primary contributor to the remaining differences in inert tracers across the US in all seasons. Stronger vertical mixing in WRF∕CAMx brings more BC2 downward, leading to higher BCT (BCT=BC1+BC2+BC3,) and BC2∕BCT at the surface in WRF∕CAMx. Meanwhile, the differences in inert tracers due to vertical mixing are partially counteracted by their difference in sub-grid cloud mixing over the southeastern US and the Gulf Coast region during summer. The process of dry deposition adds extra gradients to the spatial distribution of the differences in DM8A BCT by 5–10 ppb during winter and summer.,COSMO-CLM∕CMAQ and WRF∕CMAQ show similar performance in inert tracers both at the surface and aloft through most seasons, which suggests similarity between the two models at process level. The largest difference is found in summer. Sub-grid cloud mixing plays a primary role in their differences in inert tracers over the southeastern US and the oceans in summer. Our analysis of the vertical profiles of inert tracers also suggests that the model differences in dry deposition over certain regions are offset by the model differences in vertical turbulent mixing, leading to small differences in inert tracers at the surface in these regions.},
note = {Online available at: \url{https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-18-17157-2018} (DOI). Liu, P.; Hogrefe, C.; Im, U.; Christensen, J.; Bieser, J.; Nopmongcol, U.; Yarwood, G.; Mathur, R.; Roselle, S.; Spero, T.: Attributing differences in the fate of lateral boundary ozone in AQMEII3 models to physical process representations. Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics. 2018. vol. 18, no. 23, 17157-17175. DOI: 10.5194/acp-18-17157-2018}}
@misc{slemr_mercury_distribution_2018, 
author={Slemr, F.,Weigelt, A.,Ebinghaus, R.,Bieser, J.,Brenninkmeijer, C.,Rauthe-Schöch, A.,Hermann, M.,Martinsson, B.,van Velthoven, P.,Bönisch, H.,Neumaier, M.,Zahn, A.,Ziereis, H.},
title={Mercury distribution in the upper troposphere and lowermost stratosphere according to measurements by the IAGOS-CARIBIC observatory: 2014–2016},
year={2018},
howpublished = {journal article},
doi = {https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-18-12329-2018},
abstract = {Mercury was measured onboard the IAGOS-CARIBIC passenger aircraft from May 2005 until February 2016 during near monthly sequences of mostly four intercontinental flights from Germany to destinations in North and South America, Africa and South and East Asia. Most of these mercury data were obtained using an internal default signal integration procedure of the Tekran instrument but since April 2014 more precise and accurate data were obtained using post-flight manual integration of the instrument raw signal. In this paper we use the latter data.,Increased upper tropospheric total mercury (TM) concentrations due to large scale biomass burning were observed in the upper troposphere (UT) at the equator and southern latitudes during the flights to Latin America and South Africa in boreal autumn (SON) and boreal winter (DJF). TM concentrations in the lowermost stratosphere (LMS) decrease with altitude above the thermal tropopause but the gradient is less steep than reported before. Seasonal variation of the vertical TM distribution in the UT and LMS is similar to that of other trace gases with surface sources and stratospheric sinks. Speciation experiments suggest comparable TM and gaseous elementary mercury (GEM) concentrations at and below the tropopause leaving little space for Hg2+ (TM − GEM) being the dominating component of TM here. In the stratosphere significant GEM concentrations were found to exist up to 4 km altitude above the thermal tropopause. Correlations with N2O as a reference tracer suggest stratospheric lifetimes of 72±37 and 74±27 years for TM and GEM, respectively, comparable to the stratospheric lifetime of COS. This coincidence, combined with pieces of evidence from us and other researchers, corroborates the hypothesis that Hg2+ formed by oxidation in the stratosphere attaches to sulfate particles formed mainly by oxidation of COS and is removed with them from the stratosphere by air mass exchange, gravitational sedimentation and cloud scavenging processes.},
note = {Online available at: \url{https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-18-12329-2018} (DOI). Slemr, F.; Weigelt, A.; Ebinghaus, R.; Bieser, J.; Brenninkmeijer, C.; Rauthe-Schöch, A.; Hermann, M.; Martinsson, B.; van Velthoven, P.; Bönisch, H.; Neumaier, M.; Zahn, A.; Ziereis, H.: Mercury distribution in the upper troposphere and lowermost stratosphere according to measurements by the IAGOS-CARIBIC observatory: 2014–2016. Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics. 2018. vol. 18, no. 16, 12329-12343. DOI: 10.5194/acp-18-12329-2018}}
@misc{astitha_seasonal_ozone_2018, 
author={Astitha, M.,Kioutsioukis, I.,Araya Fisseha, G.,Bianconi, R.,Bieser, J.,Christensen, J.H.,Cooper, O.R.,Galmarini, S.,Hogrefe, C.,Im, U.,Johnson, B.,Liu, P.,Nopmongcol, U.,Petropavlovskikh, I.,Solazzo, E.,Tarasick, D.W.,Yarwood, G.},
title={Seasonal ozone vertical profiles over North America using the AQMEII3 group of air quality models: model inter-comparison and stratospheric intrusions},
year={2018},
howpublished = {journal article},
doi = {https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-18-13925-2018},
abstract = {This study evaluates simulated vertical ozone profiles produced in the framework of the third phase of the Air Quality Model Evaluation International Initiative (AQMEII3) against ozonesonde observations in North America for the year 2010. Four research groups from the United States (US) and Europe have provided modeled ozone vertical profiles to conduct this analysis. Because some of the modeling systems differ in their meteorological drivers, wind speed and temperature are also included in the analysis. In addition to the seasonal ozone profile evaluation for 2010, we also analyze chemically inert tracers designed to track the influence of lateral boundary conditions on simulated ozone profiles within the modeling domain. Finally, cases of stratospheric ozone intrusions during May–June 2010 are investigated by analyzing ozonesonde measurements and the corresponding model simulations at Intercontinental Chemical Transport Experiment Ozonesonde Network Study (IONS) experiment sites in the western United States. The evaluation of the seasonal ozone profiles reveals that, at a majority of the stations, ozone mixing ratios are underestimated in the 1–6 km range. The seasonal change noted in the errors follows the one seen in the variance of ozone mixing ratios, with the majority of the models exhibiting less variability than the observations. The analysis of chemically inert tracers highlights the importance of lateral boundary conditions up to 250 hPa for the lower-tropospheric ozone mixing ratios (0–2 km). Finally, for the stratospheric intrusions, the models are generally able to reproduce the location and timing of most intrusions but underestimate the magnitude of the maximum mixing ratios in the 2–6 km range and overestimate ozone up to the first kilometer possibly due to marine air influences that are not accurately described by the models. The choice of meteorological driver appears to be a greater predictor of model skill in this altitude range than the choice of air quality model.},
note = {Online available at: \url{https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-18-13925-2018} (DOI). Astitha, M.; Kioutsioukis, I.; Araya Fisseha, G.; Bianconi, R.; Bieser, J.; Christensen, J.; Cooper, O.; Galmarini, S.; Hogrefe, C.; Im, U.; Johnson, B.; Liu, P.; Nopmongcol, U.; Petropavlovskikh, I.; Solazzo, E.; Tarasick, D.; Yarwood, G.: Seasonal ozone vertical profiles over North America using the AQMEII3 group of air quality models: model inter-comparison and stratospheric intrusions. Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics. 2018. vol. 18, no. 19, 13925-13945. DOI: 10.5194/acp-18-13925-2018}}
@misc{vivanco_modeled_deposition_2018, 
author={Vivanco, M.G.,Theobald, M.R.,García-Gómez, H.,Luis Garrido, J.,Prank, M.,Aas, W.,Adani, M.,Alyuz, U.,Andersson, C.,Bellasio, R.,Bessagnet, B.,Bianconi, R.,Bieser, J.,Brandt, J.,Briganti, G.,Cappelletti, A.,Curci, G.,Christensen, J.H.,Colette, A.,Couvidat, F.,Cuvelier, C.,D'Isidoro, M.,Flemming, J.,Fraser, A.,Geels, C.,Hansen, K.M.,Hogrefe, C.,Im, U.,Jorba, O.,Kitwiroon, N.,Manders, A.,Mircea, M.,Otero, N.,Pay, M.-T.,Pozzoli, L.,Solazzo, E.,Tsyro, S.,Unal, A.,Wind, P.,Galmarini, S.},
title={Modeled deposition of nitrogen and sulfur in Europe estimated by 14 air quality model systems: evaluation, effects of changes in emissions and implications for habitat protection},
year={2018},
howpublished = {journal article},
doi = {https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-18-10199-2018},
abstract = {The evaluation and intercomparison of air quality models is key to reducing model errors and uncertainty. The projects AQMEII3 and EURODELTA-Trends, in the framework of the Task Force on Hemispheric Transport of Air Pollutants and the Task Force on Measurements and Modelling, respectively (both task forces under the UNECE Convention on the Long Range Transport of Air Pollution, LTRAP), have brought together various regional air quality models to analyze their performance in terms of air concentrations and wet deposition, as well as to address other specific objectives.,This paper jointly examines the results from both project communities by intercomparing and evaluating the deposition estimates of reduced and oxidized nitrogen (N) and sulfur (S) in Europe simulated by 14 air quality model systems for the year 2010. An accurate estimate of deposition is key to an accurate simulation of atmospheric concentrations. In addition, deposition fluxes are increasingly being used to estimate ecological impacts. It is therefore important to know by how much model results differ and how well they agree with observed values, at least when comparison with observations is possible, such as in the case of wet deposition.,This study reveals a large variability between the wet deposition estimates of the models, with some performing acceptably (according to previously defined criteria) and others underestimating wet deposition rates. For dry deposition, there are also considerable differences between the model estimates. An ensemble of the models with the best performance for N wet deposition was made and used to explore the implications of N deposition in the conservation of protected European habitats. Exceedances of empirical critical loads were calculated for the most common habitats at a resolution of 100  ×  100 m2 within the Natura 2000 network, and the habitats with the largest areas showing exceedances are determined.,Moreover, simulations with reduced emissions in selected source areas indicated a fairly linear relationship between reductions in emissions and changes in the deposition rates of N and S. An approximate 20 % reduction in N and S deposition in Europe is found when emissions at a global scale are reduced by the same amount. European emissions are by far the main contributor to deposition in Europe, whereas the reduction in deposition due to a decrease in emissions in North America is very small and confined to the western part of the domain. Reductions in European emissions led to substantial decreases in the protected habitat areas with critical load exceedances (halving the exceeded area for certain habitats), whereas no change was found, on average, when reducing North American emissions in terms of average values per habitat.},
note = {Online available at: \url{https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-18-10199-2018} (DOI). Vivanco, M.; Theobald, M.; García-Gómez, H.; Luis Garrido, J.; Prank, M.; Aas, W.; Adani, M.; Alyuz, U.; Andersson, C.; Bellasio, R.; Bessagnet, B.; Bianconi, R.; Bieser, J.; Brandt, J.; Briganti, G.; Cappelletti, A.; Curci, G.; Christensen, J.; Colette, A.; Couvidat, F.; Cuvelier, C.; D'Isidoro, M.; Flemming, J.; Fraser, A.; Geels, C.; Hansen, K.; Hogrefe, C.; Im, U.; Jorba, O.; Kitwiroon, N.; Manders, A.; Mircea, M.; Otero, N.; Pay, M.; Pozzoli, L.; Solazzo, E.; Tsyro, S.; Unal, A.; Wind, P.; Galmarini, S.: Modeled deposition of nitrogen and sulfur in Europe estimated by 14 air quality model systems: evaluation, effects of changes in emissions and implications for habitat protection. Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics. 2018. vol. 18, no. 14, 10199-10218. DOI: 10.5194/acp-18-10199-2018}}
@misc{im_assessment_and_2018, 
author={Im, U.,Brandt, J.,Geels, C.,Hansen, K.M.,Christensen, J.H.,Andersen, M.S.,Solazzo, E.,Kioutsioukis, I.,Alyuz, U.,Balzarini, A.,Baro, R.,Bellasio, R.,Bianconi, R.,Bieser, J.,Colette, A.,Curci, G.,Farrow, A.,Flemming, J.,Fraser, A.,Jimenez-Guerrero, P.,Kitwiroon, N.,Liang, C.-K.,Nopmongcol, U.,Pirovano, G.,Pozzoli, L.,Prank, M.,Rose, R.,Sokhi, R.,Tuccella, P.,Unal, A.,Garcia Vivanco, M.,West, J.,Yarwood, G.,Hogrefe, C.,Galmarini, S.},
title={Assessment and economic valuation of air pollution impacts on human health over Europe and the United States as calculated by a multi-model ensemble in the framework of AQMEII3},
year={2018},
howpublished = {journal article},
doi = {https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-18-5967-2018},
abstract = {The impact of air pollution on human health and the associated external costs in Europe and the United States (US) for the year 2010 are modeled by a multi-model ensemble of regional models in the frame of the third phase of the Air Quality Modelling Evaluation International Initiative (AQMEII3). The modeled surface concentrations of O3, CO, SO2 and PM2.5 are used as input to the Economic Valuation of Air Pollution (EVA) system to calculate the resulting health impacts and the associated external costs from each individual model. Along with a base case simulation, additional runs were performed introducing 20 % anthropogenic emission reductions both globally and regionally in Europe, North America and east Asia, as defined by the second phase of the Task Force on Hemispheric Transport of Air Pollution (TF-HTAP2).,Health impacts estimated by using concentration inputs from different chemistry–transport models (CTMs) to the EVA system can vary up to a factor of 3 in Europe (12 models) and the United States (3 models). In Europe, the multi-model mean total number of premature deaths (acute and chronic) is calculated to be 414 000, while in the US, it is estimated to be 160 000, in agreement with previous global and regional studies. The economic valuation of these health impacts is calculated to be EUR 300 billion and 145 billion in Europe and the US, respectively. A subset of models that produce the smallest error compared to the surface observations at each time step against an all-model mean ensemble results in increase of health impacts by up to 30 % in Europe, while in the US, the optimal ensemble mean led to a decrease in the calculated health impacts by  ∼  11 %.,A total of 54 000 and 27 500 premature deaths can be avoided by a 20 % reduction of global anthropogenic emissions in Europe and the US, respectively. A 20 % reduction of North American anthropogenic emissions avoids a total of  ∼  1000 premature deaths in Europe and 25 000 total premature deaths in the US. A 20 % decrease of anthropogenic emissions within the European source region avoids a total of 47 000 premature deaths in Europe. Reducing the east Asian anthropogenic emissions by 20 % avoids  ∼  2000 total premature deaths in the US. These results show that the domestic anthropogenic emissions make the largest impacts on premature deaths on a continental scale, while foreign sources make a minor contribution to adverse impacts of air pollution.},
note = {Online available at: \url{https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-18-5967-2018} (DOI). Im, U.; Brandt, J.; Geels, C.; Hansen, K.; Christensen, J.; Andersen, M.; Solazzo, E.; Kioutsioukis, I.; Alyuz, U.; Balzarini, A.; Baro, R.; Bellasio, R.; Bianconi, R.; Bieser, J.; Colette, A.; Curci, G.; Farrow, A.; Flemming, J.; Fraser, A.; Jimenez-Guerrero, P.; Kitwiroon, N.; Liang, C.; Nopmongcol, U.; Pirovano, G.; Pozzoli, L.; Prank, M.; Rose, R.; Sokhi, R.; Tuccella, P.; Unal, A.; Garcia Vivanco, M.; West, J.; Yarwood, G.; Hogrefe, C.; Galmarini, S.: Assessment and economic valuation of air pollution impacts on human health over Europe and the United States as calculated by a multi-model ensemble in the framework of AQMEII3. Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics. 2018. vol. 18, no. 8, 5967-5989. DOI: 10.5194/acp-18-5967-2018}}
@misc{im_influence_of_2018, 
author={Im, U.,Christensen, J.H.,Geels, C.,Hansen, K.M.,Brandt, J.,Solazzo, E.,Alyuz, U.,Balzarini, A.,Baro, R.,Bellasio, R.,Bianconi, R.,Bieser, J.,Colette, A.,Curci, G.,Farrow, A.,Flemming, J.,Fraser, A.,Jimenez-Guerrero, P.,Kitwiroon, N.,Liu, P.,Nopmongcol, U.,Palacios-Peña, L.,Pirovano, G.,Pozzoli, L.,Prank, M.,Rose, R.,Sokhi, R.,Tuccella, P.,Unal, A.,Vivanco, M.G.,Yarwood, G.,Hogrefe, C.,Galmarini, S.},
title={Influence of anthropogenic emissions and boundary conditions on multi-model simulations of major air pollutants over Europe and North America in the framework of AQMEII3},
year={2018},
howpublished = {journal article},
doi = {https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-18-8929-2018},
abstract = {In the framework of the third phase of the Air Quality Model Evaluation International Initiative (AQMEII3), and as contribution to the second phase of the Hemispheric Transport of Air Pollution (HTAP2) activities for Europe and North America, the impacts of a 20 % decrease of global and regional anthropogenic emissions on surface air pollutant levels in 2010 are simulated by an international community of regional-scale air quality modeling groups, using different state-of-the-art chemistry and transport models (CTMs). The emission perturbations at the global level, as well as over the HTAP2-defined regions of Europe, North America and East Asia, are first simulated by the global Composition Integrated Forecasting System (C-IFS) model from European Centre for Medium-Range Weather Forecasts (ECMWF), which provides boundary conditions to the various regional CTMs participating in AQMEII3. On top of the perturbed boundary conditions, the regional CTMs used the same set of perturbed emissions within the regional domain for the different perturbation scenarios that introduce a 20 % reduction of anthropogenic emissions globally as well as over the HTAP2-defined regions of Europe, North America and East Asia.,Results show that the largest impacts over both domains are simulated in response to the global emission perturbation, mainly due to the impact of domestic emission reductions. The responses of NO2, SO2 and PM concentrations to a 20 % anthropogenic emission reduction are almost linear (∼ 20 % decrease) within the global perturbation scenario with, however, large differences in the geographical distribution of the effect. NO2, CO and SO2 levels are strongly affected over the emission hot spots. O3 levels generally decrease in all scenarios by up to ∼ 1 % over Europe, with increases over the hot spot regions, in particular in the Benelux region, by an increase up to ∼ 6 % due to the reduced effect of NOx titration. O3 daily maximum of 8 h running average decreases in all scenarios over Europe, by up to ∼ 1 %. Over the North American domain, the central-to-eastern part and the western coast of the US experience the largest response to emission perturbations. Similar but slightly smaller responses are found when domestic emissions are reduced. The impact of intercontinental transport is relatively small over both domains, however, still noticeable particularly close to the boundaries. The impact is noticeable up to a few percent, for the western parts of the North American domain in response to the emission reductions over East Asia. O3 daily maximum of 8 h running average decreases in all scenarios over north Europe by up to ∼ 5 %. Much larger reductions are calculated over North America compared to Europe.,In addition, values of the Response to Extra-Regional Emission Reductions (RERER) metric have been calculated in order to quantify the differences in the strengths of non-local source contributions to different species among the different models. We found large RERER values for O3 (∼ 0.8) over both Europe and North America, indicating a large contribution from non-local sources, while for other pollutants including particles, low RERER values reflect a predominant control by local sources. A distinct seasonal variation in the local vs. non-local contributions has been found for both O3 and PM2.5, particularly reflecting the springtime long-range transport to both continents.},
note = {Online available at: \url{https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-18-8929-2018} (DOI). Im, U.; Christensen, J.; Geels, C.; Hansen, K.; Brandt, J.; Solazzo, E.; Alyuz, U.; Balzarini, A.; Baro, R.; Bellasio, R.; Bianconi, R.; Bieser, J.; Colette, A.; Curci, G.; Farrow, A.; Flemming, J.; Fraser, A.; Jimenez-Guerrero, P.; Kitwiroon, N.; Liu, P.; Nopmongcol, U.; Palacios-Peña, L.; Pirovano, G.; Pozzoli, L.; Prank, M.; Rose, R.; Sokhi, R.; Tuccella, P.; Unal, A.; Vivanco, M.; Yarwood, G.; Hogrefe, C.; Galmarini, S.: Influence of anthropogenic emissions and boundary conditions on multi-model simulations of major air pollutants over Europe and North America in the framework of AQMEII3. Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics. 2018. vol. 18, no. 12, 8929-8952. DOI: 10.5194/acp-18-8929-2018}}
@misc{galmarini_twoscale_multimodel_2018, 
author={Galmarini, S.,Kioutsioukis, I.,Solazzo, E.,Alyuz, U.,Balzarini, A.,Bellasio, R.,Benedictow, A.M.K.,Bianconi, R.,Bieser, J.,Brandt, J.,Christensen, J.H.,Colette, A.,Curci, G.,Davila, Y.,Dong, X.,Flemming, J.,Francis, X.,Fraser, A.,Fu, J.,Henze, D.K.,Hogrefe, C.,Im, U.,Vivanco, M.G.,Jiménez-Guerrero, P.,Jonson, J.E.,Kitwiroon, N.,Manders, A.,Mathur, R.,Palacios-Peña, L.,Pirovano, G.,Pozzoli, L.,Prank, M.,Schultz, M.,Sokhi, R.S.,Sudo, K.,Tuccella, P.,Takemura, T.,Sekiya, T.,Unal, A.},
title={Two-scale multi-model ensemble: is a hybrid ensemble of opportunity telling us more?},
year={2018},
howpublished = {journal article},
doi = {https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-18-8727-2018},
abstract = {In this study we introduce a hybrid ensemble consisting of air quality models operating at both the global and regional scale. The work is motivated by the fact that these different types of models treat specific portions of the atmospheric spectrum with different levels of detail, and it is hypothesized that their combination can generate an ensemble that performs better than mono-scale ensembles. A detailed analysis of the hybrid ensemble is carried out in the attempt to investigate this hypothesis and determine the real benefit it produces compared to ensembles constructed from only global-scale or only regional-scale models. The study utilizes 13 regional and 7 global models participating in the Hemispheric Transport of Air Pollutants phase 2 (HTAP2)–Air Quality Model Evaluation International Initiative phase 3 (AQMEII3) activity and focuses on surface ozone concentrations over Europe for the year 2010. Observations from 405 monitoring rural stations are used for the evaluation of the ensemble performance. The analysis first compares the modelled and measured power spectra of all models and then assesses the properties of the mono-scale ensembles, particularly their level of redundancy, in order to inform the process of constructing the hybrid ensemble. This study has been conducted in the attempt to identify that the improvements obtained by the hybrid ensemble relative to the mono-scale ensembles can be attributed to its hybrid nature. The improvements are visible in a slight increase of the diversity (4 % for the hourly time series, 10 % for the daily maximum time series) and a smaller improvement of the accuracy compared to diversity. Root mean square error (RMSE) improved by 13–16 % compared to G and by 2–3 % compared to R. Probability of detection (POD) and false-alarm rate (FAR) show a remarkable improvement, with a steep increase in the largest POD values and smallest values of FAR across the concentration ranges. The results show that the optimal set is constructed from an equal number of global and regional models at only 15 % of the stations. This implies that for the majority of the cases the regional-scale set of models governs the ensemble. However given the high degree of redundancy that characterizes the regional-scale models, no further improvement could be expected in the ensemble performance by adding yet more regional models to it. Therefore the improvement obtained with the hybrid set can confidently be attributed to the different nature of the global models. The study strongly reaffirms the importance of an in-depth inspection of any ensemble of opportunity in order to extract the maximum amount of information and to have full control over the data used in the construction of the ensemble.},
note = {Online available at: \url{https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-18-8727-2018} (DOI). Galmarini, S.; Kioutsioukis, I.; Solazzo, E.; Alyuz, U.; Balzarini, A.; Bellasio, R.; Benedictow, A.; Bianconi, R.; Bieser, J.; Brandt, J.; Christensen, J.; Colette, A.; Curci, G.; Davila, Y.; Dong, X.; Flemming, J.; Francis, X.; Fraser, A.; Fu, J.; Henze, D.; Hogrefe, C.; Im, U.; Vivanco, M.; Jiménez-Guerrero, P.; Jonson, J.; Kitwiroon, N.; Manders, A.; Mathur, R.; Palacios-Peña, L.; Pirovano, G.; Pozzoli, L.; Prank, M.; Schultz, M.; Sokhi, R.; Sudo, K.; Tuccella, P.; Takemura, T.; Sekiya, T.; Unal, A.: Two-scale multi-model ensemble: is a hybrid ensemble of opportunity telling us more?. Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics. 2018. vol. 18, no. 12, 8727-8744. DOI: 10.5194/acp-18-8727-2018}}
@misc{kudrass_sediment_transport_2018, 
author={Kudrass, H.,Machalett, B.,Palamenghi, L.,Meyer, I.,Zhang, W.},
title={Sediment transport by tropical cyclones recorded in a submarine canyon off Bangladesh},
year={2018},
howpublished = {journal article},
doi = {https://doi.org/10.1007/s00367-018-0550-x},
abstract = {Frequent cyclones originating in the Bay of Bengal landfall on the delta coast of the Ganges and Brahmaputra rivers. The cyclones are well recorded in the sediments of a canyon that is deeply incised into the shelf offshore Bangladesh. The large mud supply by the two rivers forms temporary deposits on the innermost shelf, where they are mobilized by waves and currents during the passage of cyclones. The resulting, highly concentrated fine sand-silt-clay suspension is moved by wind-induced currents and eventually plunges into the shelf canyon. These gravity flows are deposited as graded beds on the broad canyon floor. In a 362-cm-long section of a dated sediment core covering the period from 2006 to 1985, nearly all 59 graded beds can be correlated with 42 cyclones observed in that period. The threefold decrease in the sedimentation rate of the last decade compared to the period from 1994 to 1954 is due to the decreased number and power of cyclones. Compared to the sediment transfer by cyclones, the input by local sediment slumps, tidal currents, and monsoonal floods is small. Thus, cyclones dominate the mobilization and distribution of sediment on the Bangladesh shelf. This sediment dispersal mechanism is probably also typical for other shelf areas crossed by tropical cyclones.},
note = {Online available at: \url{https://doi.org/10.1007/s00367-018-0550-x} (DOI). Kudrass, H.; Machalett, B.; Palamenghi, L.; Meyer, I.; Zhang, W.: Sediment transport by tropical cyclones recorded in a submarine canyon off Bangladesh. Geo-Marine Letters. 2018. vol. 38, 481-496. DOI: 10.1007/s00367-018-0550-x}}
@misc{ganske_identification_of_2018, 
author={Ganske, A.,Fery, N.,Gaslikova, L.,Grabemann, I.,Weisse, R.,Tinz, B.},
title={Identification of extreme storm surges with high-impact potential along the German North Sea coastline},
year={2018},
howpublished = {journal article},
doi = {https://doi.org/10.1007/s10236-018-1190-4},
abstract = {Planning and design of coastal protection rely on information about the probabilities of very severe storm tides and the possible changes that may occur in the course of climate change. So far, this information is mostly provided in the form of high percentiles obtained from frequency distributions or return values. More detailed information and assessments of events that may cause extreme damages or have extreme consequences at the coast are so far still unavailable. We describe and compare two different approaches that may be used to identify highly unlikely but still physically possible and plausible events from model simulations. Firstly, in the case when consistent wind and tide-surge data are available, different metrics such as the height of the storm surge can be derived directly from the simulated water levels. Secondly, in cases where only atmospheric data are available, the so called effective wind may be used. The latter is the projection of the horizontal wind vector on that direction which is most effective in producing surges at the coast. Comparison of events identified by both methods show that they can identify extreme events but that knowledge of the effective wind alone does not provide sufficient information to identify the highest storm surges. Tracks of the low-pressure systems over the North Sea need to be investigated to find those cases, where the duration of the high wind is too short to induce extreme storm tides. On the other hand, factors such as external surges or variability in mean sea level may enhance surge heights and are not accounted for in estimates based on effective winds only. Results from the analysis of an extended data set suggest that unprecedented storm surges at the German North Sea coast are possible even without taking effects from rising mean sea level into account. The work presented is part of the ongoing project “Extreme North Sea Storm Surges and Their Consequences” (EXTREMENESS) and represents the first step towards an impact assessment for very severe storm surges which will serve as a basis for development of adaptation options and evaluation criteria.},
note = {Online available at: \url{https://doi.org/10.1007/s10236-018-1190-4} (DOI). Ganske, A.; Fery, N.; Gaslikova, L.; Grabemann, I.; Weisse, R.; Tinz, B.: Identification of extreme storm surges with high-impact potential along the German North Sea coastline. Ocean Dynamics. 2018. vol. 68, no. 10, 1371-1382. DOI: 10.1007/s10236-018-1190-4}}
@misc{gerkensmeier_managing_coastal_2018, 
author={Gerkensmeier, B.,Ratter, B.M.W.,Vollmer, M.,Walsh, C.},
title={Managing coastal risks at the Wadden Sea: a societal perspective},
year={2018},
howpublished = {journal article},
doi = {https://doi.org/10.1108/DPM-04-2017-0074},
abstract = {Purpose:,The trilateral Wadden Sea Region (WSR), extending from Den Helder in the Netherlands, along the German North Sea coast, to Esbjerg in Denmark, constitutes a unique but vulnerable coastal landscape. Vulnerability to environmental and societal risks is expected to increase in coming decades with encompassing new challenges such as demographic changes and conflicting uses of space, both on land and at sea. Meeting these challenges will require a shift toward an understanding of risk management as a social process, marking a significant departure from the dominant technical risk management paradigm. The paper aims to discuss these issues.,Design/methodology/approach:,In practice, this paradigm shift requires participatory stakeholder engagement, bringing together multiple and diverse perspectives, interests and concerns. This paper aims to support the implementation and expansion of enhanced social processes in coastal risk management by presenting a case study of participatory risk management process. Implemented in collaboration with a trilateral stakeholder partnership, the authors present a mixed-method approach which encouraged a joint, deliberate approach to environmental and societal risks within an overall framework.,Findings:,The results enable the authors to deduce implications of participatory risk management processes for the WSR, wherein the partnership can act as a communicator and ambassador for an improved understanding of risk management as a social process.,Originality/value:,In this context, the trilateral dimension, discussed here for the first time in relation with coastal risk management processes in the WSR, is emphasized as an efficient level that offers room for enhanced participatory and negotiation processes that are crucial for enhanced risk management processes.},
note = {Online available at: \url{https://doi.org/10.1108/DPM-04-2017-0074} (DOI). Gerkensmeier, B.; Ratter, B.; Vollmer, M.; Walsh, C.: Managing coastal risks at the Wadden Sea: a societal perspective. Disaster Prevention and Management. 2018. vol. 27, no. 1, 15-27. DOI: 10.1108/DPM-04-2017-0074}}
@misc{michels_rapid_aggregation_2018, 
author={Michels, J.,Stippkugel, A.,Lenz, M.,Wirtz, K.,Engel, A.},
title={Rapid aggregation of biofilm-covered microplastics with marine biogenic particles},
year={2018},
howpublished = {journal article},
doi = {https://doi.org/10.1098/rspb.2018.1203},
abstract = {Ocean plastic pollution has resulted in a substantial accumulation of microplastics in the marine environment. Today, this plastic litter is ubiquitous in the oceans, including even remote habitats such as deep-sea sediments and polar sea ice, and it is believed to pose a threat to ecosystem health. However, the concentration of microplastics in the surface layer of the oceans is considerably lower than expected, given the ongoing replenishment of microplastics and the tendency of many plastic types to float. It has been hypothesized that microplastics leave the upper ocean by aggregation and subsequent sedimentation. We tested this hypothesis by investigating the interactions of microplastics with marine biogenic particles collected in the southwestern Baltic Sea. Our laboratory experiments revealed a large potential of microplastics to rapidly coagulate with biogenic particles, which substantiates this hypothesis. Together with the biogenic particles, the microplastics efficiently formed pronounced aggregates within a few days. The aggregation of microplastics and biogenic particles was significantly accelerated by microbial biofilms that had formed on the plastic surfaces. We assume that the demonstrated aggregation behaviour facilitates the export of microplastics from the surface layer of the oceans and plays an important role in the redistribution of microplastics in the oceans.},
note = {Online available at: \url{https://doi.org/10.1098/rspb.2018.1203} (DOI). Michels, J.; Stippkugel, A.; Lenz, M.; Wirtz, K.; Engel, A.: Rapid aggregation of biofilm-covered microplastics with marine biogenic particles. Proceedings of the Royal Society  B. 2018. vol. 285, no. 1885, 20181203. DOI: 10.1098/rspb.2018.1203}}
@misc{storch_the_concept_2018, 
author={Storch, H.v.,Cavicchia, L.,Feser, F.,Li, D.},
title={The Concept of Large-Scale Conditioning of Climate Model Simulations of Atmospheric Coastal Dynamics: Current State and Perspectives},
year={2018},
howpublished = {journal article},
doi = {https://doi.org/10.3390/atmos9090337},
abstract = {We review the state of dynamical downscaling with scale-constrained regional and global models. The methodology, in particular spectral nudging, has become a routine and well-researched tool for hindcasting climatologies of sub-synoptic atmospheric disturbances in coastal regions. At present, the spectrum of applications is expanding to other phenomena, but also to ocean dynamics and to extended forecasting. Additionally, new diagnostic challenges are appearing such as spatial characteristics of small-scale phenomena such as Low Level Jets.},
note = {Online available at: \url{https://doi.org/10.3390/atmos9090337} (DOI). Storch, H.; Cavicchia, L.; Feser, F.; Li, D.: The Concept of Large-Scale Conditioning of Climate Model Simulations of Atmospheric Coastal Dynamics: Current State and Perspectives. Atmosphere. 2018. vol. 9, no. 9, 337. DOI: 10.3390/atmos9090337}}
@misc{zahn_trends_of_2018, 
author={Zahn, M.,Akperov, M.,Rinke, A.,Feser, F.,Mokhov, I.I.},
title={Trends of Cyclone Characteristics in the Arctic and Their Patterns From Different Reanalysis Data},
year={2018},
howpublished = {journal article},
doi = {https://doi.org/10.1002/2017JD027439},
abstract = {Cyclones in the Arctic are detected and tracked in four different reanalysis data sets from 1981 to 2010. In great detail the spatial and seasonal patterns of changes are scrutinized with regards to their frequencies, depths, and sizes. We find common spatial patterns for their occurrences, with centers of main activity over the seas in winter, and more activity over land and over the North Pole in summer. The deep cyclones are more frequent in winter, and the number of weak cyclones peaks in summer. Overall, we find a good agreement of our tracking results across the different reanalyses. Regarding the frequency changes, we find strong decreases in the Barents Sea and along the Russian coast toward the North Pole and increases over most of the central Arctic Ocean and toward the Pacific in winter. Areas of increasing and decreasing frequencies are of similar size in winter. In summer there is a longish region of increase from the Laptev Sea toward Greenland, over the Canadian archipelago, and over some smaller regions west of Novaya Zemlya and over the Russia. The larger part of the Arctic experiences a frequency decrease. All the summer changes are found statistically unrelated to the winter patterns. In addition, the frequency changes are found unrelated to changes in cyclone depth and size. There is generally good agreement across the different reanalyses in the spatial patterns of the trend sign. However, the magnitudes of changes in a particular region may strongly differ across the data.},
note = {Online available at: \url{https://doi.org/10.1002/2017JD027439} (DOI). Zahn, M.; Akperov, M.; Rinke, A.; Feser, F.; Mokhov, I.: Trends of Cyclone Characteristics in the Arctic and Their Patterns From Different Reanalysis Data. Journal of Geophysical Research : Atmospheres. 2018. vol. 123, no. 5, 2737-2751. DOI: 10.1002/2017JD027439}}
@misc{semedo_cmip5derived_singleforcing_2018, 
author={Semedo, A.,Dobrynin, M.,Lemos, G.,Behrens, A.,Staneva, J.,de Vries, H.,Sterl, A.,Bidlot, J.-R.,Miranda, P.M.A.,Murawski, J.},
title={CMIP5-Derived Single-Forcing, Single-Model, and Single-Scenario Wind-Wave Climate Ensemble: Configuration and Performance Evaluation},
year={2018},
howpublished = {journal article},
doi = {https://doi.org/10.3390/jmse6030090},
abstract = {A Coupled Model Intercomparison Project Phase 5 (CMIP5)-derived single-forcing, single-model, and single-scenario dynamic wind-wave climate ensemble is presented, and its historic period (1979–2005) performance in representing the present wave climate is evaluated. A single global climate model (GCM)-forcing wave climate ensemble was produced with the goal of reducing the inter GCM variability inherent in using a multi-forcing approach for the same wave model. Seven CMIP5 EC-Earth ensemble runs were used to force seven WAM wave model realizations, while future wave climate simulations, not analyzed here, were produced using a high-emission representative concentration pathway 8.5 (RCP8.5) set-up. The wave climate ensemble’s historic period was extensively compared against a set of 72 in situ wave-height observations, as well as to ERA-Interim reanalysis and Climate Forecast System Reanalysis (CFSR) hindcast. The agreement between the wave climate ensemble and the in situ measurements and reanalysis of mean and extreme wave heights, mean wave periods, and mean wave directions was good, in line with previous studies or even better in some areas of the global ocean, namely in the extratropical latitudes. These results give a good degree of confidence in the ability of the ensemble to simulate a realistic climate change signal.},
note = {Online available at: \url{https://doi.org/10.3390/jmse6030090} (DOI). Semedo, A.; Dobrynin, M.; Lemos, G.; Behrens, A.; Staneva, J.; de Vries, H.; Sterl, A.; Bidlot, J.; Miranda, P.; Murawski, J.: CMIP5-Derived Single-Forcing, Single-Model, and Single-Scenario Wind-Wave Climate Ensemble: Configuration and Performance Evaluation. Journal of Marine Science and Engineering. 2018. vol. 6, no. 3, 90. DOI: 10.3390/jmse6030090}}
@misc{karabil_contribution_of_2018, 
author={Karabil, S.,Zorita, E.,Huenicke, B.},
title={Contribution of atmospheric circulation to recent off-shore sea-level variations in the Baltic Sea and the North Sea},
year={2018},
howpublished = {journal article},
doi = {https://doi.org/10.5194/esd-9-69-2018},
abstract = {The main purpose of this study is to quantify the contribution of atmospheric factors to recent off-shore sea-level variability in the Baltic Sea and the North Sea on interannual time scale. For this purpose, we statistically analysed sea-level records from tide gauges and satellite altimetry and several climatic data sets covering the last century.,Previous studies had concluded that the North Atlantic Oscillation (NAO) is the main pattern of atmospheric variability affecting sea-level in the Baltic Sea and the North Sea in wintertime. However, we identify a different atmospheric circulation pattern that is more closely connected to sea-level variability than the NAO. This circulation pattern displays a link to sea-level that remains stable through the 20th century, in contrast to the much more variable link between sea-level and the NAO. We denote this atmospheric variability mode as the Baltic Sea and North Sea Oscillation (BANOS) index. The sea-level-pressure (SLP) BANOS pattern displays an SLP dipole with centres of action located over (5° W, 45° N) and (20° E, 70° N) and this is distinct from the standard NAO SLP pattern in wintertime. In summertime, the discrepancy between the SLP BANOS and NAO patterns becomes clearer, with centres of action of the former located over (30° E, 45° N) and (20° E, 60° N).,This index has a stronger connection to off-shore sea-level variability in the study area than the NAO in wintertime for the period 1993–2013, explaining locally up to 90 % sea-level of the inter-annual sea-level variance in winter and up to 79 % in summer. Sea-level in the eastern part of the Gulf of Finland is the most sensitive area to the BANOS-index in wintertime, whereas Gulf of Riga is the most sensitive region in summertime. In the North Sea region, the maximum sea-level sensitivity to the BANOS pattern is located in the German Bight for both winter and summer seasons.,We investigated, and when possible quantified, the contribution of several physical mechanisms which may explain the link between the sea-level variability and the atmospheric pattern described by the BANOS-index. These mechanisms include the inverse barometer effect (IBE), fresh water balance, net energy flux and wind-induced water transport. We found that the most important mechanisms are the IBE in both wintertime and summertime. Assuming a complete equilibration of seasonal sea-level to the SLP gradients over this region, at seasonal time scales the IBE can explain up to 88 % of the sea-level variability attributed to the BANOS-index in wintertime and 34% in summertime. The net energy flux at the surface is found to be an important factor for the variation of sea-level, explaining 35 % of sea-level variance in wintertime and a very small amount in summer. The freshwater flux could only explain 27 % of the variability in summertime and a negligible part in winter. In contrast to the NAO, the direct wind forcing associated to the SLP BANOS pattern does not lead to transport of water from the North Sea into the Baltic Sea in wintertime. Keywords: off-shore sea-level, atmospheric factors, the Baltic Sea, the North Sea, statistical analysis.},
note = {Online available at: \url{https://doi.org/10.5194/esd-9-69-2018} (DOI). Karabil, S.; Zorita, E.; Huenicke, B.: Contribution of atmospheric circulation to recent off-shore sea-level variations in the Baltic Sea and the North Sea. Earth System Dynamics. 2018. vol. 9, no. 1, 69-90. DOI: 10.5194/esd-9-69-2018}}
@misc{hassler_collective_action_2018, 
author={Hassler, B.,Gee, K.,Gilek, M.,Luttmann, A.,Morf, A.,Saunders, F.,Stalmokaite, I.,Strand, H.,Zaucha, J.},
title={Collective action and agency in Baltic Sea marine spatial planning: Transnational policy coordination in the promotion of regional coherence},
year={2018},
howpublished = {journal article},
doi = {https://doi.org/10.1016/j.marpol.2018.03.002},
abstract = {Despite the increasing attention given to marine spatial planning and the widely acknowledged need for,transnational policy coordination, regional coherence has not yet improved a great deal in the Baltic Sea region. Therefore, the main objectives in this article are: (a) to map existing governance structures at all levels that influence how domestic marine spatial planning policy strategies are formed, (b) to identify specific challenges to improved regional cooperation and coordination, and (c) to discuss possible remedies. Based on data from indepth case studies carried out in the BONUS BALTSPACE research project, it is shown that, despite the shared goal of sustainability and efficient resource use in relevant EU Directives, action plans and other policy instruments,,domestic plans are emerging in diverse ways, mainly reflecting varying domestic administrative,structures, sectoral interests, political prioritisations, and handling of potentially conflicting policy objectives. A fruitful distinction can be made between, on the one hand, regulatory institutions and structures above the state level where decision-making mechanisms are typically grounded in consensual regimes and, on the other hand, bilateral, issue-specific collaboration, typically between adjacent countries. It is argued that, to improve overall,marine spatial planning governance, these two governance components need to be brought together to improve consistency between regional alignment and to enhance opportunities for countries to collaborate at lower levels. Issue-specific transnational working groups or workshops can be one way to identify and act upon such potential synergies.},
note = {Online available at: \url{https://doi.org/10.1016/j.marpol.2018.03.002} (DOI). Hassler, B.; Gee, K.; Gilek, M.; Luttmann, A.; Morf, A.; Saunders, F.; Stalmokaite, I.; Strand, H.; Zaucha, J.: Collective action and agency in Baltic Sea marine spatial planning: Transnational policy coordination in the promotion of regional coherence. Marine Policy. 2018. vol. 92, 138-147. DOI: 10.1016/j.marpol.2018.03.002}}
@misc{djath_impact_of_2018, 
author={Djath, B.,Schulz-Stellenfleth, J.,Canadillas, B.},
title={Impact of atmospheric stability on X-band and C-band synthetic aperture radar imagery of offshore windpark wakes},
year={2018},
howpublished = {journal article},
doi = {https://doi.org/10.1063/1.5020437},
abstract = {C-band and X-band Synthetic Aperture Radar (SAR) data acquired by the Sentinel-1 and TerraSAR-X satellites are used to study atmospheric wakes behind offshore wind parks in the German Bight. A particular focus is on the impact of atmospheric stability on wake parameters like the wake length. Stability parameters are estimated from measurements taken at the FINO-1 observation platform. Based on a data set covering different seasons and concentrating on the first German offshore wind park Alpha Ventus (AV), it is shown that in this area stable atmospheric conditions favour longer wakes. This is first demonstrated for situations, where the wake behind AV was unperturbed by other neighbor wind parks. In this case, wakes of more than 30 km length are observed. In a second step, the more complicated situation with wake superposition from different neighboring wind parks is analysed. It is shown that in this case, the merged wakes can extend to more than 70 km downstream.The analysis is challenged by two factors. First of all, the FINO-1 platform is within the wind farm wakes for a certain range of wind directions. This means stability estimates for the upstream conditions are not straightforward to obtain in these conditions. The second complication is associated with an apparent increase in the radar cross section downstream of wind parks observed on many SAR scenes, typically within the first 10 km downstream the wind park. A semi-empirical model is proposed to explain this effect by an increased downward momentum flux associated with increased turbulence generated by the wind park. Applying numerical inversion methods, a couple of typical downstream wind speed profiles are reproduced with this model based on SAR derived estimates of the friction velocity.},
note = {Online available at: \url{https://doi.org/10.1063/1.5020437} (DOI). Djath, B.; Schulz-Stellenfleth, J.; Canadillas, B.: Impact of atmospheric stability on X-band and C-band synthetic aperture radar imagery of offshore windpark wakes. Journal of Renewable and Sustainable Energy. 2018. vol. 10, no. 4, 043301. DOI: 10.1063/1.5020437}}
@misc{schultze_direct_and_2018, 
author={Schultze, M.,Rockel, B.},
title={Direct and semi-direct effects of aerosol climatologies on long-term climate simulations over Europe},
year={2018},
howpublished = {journal article},
doi = {https://doi.org/10.1007/s00382-017-3808-5},
abstract = {This study compares the direct and semi-direct aerosol effects of different annual cycles of tropospheric aerosol loads for Europe from 1950 to 2009 using the regional climate model COSMO-CLM, which is laterally forced by reanalysis data and run using prescribed, climatological aerosol optical properties. These properties differ with respect to the analysis strategy and the time window, and are then used for the same multi-decadal period. Five simulations with different aerosol loads and one control simulation without any tropospheric aerosols are integrated and compared. Two common limitations of our simulation strategy, to fully assess direct and semi-direct aerosol effects, are the applied observed sea surface temperatures and sea ice conditions, and the lack of short-term variations in the aerosol load. Nevertheless, the impact of different aerosol climatologies on common regional climate model simulations can be assessed. The results of all aerosol-including simulations show a distinct reduction in solar irradiance at the surface compared with that in the control simulation. This reduction is strongest in the summer season and is balanced primarily by a weakening of turbulent heat fluxes and to a lesser extent by a decrease in longwave emissions. Consequently, the seasonal mean surface cooling is modest. The temperature profile responses are characterized by a shallow near-surface cooling and a dominant warming up to the mid-troposphere caused by aerosol absorption. The resulting stabilization of stratification leads to reduced cloud cover and less precipitation. A decrease in cloud water and ice content over Central Europe in summer possibly reinforce aerosol absorption and thus strengthen the vertical warming. The resulting radiative forcings are positive. The robustness of the results was demonstrated by performing a simulation with very strong aerosol forcing, which lead to qualitatively similar results. A distinct added value over the default aerosol setup of Tanré et al. (1984) was found in the simulations with more recent aerosol data sets for solar irradiance. The improvements are largest under low cloud conditions, while overestimated cloud cover in all setups causes a common underestimation of low and medium values of solar irradiance. In addition, the prevalent cold bias in the COSMO-CLM is reduced in winter and spring when using updated aerosol data. Our results emphasize the importance of semi-direct aerosol effects, especially over Central Europe in terms of changes in turbulent fluxes and changes in cloud properties. We also suggest to replace the default Tanré et al. (1984) aerosol climatology with more recent and realistic data sets. Thereby, a better model performance in comparison to observations can be achieved, or the masking of model shortcomings due to a too strong direct aerosol forcing thus far is prevented.},
note = {Online available at: \url{https://doi.org/10.1007/s00382-017-3808-5} (DOI). Schultze, M.; Rockel, B.: Direct and semi-direct effects of aerosol climatologies on long-term climate simulations over Europe. Climate Dynamics. 2018. vol. 50, no. 9-10, 3331-3354. DOI: 10.1007/s00382-017-3808-5}}
@misc{platis_first_in_2018, 
author={Platis, A.,Siedersleben, S.K.,Bange, J.,Lampert, A.,Baerfuss, K.,Hankers, R.,Canadillas, B.,Foreman, R.,Schulz-Stellenfleth, J.,Djath, B.,Neumann, T.,Emeis, S.},
title={First in situ evidence of wakes in the far field behind offshore wind farms},
year={2018},
howpublished = {journal article},
doi = {https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-018-20389-y},
abstract = {More than 12 GW of offshore wind turbines are currently in operation in European waters. To optimise the use of the marine areas, wind farms are typically clustered in units of several hundred turbines. Understanding wakes of wind farms, which is the region of momentum and energy deficit downwind, is important for optimising the wind farm layouts and operation to minimize costs. While in most weather situations (unstable atmospheric stratification), the wakes of wind turbines are only a local effect within the wind farm, satellite imagery reveals wind-farm wakes to be several tens of kilometres in length under certain conditions (stable atmospheric stratification), which is also predicted by numerical models. The first direct in situ measurements of the existence and shape of large wind farm wakes by a specially equipped research aircraft in 2016 and 2017 confirm wake lengths of more than tens of kilometres under stable atmospheric conditions, with maximum wind speed deficits of 40%, and enhanced turbulence. These measurements were the first step in a large research project to describe and understand the physics of large offshore wakes using direct measurements, together with the assessment of satellite imagery and models.},
note = {Online available at: \url{https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-018-20389-y} (DOI). Platis, A.; Siedersleben, S.; Bange, J.; Lampert, A.; Baerfuss, K.; Hankers, R.; Canadillas, B.; Foreman, R.; Schulz-Stellenfleth, J.; Djath, B.; Neumann, T.; Emeis, S.: First in situ evidence of wakes in the far field behind offshore wind farms. Scientific Reports. 2018. vol. 8, 2163. DOI: 10.1038/s41598-018-20389-y}}
@misc{yi_the_relationship_2018, 
author={Yi, X.,Huenicke, B.,Tim, N.,Zorita, E.},
title={The relationship between Arabian Sea upwelling and Indian Monsoon revisited in a high resolution ocean simulation},
year={2018},
howpublished = {journal article},
doi = {https://doi.org/10.1007/s00382-017-3599-8},
abstract = {Studies based on sediment records, sea-surface temperature and wind suggest that upwelling along the western coast of Arabian Sea is strongly affected by the Indian summer Monsoon. We examine this relationship directly in an eddy-resolving global ocean simulation STORM driven by atmospheric reanalysis over the last 61 years. With its very high spatial resolution (10 km), STORM allows us to identify characteristics of the upwelling system. We analyse the co-variability between upwelling and meteorological and oceanic variables from 1950 to 2010. The analysis reveals high interannual correlations between coastal upwelling and along-shore wind-stress (r = 0.73) as well as with sea-surface temperature (r = −0.83). However, the correlation between the upwelling and the Monsoon is small. We find an atmospheric circulation pattern different from the one that drives the Monsoon as the main modulator of the upwelling variability. In spite of this, the patterns of temperature anomalies that are either linked to Arabian Sea upwelling or to the Monsoon are spatially quite similar, although the physical mechanisms of these links are different. In addition, no long-term trend is detected in our modelled upwelling in the Arabian Sea.},
note = {Online available at: \url{https://doi.org/10.1007/s00382-017-3599-8} (DOI). Yi, X.; Huenicke, B.; Tim, N.; Zorita, E.: The relationship between Arabian Sea upwelling and Indian Monsoon revisited in a high resolution ocean simulation. Climate Dynamics. 2018. vol. 50, no. 1-2, 201-213. DOI: 10.1007/s00382-017-3599-8}}
@misc{gerkensmeier_governing_coastal_2018, 
author={Gerkensmeier, B.,Ratter, B.M.W.},
title={Governing coastal risks as a social process - Facilitating integrative risk management by enhanced multi-stakeholder collaboration},
year={2018},
howpublished = {journal article},
doi = {https://doi.org/10.1016/j.envsci.2017.11.011},
abstract = {Scientific literature calls for a shift from exclusively technical towards enhanced social processes in risk management to cope with the challenges of increased complex governance regimes wherein different interests of contrasting institutions need to be considered, balanced and negotiated. However, practical implementation of this integrative perspective is still a major challenge – underlined amongst others by the recently published Sendai Framework for Disaster Risk Reduction 2015–2030.,By proposing an Integrated Risk Management Approach (IRMA) we contribute to simplified conditions in the transfer from scientific debates into practical implementation. Looking in particular on coastal regions, IRMA focus the user’s view on the essential challenges in terms of enhanced multi-sectoral structures and improved social and flexible processes, as much as it gives advice on its methodical realization. Using our practical experiences in the trilateral Wadden Sea Region, we disclose IRMA’s contribution on enhanced consideration of historical framing, risk perceptions, risk awareness and enhanced multi-stakeholder participation. Multi-stakeholder participation, institutionalised in multi-stakeholder partnerships, makes an essential contribution towards enhanced collaborative processes between scientists, policy-makers and affected communities.},
note = {Online available at: \url{https://doi.org/10.1016/j.envsci.2017.11.011} (DOI). Gerkensmeier, B.; Ratter, B.: Governing coastal risks as a social process - Facilitating integrative risk management by enhanced multi-stakeholder collaboration. Environmental Science & Policy. 2018. vol. 80, 144-151. DOI: 10.1016/j.envsci.2017.11.011}}
@misc{pein_secondary_circulation_2018, 
author={Pein, J.,Valle-Levinson, A.,Stanev, E.V.},
title={Secondary Circulation Asymmetry in a Meandering, Partially Stratified Estuary},
year={2018},
howpublished = {journal article},
doi = {https://doi.org/10.1002/2016JC012623},
abstract = {Numerical model experiments are used to study the effects of multiple channel bends on estuarine dynamics and, in particular, on secondary flows. These effects are demonstrated by comparing experiments with two different idealized trumpet‐shaped estuaries, one straight and another one with a ∼8 km meandering section in the middle of the estuary. Meanders complicate the flow field by introducing secondary processes. For instance, meanders increase turbulence and associated mixing locally within the water column, as well as outside the meandering portion. Furthermore, meanders transform up to 30% of the along‐channel momentum into secondary circulation. Production of turbulence and secondary currents is different at flood and ebb tidal phases. At flood, meanders lead to unstable stratification and increased turbulence. At ebb, the flow develops a helical pattern and adjusts to the channel curvature with minimal decrease in density stability. The secondary circulation asymmetry is caused by an interplay between the across‐channel baroclinic pressure gradient force and the centrifugal force. During ebb both forces enhance each other, whereas they oppose during flood. As a consequence of this interaction between baroclinic forcing and curving morphology, ebb flows and horizontal buoyancy fluxes increase relative to flood. The enhanced ebb dominance shifts a density front toward the mouth of the estuary, thus reducing salt intrusion.},
note = {Online available at: \url{https://doi.org/10.1002/2016JC012623} (DOI). Pein, J.; Valle-Levinson, A.; Stanev, E.: Secondary Circulation Asymmetry in a Meandering, Partially Stratified Estuary. Journal of Geophysical Research : Oceans. 2018. vol. 123, no. 3, 1670-1683. DOI: 10.1002/2016JC012623}}
@misc{xoplaki_modelling_climate_2018, 
author={Xoplaki, E.,Luterbacher, J.,Wagner, S.,Zorita, E.,Fleitmann, D.,Preiser-Kapeller, J.,Sargent, A.M.,White, S.,Toreti, A.,Haldon, J.F.,Mordechai, L.,Bozkurt, D.,Akcer-Oen, S.,Izdebski, A.},
title={Modelling Climate and Societal Resilience in the Eastern Mediterranean in the Last Millennium},
year={2018},
howpublished = {journal article},
doi = {https://doi.org/10.1007/s10745-018-9995-9},
abstract = {This article analyses high-quality hydroclimate proxy records and spatial reconstructions from the Central and Eastern Mediterranean and compares them with two Earth System Model simulations (CCSM4, MPI-ESM-P) for the Crusader period in the Levant (1095–1290 CE), the Mamluk regime in Transjordan (1260–1516 CE) and the Ottoman crisis and Celâlî Rebellion (1580–1610 CE). During the three time intervals, environmental and climatic stress tested the resilience of complex societies. We find that the multidecadal precipitation and drought variations in the Central and Eastern Mediterranean cannot be explained by external forcings (solar variations, tropical volcanism); rather they were driven by internal climate dynamics. Our research emphasises the challenges, opportunities and limitations of linking proxy records, palaeoreconstructions and model simulations to better understand how climate can affect human history.},
note = {Online available at: \url{https://doi.org/10.1007/s10745-018-9995-9} (DOI). Xoplaki, E.; Luterbacher, J.; Wagner, S.; Zorita, E.; Fleitmann, D.; Preiser-Kapeller, J.; Sargent, A.; White, S.; Toreti, A.; Haldon, J.; Mordechai, L.; Bozkurt, D.; Akcer-Oen, S.; Izdebski, A.: Modelling Climate and Societal Resilience in the Eastern Mediterranean in the Last Millennium. Human Ecology. 2018. vol. 46, no. 3, 363-379. DOI: 10.1007/s10745-018-9995-9}}
@misc{bunzel_improved_seasonal_2018, 
author={Bunzel, F.,Mueller, W.A.,Dobrynin, M.,Froehlich, K.,Hagemann, S.,Pohlmann, H.,Stacke, T.,Baehr, J.},
title={Improved Seasonal Prediction of European Summer Temperatures With New Five-Layer Soil-Hydrology Scheme},
year={2018},
howpublished = {journal article},
doi = {https://doi.org/10.1002/2017GL076204},
abstract = {We evaluate the impact of a new five-layer soil-hydrology scheme on seasonal hindcast skill of 2 m temperatures over Europe obtained with the Max Planck Institute Earth System Model (MPI-ESM). Assimilation experiments from 1981 to 2010 and 10-member seasonal hindcasts initialized on 1 May each year are performed with MPI-ESM in two soil configurations, one using a bucket scheme and one a new five-layer soil-hydrology scheme. We find the seasonal hindcast skill for European summer temperatures to improve with the five-layer scheme compared to the bucket scheme and investigate possible causes for these improvements. First, improved indirect soil moisture assimilation allows for enhanced soil moisture-temperature feedbacks in the hindcasts. Additionally, this leads to improved prediction of anomalies in the 500 hPa geopotential height surface, reflecting more realistic atmospheric circulation patterns over Europe.},
note = {Online available at: \url{https://doi.org/10.1002/2017GL076204} (DOI). Bunzel, F.; Mueller, W.; Dobrynin, M.; Froehlich, K.; Hagemann, S.; Pohlmann, H.; Stacke, T.; Baehr, J.: Improved Seasonal Prediction of European Summer Temperatures With New Five-Layer Soil-Hydrology Scheme. Geophysical Research Letters. 2018. vol. 45, no. 1, 346-353. DOI: 10.1002/2017GL076204}}
@misc{cavaleri_wave_modelling_2018, 
author={Cavaleri, L.,Abdalla, S.,Benetazzo, A.,Bertotti, L.,Bidlot, J.-R.,Breivik, O.,Carniel, S.,Jensen, R.E.,Portilla-Yandun, J.,Rogers, W.E.,Roland, A.,Sanchez-Arcilla, A.,Smith, J.M.,Staneva, J.,Toledo, Y.,Vledder, G.Ph.van,Westhuysen, A.J.},
title={Wave modelling in coastal and inner seas},
year={2018},
howpublished = {journal article},
doi = {https://doi.org/10.1016/j.pocean.2018.03.010},
abstract = {In the long term development of the research on wind waves and their modelling, in particular of the inner and coastal seas, the present situation is framed with a short look at the past, a critical analysis of the present capabilities and a foresight of where the field is likely to go. After a short introduction, Chapter 2 deals with the basic processes at work and their modelling aspects. Chapter 3 highlights the interaction with wind and currents. Chapter 4 stresses the need for a more complete, spectral, approach in data assimilation. Chapter 5 summarizes the situation with a discussion on the present status in wave modelling and a look at what we can expect in the future.},
note = {Online available at: \url{https://doi.org/10.1016/j.pocean.2018.03.010} (DOI). Cavaleri, L.; Abdalla, S.; Benetazzo, A.; Bertotti, L.; Bidlot, J.; Breivik, O.; Carniel, S.; Jensen, R.; Portilla-Yandun, J.; Rogers, W.; Roland, A.; Sanchez-Arcilla, A.; Smith, J.; Staneva, J.; Toledo, Y.; Vledder, G.; Westhuysen, A.: Wave modelling in coastal and inner seas. Progress in Oceanography. 2018. vol. 167, 164-233. DOI: 10.1016/j.pocean.2018.03.010}}
@misc{nasermoaddeli_a_model_2018, 
author={Nasermoaddeli, M.H.,Lemmen, C.,Stigge, G.,Kerimoglu, O.,Burchard, H.,Klingbeil, K.,Hofmeister, R.,Kreus, M.,Wirtz, K.W.,Koesters, F.},
title={A model study on the large-scale effect of macrofauna on the suspended sediment concentration in a shallow shelf sea},
year={2018},
howpublished = {journal article},
doi = {https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ecss.2017.11.002},
abstract = {The activity of macrofauna on the sea floor is since long known to mediate deposition and erosion of sediment, but so far most studies addressed this effect at a local scale. In the present paper, the contribution of the observed macrofauna distribution (exemplified by a bivalve, the bean-like tellin Fabulina fabula, formerly known as Tellina fabula) on large-scale sediment transport in the southern North Sea is investigated by means of a model study. Macrofauna effects are considered with respect to the critical bed shear stress and erodibility, which are two important factors that control the resuspension rate. Simulation results for a typical winter month revealed for the first time that the suspended sediment concentration (SSC) is increased not only locally but beyond the inhabited zones. This alteration is not confined to near-bed zones but can be observed throughout the entire water column, especially during storm events. These effects are most prominent in the fine silt fraction, coarser and finer fractions are less affected. For a selected storm event in February 2010, we explain the counter-intuitive decrease in near-bed SSC in some areas with a high macrofauna abundance compared to a simulation excluding such macrofauna: A high macrofauna-induced entrainment rate leads to rapid exhaustion of available sediments at the bed in the model and consequently limits the near-bed SSC.},
note = {Online available at: \url{https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ecss.2017.11.002} (DOI). Nasermoaddeli, M.; Lemmen, C.; Stigge, G.; Kerimoglu, O.; Burchard, H.; Klingbeil, K.; Hofmeister, R.; Kreus, M.; Wirtz, K.; Koesters, F.: A model study on the large-scale effect of macrofauna on the suspended sediment concentration in a shallow shelf sea. Estuarine, Coastal and Shelf Science. 2018. vol. 211, 62-76. DOI: 10.1016/j.ecss.2017.11.002}}
@misc{jiskra_a_vegetation_2018, 
author={Jiskra, M.,Sonke, J.E.,Obrist, D.,Bieser, J.,Ebinghaus, R.,Myhre, C.L.,Pfaffhuber, K.A.,Waengberg, I.,Kylloenen, K.,Worthy, D.,Martin, L.G.,Labuschagne, C.,Mkololo, T.,Ramonet, M.,Magand, O.,Dommergue, A.},
title={A vegetation control on seasonal variations in global atmospheric mercury concentrations},
year={2018},
howpublished = {journal article},
doi = {https://doi.org/10.1038/s41561-018-0078-8},
abstract = {Anthropogenic mercury emissions are transported through the atmosphere as gaseous elemental mercury (Hg(0)) before they are deposited to Earth’s surface. Strong seasonality in atmospheric Hg(0) concentrations in the Northern Hemisphere has been explained by two factors: anthropogenic Hg(0) emissions are thought to peak in winter due to higher energy consumption, and atmospheric oxidation rates of Hg(0) are faster in summer. Oxidation-driven Hg(0) seasonality should be equally pronounced in the Southern Hemisphere, which is inconsistent with observations of constant year-round Hg(0) levels. Here, we assess the role of Hg(0) uptake by vegetation as an alternative mechanism for driving Hg(0) seasonality. We find that at terrestrial sites in the Northern Hemisphere, Hg(0) co-varies with CO2, which is known to exhibit a minimum in summer when CO2 is assimilated by vegetation. The amplitude of seasonal oscillations in the atmospheric Hg(0) concentration increases with latitude and is larger at inland terrestrial sites than coastal sites. Using satellite data, we find that the photosynthetic activity of vegetation correlates with Hg(0) levels at individual sites and across continents. We suggest that terrestrial vegetation acts as a global Hg(0) pump, which can contribute to seasonal variations of atmospheric Hg(0), and that decreasing Hg(0) levels in the Northern Hemisphere over the past 20 years can be partly attributed to increased terrestrial net primary production.},
note = {Online available at: \url{https://doi.org/10.1038/s41561-018-0078-8} (DOI). Jiskra, M.; Sonke, J.; Obrist, D.; Bieser, J.; Ebinghaus, R.; Myhre, C.; Pfaffhuber, K.; Waengberg, I.; Kylloenen, K.; Worthy, D.; Martin, L.; Labuschagne, C.; Mkololo, T.; Ramonet, M.; Magand, O.; Dommergue, A.: A vegetation control on seasonal variations in global atmospheric mercury concentrations. Nature Geoscience. 2018. vol. 11, 244-250. DOI: 10.1038/s41561-018-0078-8}}
@misc{barkhordarian_simultaneous_regional_2018, 
author={Barkhordarian, A.,Storch, H.v.,Behrangi, A.,Loikith, P.C.,Mechoso, C.R.,Detzer, J.},
title={Simultaneous regional detection of land‐use changes and elevated GHG levels: the case of spring precipitation in tropical South America},
year={2018},
howpublished = {journal article},
doi = {https://doi.org/10.1029/2018GL078041},
abstract = {A decline in dry season precipitation over tropical South America has a large impact on ecosystem health of the region. Results here indicate that the magnitude of negative trends in dry season precipitation in the past decades exceeds the estimated range of trends due to natural variability of the climate system defined in both the pre‐industrial climate and during the 850‐1850 millennium. The observed drying is associate with an increase in vapor pressure deficit. The univariate detection analysis shows that greenhouse gas (GHG) forcing has a systematic influence in negative 30‐year trends of precipitation ending in 1998 and later on. The bivariate attribution analysis demonstrates that forcing by elevated GHG levels and land‐use‐change are attributed as key causes for the observed drying during 1983‐2012 over the southern Amazonia and central Brazil. We further show that the effect of GS signal (Greenhouse gas and Sulfate aerosols) based on RCP4.5 scenario already has a detectable influence in the observed drying. Thus, we suggest that the recently observed “drier dry season” is a feature which will continue and intensify in the course of unfolding anthropogenic climate change. Such change could have profound societal and ecosystem impacts over the region.},
note = {Online available at: \url{https://doi.org/10.1029/2018GL078041} (DOI). Barkhordarian, A.; Storch, H.; Behrangi, A.; Loikith, P.; Mechoso, C.; Detzer, J.: Simultaneous regional detection of land‐use changes and elevated GHG levels: the case of spring precipitation in tropical South America. Geophysical Research Letters. 2018. vol. 45, no. 12, 6262-6271. DOI: 10.1029/2018GL078041}}
@misc{barcikowska_euroatlantic_winter_2018, 
author={Barcikowska, M.J.,Weaver, S.J.,Feser, F.,Russo, S.,Schenk, F.,Stone, D.A.,Zahn, M.},
title={Euro-Atlantic winter storminess and precipitation extremes under 1.5 °C vs. 2 °C warming scenarios},
year={2018},
howpublished = {journal article},
doi = {https://doi.org/10.5194/esd-9-679-2018},
abstract = {Severe winter storms in combination with precipitation extremes pose a serious threat to Europe. Located at the south-east exit of the North Atlantic's storm track, European coastlines are directly exposed to impacts by high wind speeds, storm floods and coastal erosion. In this study we analyze potential changes in simulated winter storminess and extreme precipitation which may occur under 1.5 °C or 2 °C warming scenarios. Here we focus on a first simulation suite of the atmospheric model CAM5 performed within the HAPPI project and evaluate how changes of the horizontal model resolution impact the results regarding atmospheric pressure, storm tracks, wind speed and precipitation extremes.,The comparison of CAM5 simulations with different resolution indicates that an increased horizontal resolution to 0.25° is not only refining regional-scale information, but also improves large-scale atmospheric circulation features over the Euro-Atlantic region. The zonal bias in SLP and wind fields, which is typically found in low-resolution models, is considerably reduced. This allows us to analyze potential changes in regional- to local-scale extreme wind speeds and precipitation in a more realistic way. Our analysis of the future response for the 2 °C warming scenario generally confirms previous model simulations suggesting a poleward shift and intensification of the meridional circulation the Euro-Atlantic region. Additional analysis suggests that this shift occurs mainly after exceeding the 1.5 °C global warming level, when the midltatitude jetstream manifests a strengthening north-eastward. At the same time, this north-east shift of the storm tracks allows an intensification and north-east expansion of the Azores high leading to a tendency of less precipitation across the Bay of Biscay and North Sea.,Regions impacted by the strengthening of the midlatitude jet, such as the northwest coasts of British Isles, Scandinavia and the Norwegian Sea, and over the North Atlantic east from Newfoundland experience an increase in the mean as well as daily and sub daily precipitation and wind extremes and storminess suggesting an important influence of increasing storm activity in these regions in response to global warming.},
note = {Online available at: \url{https://doi.org/10.5194/esd-9-679-2018} (DOI). Barcikowska, M.; Weaver, S.; Feser, F.; Russo, S.; Schenk, F.; Stone, D.; Zahn, M.: Euro-Atlantic winter storminess and precipitation extremes under 1.5 °C vs. 2 °C warming scenarios. Earth System Dynamics. 2018. vol. 9, no. 2, 679-699. DOI: 10.5194/esd-9-679-2018}}
@misc{stanev_understanding_the_2018, 
author={Stanev, E.V.,Poulain, P.-M.,Grayek, S.,Johnson, K.S.,Claustre, H.,Murray, J.W.},
title={Understanding the Dynamics of the Oxic-Anoxic Interface in the Black Sea},
year={2018},
howpublished = {journal article},
doi = {https://doi.org/10.1002/2017GL076206},
abstract = {The Black Sea, the largest semienclosed anoxic basin on Earth, can be considered as an excellent natural laboratory for oxic and anoxic biogeochemical processes. The suboxic zone, a thin interface between oxic and anoxic waters, still remains poorly understood because it has been undersampled. This has led to alternative concepts regarding the underlying processes that create it. Existing hypotheses suggest that the interface originates either by isopycnal intrusions that introduce oxygen or the dynamics of manganese redox cycling that are associated with the sinking of particles or chemosynthetic bacteria. Here we reexamine these concepts using high‐resolution oxygen, sulfide, nitrate, and particle concentration profiles obtained with sensors deployed on profiling floats. Our results show an extremely stable structure in density space over the entire basin with the exception of areas near the Bosporus plume and in the southern areas dominated by coastal anticyclones. The absence of large‐scale horizontal intrusive signatures in the open‐sea supports a hypothesis prioritizing the role of biogeochemical processes.},
note = {Online available at: \url{https://doi.org/10.1002/2017GL076206} (DOI). Stanev, E.; Poulain, P.; Grayek, S.; Johnson, K.; Claustre, H.; Murray, J.: Understanding the Dynamics of the Oxic-Anoxic Interface in the Black Sea. Geophysical Research Letters. 2018. vol. 45, no. 2, 864-871. DOI: 10.1002/2017GL076206}}
@misc{vallelevinson_tidal_and_2018, 
author={Valle-Levinson, A.,Stanev, E.,Badewien, T.H.},
title={Tidal and subtidal exchange flows at an inlet of the Wadden Sea},
year={2018},
howpublished = {journal article},
doi = {https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ecss.2018.01.013},
abstract = {Observations of underway velocity profiles during complete spring and neap tidal cycles were used to determine whether the spatial structures of tidal and subtidal flows at a tidal inlet in a multiple-inlet embayment are consistent with those observed at single-inlet embayments. Measurements were obtained at the Otzumer Balje, one of the multiple inlets among the East Frisian Islands of the Wadden Sea. The 1.5 km-wide inlet displayed a bathymetric profile consisting of a channel ∼15 m deep flanked by <5 m shoals. Neap tide observations spanned 36 h in the period May 11–12, 2011, while spring tide measurements exceeded 48 h from May 17 to May 19, 2011. Analysis of observations indicate that frictional effects from bathymetry molded tidal flows. Spatial distributions of semidiurnal tidal current amplitude and phase conform to those predicted by an analytical model for a basin with one inlet. Maximum semidiurnal flows appear at the surface in the channel, furthest away from bottom friction effects. Therefore, Otzumer Balje displays tidal hydrodynamics that are independent of the other inlets of the embayment. Subtidal exchange flows are laterally sheared, with residual inflow in the channel combined with outflow over shoals. The spatial distribution of these residual flows follow theoretical expectations of tidally driven flows interacting with bathymetry. Such distribution is similar to the tidal residual circulation at other inlets with only one communication to the ocean, suggesting that at subtidal scales the Otzumer Balje responds to tidal forcing independently of the other inlets.},
note = {Online available at: \url{https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ecss.2018.01.013} (DOI). Valle-Levinson, A.; Stanev, E.; Badewien, T.: Tidal and subtidal exchange flows at an inlet of the Wadden Sea. Estuarine, Coastal and Shelf Science. 2018. vol. 202, 270-279. DOI: 10.1016/j.ecss.2018.01.013}}
@misc{lauer_processlevel_improvements_2018, 
author={Lauer, A.,Jones, C.,Eyring, V.,Evaldsson, M.,Hagemann, S.,Maekelae, J.,Martin, G.,Roehrig, R.,Wang, S.},
title={Process-level improvements in CMIP5 models and their impact on tropical variability, the Southern Ocean, and monsoons},
year={2018},
howpublished = {journal article},
doi = {https://doi.org/10.5194/esd-9-33-2018},
abstract = {The performance of updated versions of the four earth system models (ESMs) CNRM, EC-Earth, HadGEM, and MPI-ESM is assessed in comparison to their predecessor versions used in Phase 5 of the Coupled Model Intercomparison Project. The Earth System Model Evaluation Tool (ESMValTool) is applied to evaluate selected climate phenomena in the models against observations. This is the first systematic application of the ESMValTool to assess and document the progress made during an extensive model development and improvement project. This study focuses on the South Asian monsoon (SAM) and the West African monsoon (WAM), the coupled equatorial climate, and Southern Ocean clouds and radiation, which are known to exhibit systematic biases in present-day ESMs.,The analysis shows that the tropical precipitation in three out of four models is clearly improved. Two of three updated coupled models show an improved representation of tropical sea surface temperatures with one coupled model not exhibiting a double Intertropical Convergence Zone (ITCZ). Simulated cloud amounts and cloud–radiation interactions are improved over the Southern Ocean. Improvements are also seen in the simulation of the SAM and WAM, although systematic biases remain in regional details and the timing of monsoon rainfall. Analysis of simulations with EC-Earth at different horizontal resolutions from T159 up to T1279 shows that the synoptic-scale variability in precipitation over the SAM and WAM regions improves with higher model resolution. The results suggest that the reasonably good agreement of modeled and observed mean WAM and SAM rainfall in lower-resolution models may be a result of unrealistic intensity distributions.},
note = {Online available at: \url{https://doi.org/10.5194/esd-9-33-2018} (DOI). Lauer, A.; Jones, C.; Eyring, V.; Evaldsson, M.; Hagemann, S.; Maekelae, J.; Martin, G.; Roehrig, R.; Wang, S.: Process-level improvements in CMIP5 models and their impact on tropical variability, the Southern Ocean, and monsoons. Earth System Dynamics. 2018. vol. 9, no. 1, 33-67. DOI: 10.5194/esd-9-33-2018}}
@misc{vrese_uncertainties_in_2018, 
author={Vrese, P.de,Hagemann, S.},
title={Uncertainties in modelling the climate impact of irrigation},
year={2018},
howpublished = {journal article},
doi = {https://doi.org/10.1007/s00382-017-3996-z},
abstract = {Irrigation-based agriculture constitutes an essential factor for food security as well as fresh water resources and has a distinct impact on regional and global climate. Many issues related to irrigation’s climate impact are addressed in studies that apply a wide range of models. These involve substantial uncertainties related to differences in the model’s structure and its parametrizations on the one hand and the need for simplifying assumptions for the representation of irrigation on the other hand. To address these uncertainties, we used the Max Planck Institute for Meteorology’s Earth System model into which a simple irrigation scheme was implemented. In order to estimate possible uncertainties with regard to the model’s more general structure, we compared the climate impact of irrigation between three simulations that use different schemes for the land-surface–atmosphere coupling. Here, it can be shown that the choice of coupling scheme does not only affect the magnitude of possible impacts but even their direction. For example, when using a scheme that does not explicitly resolve spatial subgrid scale heterogeneity at the surface, irrigation reduces the atmospheric water content, even in heavily irrigated regions. Contrarily, in simulations that use a coupling scheme that resolves heterogeneity at the surface or even within the lowest layers of the atmosphere, irrigation increases the average atmospheric specific humidity. A second experiment targeted possible uncertainties related to the representation of irrigation characteristics. Here, in four simulations the irrigation effectiveness (controlled by the target soil moisture and the non-vegetated fraction of the grid box that receives irrigation) and the timing of delivery were varied. The second experiment shows that uncertainties related to the modelled irrigation characteristics, especially the irrigation effectiveness, are also substantial. In general the impact of irrigation on the state of the land surface is more than three times larger when assuming a low irrigation effectiveness than when a high effectiveness is assumed. For certain variables, such as the vertically integrated water vapour, the impact is almost an order of magnitude larger. The timing of irrigation also has non-negligible effects on the simulated climate impacts and it can strongly alter their seasonality.},
note = {Online available at: \url{https://doi.org/10.1007/s00382-017-3996-z} (DOI). Vrese, P.; Hagemann, S.: Uncertainties in modelling the climate impact of irrigation. Climate Dynamics. 2018. vol. 51, no. 5-6, 2023-2038. DOI: 10.1007/s00382-017-3996-z}}
@misc{mentzafou_historical_trends_2018, 
author={Mentzafou, A.,Wagner, S.,Dimitriou, E.},
title={Historical trends and the long-term changes of the hydrological cycle components in a Mediterranean river basin},
year={2018},
howpublished = {journal article},
doi = {https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2018.04.298},
abstract = {Identifying the historical hydrometeorological trends in a river basin is necessary for understanding the dominant interactions between climate, human activities and local hydromorphological conditions. Estimating the hydrological reference conditions in a river is also crucial for estimating accurately the impacts from human water related activities and design appropriate water management schemes. In this effort, the output of a regional past climate model was used, covering the period from 1660 to 1990, in combination with a dynamic, spatially distributed, hydrologic model to estimate the past and recent trends in the main hydrologic parameters such as overland flow, water storages and evapotranspiration, in a Mediterranean river basin. The simulated past hydrologic conditions (1660–1960) were compared with the current hydrologic regime (1960–1990), to assess the magnitude of human and natural impacts on the identified hydrologic trends. The hydrological components of the recent period of 2008–2016 were also examined in relation to the impact of human activities. The estimated long-term trends of the hydrologic parameters were partially assigned to varying atmospheric forcing due to volcanic activity combined with spontaneous meteorological fluctuations.},
note = {Online available at: \url{https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2018.04.298} (DOI). Mentzafou, A.; Wagner, S.; Dimitriou, E.: Historical trends and the long-term changes of the hydrological cycle components in a Mediterranean river basin. Science of the Total Environment. 2018. vol. 636, 558-568. DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2018.04.298}}
@misc{kappenberg_variation_of_2018, 
author={Kappenberg, J.,Berendt, M.,Ohle, N.,Riethmueller, R.,Schuster, D.,Strotmann, T.},
title={Variation of Hydrodynamics and Water Constituents in the Mouth of the Elbe Estuary, Germany},
year={2018},
howpublished = {journal article},
doi = {https://doi.org/10.19080/CERJ.2018.04.555643},
abstract = {Results of long-term measurements of CTD, current velocity, turbidity, and dissolved oxygen from three stations in the mouth of the Elbe Estuary in northern Germany are presented for the period of 2012 and 2013. The focus is on a station named HPA-Elbe 1, which was part of the COSYNA coastal observing system for northern and arctic seas, but data from two neighbouring stations are also presented for comparison and to bridge gaps in the time-series of HPA-Elbe 1. The variations of the variables exhibit distinct tidal patterns related to the longitudinal estuarine gradients of the water constituents and local sediment dynamics. On longer time-scales, spring-neap variability is observed, most prominently in the hydrodynamics. On the seasonal scale, the water temperature influences the degradation processes, which deplete the dissolved oxygen on the one hand and increase the oxygen contents by biological respiration on the other hand. Freshwater events from the catchment play an important role for sediment dynamics and mixing of riverine and coastal waters in the brackish water reach of the estuary. The periods of the deployment of the stations comprise the severest river flood observed so far in the Elbe in June 2013. The effects of the flood at the stations and along the estuary consist of a rapid flushing of the mixing zone and the turbidity maximum to the outer estuary and the transition to freshwater conditions from Hamburg to the mouth at Cuxhaven. The impact of the river flood at the stations is more pronounced in changes in salinity than in turbidity. The restoration of estuarine salinity and turbidity values comparable to those before the river flood took several months.},
note = {Online available at: \url{https://doi.org/10.19080/CERJ.2018.04.555643} (DOI). Kappenberg, J.; Berendt, M.; Ohle, N.; Riethmueller, R.; Schuster, D.; Strotmann, T.: Variation of Hydrodynamics and Water Constituents in the Mouth of the Elbe Estuary, Germany. Civil Engineering Research Journal (CERJ). 2018. vol. 4, no. 4, 555643. DOI: 10.19080/CERJ.2018.04.555643}}
@misc{teich_longterm_statistics_2018, 
author={Teich, T.,Groll, N.,Weisse, R.},
title={Long-term statistics of potentially hazardous sea states in the North Sea 1958–2014},
year={2018},
howpublished = {journal article},
doi = {https://doi.org/10.1007/s10236-018-1210-4},
abstract = {Significant wave height and mean wave period are two of the most commonly used parameters to describe wave climate, wave climate variability, and their potential long-term changes. While these parameters are generally useful to characterize the distribution of waves within a given sea state, they provide less information about potentially high-risk situations. Over the recent years, a number of criteria were suggested that are considered to better characterize high-risk situations and which could bear a potential for the development of safety warning indices. Based on a multi-decadal high-resolution wind-wave hindcast, a climatology of such parameters is developed for the North Sea covering the years 1958–2014. More specifically, average conditions, inter-annual variability and long-term changes for unusually steep, rapidly developing and crossing sea states are considered. Generally, there are pronounced spatial variations in the frequency of such sea states, while over time, there is some seasonal and inter-annual variability but no substantial long-term trend could be identified.},
note = {Online available at: \url{https://doi.org/10.1007/s10236-018-1210-4} (DOI). Teich, T.; Groll, N.; Weisse, R.: Long-term statistics of potentially hazardous sea states in the North Sea 1958–2014. Ocean Dynamics. 2018. vol. 68, no. 11, 1559-1570. DOI: 10.1007/s10236-018-1210-4}}
@misc{siedersleben_evaluation_of_2018, 
author={Siedersleben, S.K.,Platis, A.,Lundquist, J.K.,Lampert, A.,Baerfuss, K.,Canadillas, B.,Djath, B.,Schulz-Stellenfleth, J.,Bange, J.,Neumann, T.,Emeis, S.},
title={Evaluation of a Wind Farm Parametrization for Mesoscale Atmospheric Flow Models with Aircraft Measurements},
year={2018},
howpublished = {journal article},
doi = {https://doi.org/10.1127/metz/2018/0900},
abstract = {Large offshore wind farms are usually clustered around transmission grids to minimize the expense of transmission and due to space military zones, pipelines and constrains due to other uses such as nature preserves. However, this close proximity can undermine power production in downwind wind farms due to wakes from upwind wind farms. Therefore, the wind energy industry has great interest in determining the spatial dimensions of offshore wind farm wakes to assess the economical potential of planned wind farms. In this work we use wake measurements conducted by a research aircraft to evaluate the performance of a wind farm parameterization (WFP) in a mesoscale model during stably-stratified atmospheric conditions, in which the wake is expected to be the strongest. The observations were conducted on the 10 September 2016 within the project WIPAFF (Wind PArk Far Field) at the North Sea. The observations allow evaluation of both the horizontal and the vertical dimensions of the wake. The model simulates the length and most of the time the spatial dimensions of the wake. Further, we show that the largest potential for improving the performance of the WFP is rooted in an improvement of the background flow. This is due to the fact that the mesoscale model has problems representing the atmospheric boundary layer in the transition between land to open sea.},
note = {Online available at: \url{https://doi.org/10.1127/metz/2018/0900} (DOI). Siedersleben, S.; Platis, A.; Lundquist, J.; Lampert, A.; Baerfuss, K.; Canadillas, B.; Djath, B.; Schulz-Stellenfleth, J.; Bange, J.; Neumann, T.; Emeis, S.: Evaluation of a Wind Farm Parametrization for Mesoscale Atmospheric Flow Models with Aircraft Measurements. Meteorologische Zeitschrift. 2018. vol. 27, no. 5, 401-415. DOI: 10.1127/metz/2018/0900}}
@misc{riddick_dynamic_hydrological_2018, 
author={Riddick, T.,Brovkin, V.,Hagemann, S.,Mikolajewicz, U.},
title={Dynamic hydrological discharge modelling for coupled climate model simulations of the last glacial cycle: the MPI-DynamicHD model version 3.0},
year={2018},
howpublished = {journal article},
doi = {https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-11-4291-2018},
abstract = {The continually evolving large ice sheets present in the Northern Hemisphere during the last glacial cycle caused significant changes to river pathways both through directly blocking rivers and through glacial isostatic adjustment. Studies have shown these river pathway changes had a significant impact on the ocean circulation through changing the pattern of freshwater discharge into the oceans. A coupled Earth system model (ESM) simulation of the last glacial cycle thus requires a hydrological discharge model that uses a set of river pathways that evolve with Earth's changing orography while being able to reproduce the known present-day river network given the present-day orography. Here, we present a method for dynamically modelling river pathways that meets such requirements by applying predefined corrections to an evolving fine-scale orography (accounting for the changing ice sheets and isostatic rebound) each time the river directions are recalculated. The corrected orography thus produced is then used to create a set of fine-scale river pathways and these are then upscaled to a coarser scale on which an existing present-day hydrological discharge model within the JSBACH land surface model simulates the river flow. Tests show that this procedure reproduces the known present-day river network to a sufficient degree of accuracy and is able to simulate plausible paleo-river networks. It has also been shown this procedure can be run successfully multiple times as part of a transient coupled climate model simulation.},
note = {Online available at: \url{https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-11-4291-2018} (DOI). Riddick, T.; Brovkin, V.; Hagemann, S.; Mikolajewicz, U.: Dynamic hydrological discharge modelling for coupled climate model simulations of the last glacial cycle: the MPI-DynamicHD model version 3.0. Geoscientific Model Development. 2018. vol. 11, no. 10, 4291-4316. DOI: 10.5194/gmd-11-4291-2018}}
@misc{schaaf_is_there_2018, 
author={Schaaf, B.,Feser, F.},
title={Is there added value of convection-permitting regional climate model simulations for storms over the German Bight and Northern Germany?},
year={2018},
howpublished = {journal article},
doi = {https://doi.org/