@misc{siems_nutrient_and_2024, 
author={Siems, A.,Nantke, C.,Neumann, A.,Sanders, T.,Pröfrock, D.},
title={Nutrient and trace metal data distribution from water samples of ALKOR cruise AL557},
year={2024},
howpublished = {Other: dataset},
doi = {https://doi.org/10.1594/PANGAEA.967370},
abstract = {The water samples were taken from Niskin bottles attached to a CTD in June 2021 on the cruise AL557 in the Skagerrak and the North Sea. The trace element samples were filtered in triplicates with DigiFILTERs (trademark) (0.45 microm, 50 mL, SCP Science, Canada) and measured by seaFAST-ICP-MS (seaFAST SP2, Elemental Scientific, USA; Agilent 8900, Agilent Technologies, Japan; Przibilla et al., 2023; https://doi.org/10.1002/wer.10922). The nutrient samples were filtered with 0.47microm cellulose acetate syringe filters (Minisart, Sartorius, Germany) and analyzed with standard colorimetric techniques (Hansen and Koroleff, 2007) on a continuous flow auto analyzer (AA3, SEAL Analytical, Germany).},
note = {Online available at: \url{https://doi.org/10.1594/PANGAEA.967370} (DOI). Siems, A.; Nantke, C.; Neumann, A.; Sanders, T.; Pröfrock, D.: Nutrient and trace metal data distribution from water samples of ALKOR cruise AL557. PANGEA. 2024. DOI: 10.1594/PANGAEA.967370}}
@misc{klein_urban_mining_2024, 
author={Klein, O.,Zimmermann, T.,Pröfrock, D.},
title={Urban Mining Riches: Unveiling the Economic Value in Electronic Scrap Material for Enhanced Recycling Strategies},
year={2024},
howpublished = {conference poster: Sevilla (ESP); 05.05.2024 - 09.05.2024},
note = {Online available at: \url{} (DOI). Klein, O.; Zimmermann, T.; Pröfrock, D.: Urban Mining Riches: Unveiling the Economic Value in Electronic Scrap Material for Enhanced Recycling Strategies. In: SETAC Europe 34th Annual Meeting. Sevilla (ESP). 2024.}}
@misc{siems_release_and_2024, 
author={Siems, A.,Sanders, T.,Zimmermann, T.,Wieser, M.E.,Pröfrock, D.},
title={Release and turn-over of carbon, nitrogen and metals under oxic and suboxic conditions in long-term incubations of Skagerrak sediments},
year={2024},
howpublished = {conference poster: Wien (AUT); 14.04.2024 - 19.04.2024},
note = {Online available at: \url{} (DOI). Siems, A.; Sanders, T.; Zimmermann, T.; Wieser, M.; Pröfrock, D.: Release and turn-over of carbon, nitrogen and metals under oxic and suboxic conditions in long-term incubations of Skagerrak sediments. In: EGU General Assembly 2024. Wien (AUT). 2024.}}
@misc{siems_dissolved_trace_2024, 
author={Siems, A.,Zimmermann, T.,Sanders, T.,Pröfrock, D.},
title={Dissolved trace elements and nutrients in the North Sea – a current baseline},
year={2024},
howpublished = {journal article},
doi = {https://doi.org/10.1007/s10661-024-12675-2},
abstract = {Primary production is an important driver of marine carbon storage. Besides the major nutrient elements nitrogen, phosphorus, and silicon, primary production also depends on the availability of nutrient-type metals (e.g., Cu, Fe, Mo) and the absence of toxicologically relevant metals (e.g., Ni, Pb). Especially in coastal oceans, carbon storage and export to the open ocean is highly variable and influenced by anthropogenic eutrophication and pollution. To model future changes in coastal carbon storage processes, a solid baseline of nutrient and metal concentrations is crucial. The North Sea is an important shelf sea, influenced by riverine, atmospheric, Baltic Sea, and North Atlantic inputs. We measured the concentrations of dissolved nutrients (NH4+, NO3−, PO43−, and SiO44−) and 26 metals in 337 water samples from various depths within the entire North Sea and Skagerrak. A principal component analysis enabled us to categorize the analytes into three groups according to their predominant behavior: tracers for seawater (e.g., Mo, U, V), recycling (e.g., NO3−, PO43−, SiO44−), and riverine or anthropogenic input (e.g., Ni, Cu, Gd). The results further indicate an increasing P-limitation and increasing anthropogenic gadolinium input into the German Bight.},
note = {Online available at: \url{https://doi.org/10.1007/s10661-024-12675-2} (DOI). Siems, A.; Zimmermann, T.; Sanders, T.; Pröfrock, D.: Dissolved trace elements and nutrients in the North Sea – a current baseline. Environmental Monitoring and Assessment. 2024. vol. 196, 539. DOI: 10.1007/s10661-024-12675-2}}
@misc{hildebrandt_development_and_2024, 
author={Hildebrandt, L.M.,Klein, O.,Zimmermann, T.,Pröfrock, D.},
title={Development and Validation of High-Throughput Methods for the Sampling, Extraction and Analysis of Marine Microplastics},
year={2024},
howpublished = {conference poster: Sevilla (ESP); 05.05.2024 - 09.05.2024},
note = {Online available at: \url{} (DOI). Hildebrandt, L.; Klein, O.; Zimmermann, T.; Pröfrock, D.: Development and Validation of High-Throughput Methods for the Sampling, Extraction and Analysis of Marine Microplastics. In: SETAC Europe 34 Annual Meeting. Sevilla (ESP). 2024.}}
@misc{hildebrandt_an_analytical_2024, 
author={Hildebrandt, L.,Fischer, M.,Klein, O.,Zimmermann, T.,Fensky, F.,Siems, A.,Zonderman, A.,Hengstmann, E.,Kirchgeorg, T.,Pröfrock, D.},
title={An analytical strategy for challenging members of the microplastic family: Particles from anti-corrosion coatings},
year={2024},
howpublished = {journal article},
doi = {https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jhazmat.2024.134173},
abstract = {Potentially hazardous particles from paints and functional coatings are an overlooked fraction of microplastic (MP) pollution since their accurate identification and quantification in environmental samples remains difficult. We have applied the most relevant techniques from the field of microplastic analysis for their suitability to chemically characterize anti-corrosion coatings containing a variety of polymer binders (LDIR, Raman and FTIR spectroscopy, Py-GC/MS) and inorganic additives (ICP-MS/MS). We present the basis of a possible toolbox to study the release and fate of coating particles in the (marine) environment. Our results indicate that, due to material properties, spectroscopic methods alone appear to be unsuitable for quantification of coating/paint particles and underestimate their environmental abundance. ICP-MS/MS and an optimized Py-GC/MS approach in combination with multivariate statistics enables a straightforward comparison of the multi-elemental and organic additive fingerprints of paint particles. The approach can improve the identification of unknown particles in environmental samples by an assignment to different typically used coating types. In future, this approach may facilitate allocation of emission sources of different environmental paint/coating particles. Indeed, future work will be required to tackle various remaining analytical challenges, such as optimized particle extraction/separation of environmental coating particles.},
note = {Online available at: \url{https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jhazmat.2024.134173} (DOI). Hildebrandt, L.; Fischer, M.; Klein, O.; Zimmermann, T.; Fensky, F.; Siems, A.; Zonderman, A.; Hengstmann, E.; Kirchgeorg, T.; Pröfrock, D.: An analytical strategy for challenging members of the microplastic family: Particles from anti-corrosion coatings. Journal of Hazardous Materials. 2024. vol. 470, 134173. DOI: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2024.134173}}
@misc{petrauskas_grain_size_2024, 
author={Petrauskas, C.,Kruse, M.,Klein, O.,El Gareb, F.R.,Erbslöh, H.B.,Ebeling, A.,Pröfrock, D.},
title={Grain size distribution for sediment samples of the cruise LP20200629},
year={2024},
howpublished = {Other: dataset},
doi = {https://doi.org/10.1594/PANGAEA.963878},
abstract = {Offshore wind energy is a steadily growing sector contributing to the worldwide energy production. The impact of these offshore constructions on the marine environment, however, remains unclear in many aspects. In fact, little is known about potential emissions from corrosion protection systems such as organic coatings or galvanic anodes composed of Al and Zn alloys, used to protect offshore structures. In order to assess potential chemical emissions from offshore wind farms and their impact on the marine environment water and sediment samples were taken in and around offshore wind farms of the German Bight between 22.07.2020 and 25.07.2020 within the context of the Hereon-BSH project OffChEm. The sediment samples were taken by a box grab and analyzed for their grain size distribution by laser diffraction.},
note = {Online available at: \url{https://doi.org/10.1594/PANGAEA.963878} (DOI). Petrauskas, C.; Kruse, M.; Klein, O.; El Gareb, F.; Erbslöh, H.; Ebeling, A.; Pröfrock, D.: Grain size distribution for sediment samples of the cruise LP20200629. PANGEA. 2024. DOI: 10.1594/PANGAEA.963878}}
@misc{klein_beyond_the_2024, 
author={Klein, O.,Hildebrandt, L.M.,Mara, R.,Annika, J.,Pröfrock, D.},
title={Beyond the Surface: Spotlight on Plastic Metal(loid) Additive Leaching and Unseen Contaminants},
year={2024},
howpublished = {conference poster: Sevilla (ESP); 05.05.2024 - 09.05.2024},
note = {Online available at: \url{} (DOI). Klein, O.; Hildebrandt, L.; Mara, R.; Annika, J.; Pröfrock, D.: Beyond the Surface: Spotlight on Plastic Metal(loid) Additive Leaching and Unseen Contaminants. In: SETAC Europe 34th Annual Meeting. Sevilla (ESP). 2024.}}
@misc{prfrock_from_offshore_2024, 
author={Pröfrock, D.},
title={From offshore windfarms to microplastics – Challenges and new analytical tools to decipher environmental impacts related with recent anthropogenic activities within the coastal zones},
year={2024},
howpublished = {conference lecture (invited): Berlin (DEU); 26.03.2024 - 26.03.2024},
note = {Online available at: \url{} (DOI). Pröfrock, D.: From offshore windfarms to microplastics – Challenges and new analytical tools to decipher environmental impacts related with recent anthropogenic activities within the coastal zones. BAM Adlershofer Kolloquium. Berlin (DEU), 2024.}}
@misc{rohrweber_gesundheit_der_2024, 
author={Rohrweber, A.},
title={Gesundheit der Ostee},
year={2024},
howpublished = {conference lecture: Kiel (DEU); 03.05.2024 - 09.05.2024},
note = {Online available at: \url{} (DOI). Rohrweber, A.: Gesundheit der Ostee. Veranstaltung Studieren unter Segeln der FH Kiel. Kiel (DEU), 2024.}}
@misc{siems_sediment_core_2024, 
author={Siems, A.,Metzke, M.,Pröfrock, D.,Sanders, T.,Zimmermann, T.},
title={Sediment core and pore water data for HE586},
year={2024},
howpublished = {Other: dataset},
doi = {https://doi.org/10.1594/PANGAEA.967504},
abstract = {Sediment cores and pore water cores were taken in the Skagerrak with a multicorer on cruise HE586 (October 2021). The sediment cores were sliced onboard into 1 cm slices and frozen directly (-20°C). Pore water samples were taken with rhizon samplers (0.15 µm pore size, CSS; Rhizosphere, Netherlands) from intact sediment cores and frozen directly (-20°C). In the laboratory, the sediments were freeze-dried, sieved (<2mm) and milled. For organic carbon (after acidification) and total carbon and nitrogen contents, the samples were analyzed using an Euro EA 3000 (Euro Vector SPA) Elemental Analyzer, delta 15N was measured with a FlashEA 1112 elemental analyzer coupled to a MAT 252 (Thermo Fisher Scientific) isotope ratio mass spectrometer (https://doi.org/10.1016/j.orggeochem.2009.05.008; lab 3). The pore water nutrient concentrations (ammonia, silicate, phosphate, nitrite, nitrite+nitrate) were measured using a TECAN infinite 200 plate reader. Colorimetric methods according to Ringuet et al. (2011; https://doi.org/10.1039/C0EM00290A) for phosphate and silicate, Yu et al. (1994; http://www.sfjo-lamer.org/la_mer/32-2/32-2.pdf#page=19) for ammonia and Garcia-Robledo et al. (2014; https://doi.org/10.1016/j.marchem.2014.03.002) were applied. For trace metal analysis, the sediments were digested with HBF4+HNO3+HCl (https://doi.org/10.1039/D0AY01049A) and the pore water samples were acidified with HNO3 prior to 10-fold dilution with HNO3. Trace elements were measured by ICP-MS/MS (Agilent 8800, Agilent Technologies, Japan).},
note = {Online available at: \url{https://doi.org/10.1594/PANGAEA.967504} (DOI). Siems, A.; Metzke, M.; Pröfrock, D.; Sanders, T.; Zimmermann, T.: Sediment core and pore water data for HE586. PANGEA. 2024. DOI: 10.1594/PANGAEA.967504}}
@misc{siems_sediment_core_2024, 
author={Siems, A.,Metzke, M.,Pröfrock, D.,Sanders, T.,Zimmermann, T.},
title={Sediment core and pore water data for AL557},
year={2024},
howpublished = {Other: dataset},
doi = {https://doi.org/10.1594/PANGAEA.967500},
abstract = {Sediment cores and pore water cores were taken in the Skagerrak and North Sea with a multicorer on cruise AL557 (June 2021). The sediment cores were sliced onboard into 1 cm slices and frozen directly (-20°C). Pore water samples were taken with rhizon samplers (0.15 µm pore size, CSS; Rhizosphere, Netherlands) from intact sediment cores and frozen directly (-20°C). In the laboratory, the sediments were freeze-dried, sieved (<2mm) and milled. For organic carbon (after acidification) and total carbon and nitrogen contents, the samples were analyzed using an Euro EA 3000 (Euro Vector SPA) Elemental Analyzer, delta 15N was measured with a FlashEA 1112 elemental analyzer coupled to a MAT 252 (Thermo Fisher Scientific) isotope ratio mass spectrometer (https://doi.org/10.1016/j.orggeochem.2009.05.008; lab 3). For trace metal analysis, the sediments were digested with HBF4+HNO3+HCl (https://doi.org/10.1039/D0AY01049A) and the pore water samples were acidified with HNO3 prior to 10-fold dilution with HNO3. Trace elements were measured by ICP-MS/MS (Agilent 8800, Agilent Technologies, Japan).},
note = {Online available at: \url{https://doi.org/10.1594/PANGAEA.967500} (DOI). Siems, A.; Metzke, M.; Pröfrock, D.; Sanders, T.; Zimmermann, T.: Sediment core and pore water data for AL557. PANGEA. 2024. DOI: 10.1594/PANGAEA.967500}}
@misc{mccormickzonderman_detection_of_2024, 
author={McCormick Zonderman, A.,Ferdinand, M.,Hildebrandt, L.M.,Pröfrock, D.},
title={Detection of Particulate and Metal(loid) Emissions from Offshore Wind Farms},
year={2024},
howpublished = {conference poster: Sevilla (ESP); 05.05.2024 - 09.05.2024},
note = {Online available at: \url{} (DOI). McCormick Zonderman, A.; Ferdinand, M.; Hildebrandt, L.; Pröfrock, D.: Detection of Particulate and Metal(loid) Emissions from Offshore Wind Farms. In: SETAC Europe 34th Annual Meeting. Sevilla (ESP). 2024.}}
@misc{hildebrandt_laser_microdissection_2023, 
author={Hildebrandt, L.,Zimmermann, T.,Pröfrock, D.},
title={Laser microdissection pressure catapulting (LMPC): a new technique to handle single microplastic particles for number-based validation strategies},
year={2023},
howpublished = {journal article},
doi = {https://doi.org/10.1007/s00216-023-04611-z},
abstract = {This study examines laser microdissection pressure catapulting (LMPC) as an innovative method for microplastic research. Laser pressure catapulting as part of commercially available LMPC microscopes enables the precise handling of microplastic particles without any mechanical contact. In fact, individual particles with sizes between several micrometers and several hundred micrometers can be transported over centimeter-wide distances into a collection vial. Therefore, the technology enables the exact handling of defined numbers of small microplastics (or even individual ones) with the greatest precision. Herewith, it allows the production of particle number-based spike suspensions for method validation. Proof-of-principle LMPC experiments with polyethylene and polyethylene terephthalate model particles in the size range from 20 to 63 µm and polystyrene microspheres (10 µm diameter) demonstrated precise particle handling without fragmentation. Furthermore, the ablated particles showed no evidence of chemical alteration as seen in the particles’ IR spectra acquired via laser direct infrared analysis. We propose LMPC as a promising new tool to produce future microplastic reference materials such as particle-number spiked suspensions, since LMPC circumvents the uncertainties resulting from the potentially heterogeneous behavior or inappropriate sampling from microplastic suspensions. Furthermore, LMPC could be advantageous for the generation of very accurate calibration series of spherical particles for microplastic analysis via pyrolysis–gas chromatography–mass spectrometry (down to 0.54 ng), as it omits the dissolution of bulk polymers.},
note = {Online available at: \url{https://doi.org/10.1007/s00216-023-04611-z} (DOI). Hildebrandt, L.; Zimmermann, T.; Pröfrock, D.: Laser microdissection pressure catapulting (LMPC): a new technique to handle single microplastic particles for number-based validation strategies. Analytical and Bioanalytical Chemistry. 2023. vol. 415, 3041-3049. DOI: 10.1007/s00216-023-04611-z}}
@misc{klein_investigation_of_2023, 
author={Klein, O.},
title={Investigation of the occurrence, distribution and fate of „Technology - Critical Elements“ as potential „Emerging Contaminants“ in the aquatic environment},
year={2023},
howpublished = {Other: other},
note = {Online available at: \url{} (DOI). Klein, O.: Investigation of the occurrence, distribution and fate of „Technology - Critical Elements“ as potential „Emerging Contaminants“ in the aquatic environment. 2023.}}
@misc{ebeling_investigation_of_2023, 
author={Ebeling, A.,Wippermann, D.,Zimmermann, T.,Klein, O.,Kirchgeorg, T.,Weinberg, I.,Hasenbein, S.,Plaß, A.,Pröfrock, D.},
title={Investigation of potential metal emissions from galvanic anodes in offshore wind farms into North Sea sediments},
year={2023},
howpublished = {journal article},
doi = {https://doi.org/10.1016/j.marpolbul.2023.115396},
abstract = {To evaluate potential metal emissions from offshore wind farms (OWFs), 215 surface sediment samples from different German North Sea OWFs taken between 2016 and 2022 were analyzed for their mass fractions of metals and their isotopic composition of Sr. For the first time, this study provides large-scale elemental data from OWFs of the previously proposed galvanic anode tracers Cd, Pb, Zn, Ga and In. Results show that mass fractions of the legacy pollutants Cd, Pb and Zn were mostly within the known variability of North Sea sediments. At the current stage the analyzed Ga and In mass fractions as well as Ga/In ratios do not point towards an accumulation in sediments caused by galvanic anodes used in OWFs. However, further investigations are advisable to evaluate long-term effects over the expected lifetime of OWFs, especially with regard to the current intensification of offshore wind energy development.},
note = {Online available at: \url{https://doi.org/10.1016/j.marpolbul.2023.115396} (DOI). Ebeling, A.; Wippermann, D.; Zimmermann, T.; Klein, O.; Kirchgeorg, T.; Weinberg, I.; Hasenbein, S.; Plaß, A.; Pröfrock, D.: Investigation of potential metal emissions from galvanic anodes in offshore wind farms into North Sea sediments. Marine Pollution Bulletin. 2023. vol. 194, Part A, 115396. DOI: 10.1016/j.marpolbul.2023.115396}}
@misc{rmerscheid_prioritization_of_2023, 
author={Römerscheid, M. and Lips, S.,Hildebrandt, L.,Schmitt-Jansen, M.,Pröfrock, D.,Jahnke, A.},
title={Prioritization of consumer plastics for further testing based on artificial weathering combined with bioanalytical and chemical screening},
year={2023},
howpublished = {conference lecture: Dublin (IRL); 30.04.2023 - 04.05.2023},
note = {Online available at: \url{} (DOI). Römerscheid, M.; Hildebrandt, L.; Schmitt-Jansen, M.; Pröfrock, D.; Jahnke, A.: Prioritization of consumer plastics for further testing based on artificial weathering combined with bioanalytical and chemical screening. SETAC Europe 2023. Dublin (IRL), 2023.}}
@misc{hildebrandt_microplastic_analysis_2023, 
author={Hildebrandt, L.,Pröfrock, D.},
title={Microplastic analysis of complex marine water and sediment samples},
year={2023},
howpublished = {conference lecture: Dublin (IRL); 30.04.2023 - 04.05.2023},
note = {Online available at: \url{} (DOI). Hildebrandt, L.; Pröfrock, D.: Microplastic analysis of complex marine water and sediment samples. SETAC Europe 2023. Dublin (IRL), 2023.}}
@misc{hansen_quantification_and_2023, 
author={Hansen, J.,Hildebrandt, L.,Zimmermann, T.,El Gareb, F.,Fischer, E.K.,Pröfrock, D.},
title={Quantification and characterization of microplastics in surface water samples from the Northeast Atlantic Ocean using Laser Direct Infrared Imaging},
year={2023},
howpublished = {journal article},
doi = {https://doi.org/10.1016/j.marpolbul.2023.114880},
abstract = {15 filtration samples were collected at eight locations onboard the RV Sonne (cruise SO279 in 2020) from 6 m water depth using a fractionated stainless-steel filtration unit. The size fraction > 300 μm was visually examined and potential microplastic particles were analyzed by ATR-FTIR spectroscopy. The treatment of size class 20 μm < d < 300 μm was based on enzymatic-oxidative microwave-assisted “one-pot” matrix digestion in conjunction with analysis of the microplastics by time-efficient LDIR imaging.,Total number concentrations ranged from 47 to 2154 microplastic particles per m3 (average for all stations: 500 ± 700 microplastic particles m−3 (1 SD; n = 8)). In total, 20 polymer types were identified. The most common polymer types were polyethylene terephthalate (20 %) and acrylates/polyurethane/varnish (15 %). 93 % of the detected microplastics were smaller than 100 μm in length. Analysis of sample replicates indicates high spatio-temporal variations in microplastic pollution within the investigated region.},
note = {Online available at: \url{https://doi.org/10.1016/j.marpolbul.2023.114880} (DOI). Hansen, J.; Hildebrandt, L.; Zimmermann, T.; El Gareb, F.; Fischer, E.; Pröfrock, D.: Quantification and characterization of microplastics in surface water samples from the Northeast Atlantic Ocean using Laser Direct Infrared Imaging. Marine Pollution Bulletin. 2023. vol. 190, 114880. DOI: 10.1016/j.marpolbul.2023.114880}}
@misc{lange_climatesmart_socially_2023, 
author={Lange, M.,Cabana, D.,Ebeling, A. and Ebinghaus, R.,Joerss, H.,Rölfer, L.,Celliers, L.},
title={Climate-smart socially innovative tools and approaches for marine pollution science in support of sustainable development},
year={2023},
howpublished = {journal article},
doi = {https://doi.org/10.1017/cft.2023.11},
abstract = {There is a complex interaction between pollution, climate change, the environment and people. This complex interplay of actions and impacts is particularly relevant in coastal regions, where the land meets the sea. To achieve sustainable development in coastal systems, a better understanding is necessary of the role and impact of pollution and the connectedness of the elements, namely, pollution, climate and the people, as well as associated impacts unfolding in an integrated social–ecological system (SES). In this context, the enabling capacity of tools connecting scientific efforts to societal demands is much debated. This paper establishes the basis for climate-smart socially innovative tools and approaches for marine pollution science. The goal of developing a set of innovative tools is twofold: first, to build on, integrate, and further improve the well-founded strengths in diagnosis and process understanding of systemic environmental problems; and, second, to provide decision-making with usable information to create actionable knowledge for managing the impact of marine pollution on the SES under a changing climate. The paper concludes by establishing the scope for a ‘last mile’ approach incorporating scientific evidence of pollution under climate change conditions into decision-making in a SES on the coast. The paper uses case studies to demonstrate the need for collaborative tools to connect the science of coastal pollution and climate with decision-making on managing human activities in a SES.},
note = {Online available at: \url{https://doi.org/10.1017/cft.2023.11} (DOI). Lange, M.; Cabana, D.; Ebeling, A.; Joerss, H.; Rölfer, L.; Celliers, L.: Climate-smart socially innovative tools and approaches for marine pollution science in support of sustainable development. Cambridge Prisms: Coastal Futures. 2023. vol. 1, E23. DOI: 10.1017/cft.2023.11}}
@misc{klein_exploiting_the_2023, 
author={Klein, O.,Zimmermann, T.,Pröfrock, D.},
title={Exploiting the Urban Mine - Methodology for TCE determination in electronic scrap material using ICP-MS/MS},
year={2023},
howpublished = {conference lecture: Dortmund (DEU); 14.05.2023 - 17.05.2023},
note = {Online available at: \url{} (DOI). Klein, O.; Zimmermann, T.; Pröfrock, D.: Exploiting the Urban Mine - Methodology for TCE determination in electronic scrap material using ICP-MS/MS. 54th annual conference of the DGMS. Dortmund (DEU), 2023.}}
@misc{przibilla_response_of_2023, 
author={Przibilla, A.,Sanders, T.,Zimmermann, T.,Schulz, G.,Nantke, C.,Pröfrock, D.},
title={Response of metal contaminated Skagerrak sediments to changing oxygen conditions},
year={2023},
howpublished = {conference lecture: Lyon (FRA); 09.07.2023 - 14.07.2023},
note = {Online available at: \url{} (DOI). Przibilla, A.; Sanders, T.; Zimmermann, T.; Schulz, G.; Nantke, C.; Pröfrock, D.: Response of metal contaminated Skagerrak sediments to changing oxygen conditions. Goldschmidt Conference 2023. Lyon (FRA), 2023.}}
@misc{przibilla_analysis_of_2023, 
author={Przibilla, A.,Iwainski, S.,Zimmermann, T.,Nantke, C.,Pröfrock, D.},
title={Analysis of dissolved trace metals in North Sea water: How to obtain reliable data using ICP-MS/MS?},
year={2023},
howpublished = {conference lecture: Dortmund (DEU); 14.05.2023 - 17.05.2023},
note = {Online available at: \url{} (DOI). Przibilla, A.; Iwainski, S.; Zimmermann, T.; Nantke, C.; Pröfrock, D.: Analysis of dissolved trace metals in North Sea water: How to obtain reliable data using ICP-MS/MS?. 54th annual conference of the DGMS. Dortmund (DEU), 2023.}}
@misc{denotter_release_of_2023, 
author={den Otter, J.,Pröfrock, D.,Bünning, T.,Strehse, J.,Van der Heijden, A.,Maser, E.},
title={Release of Ammunition-Related Compounds from a Dutch Marine Dump Site},
year={2023},
howpublished = {journal article},
doi = {https://doi.org/10.3390/toxics11030238},
abstract = {After World War II, large amounts of ammunition were dumped in surface waters worldwide, potentially releasing harmful and toxic compounds to the environment. To study their degradation, ammunition items dumped in the Eastern Scheldt in The Netherlands were surfaced. Severe damage due to corrosion and leak paths through the casings were observed, making the explosives in the ammunition accessible to sea water. Using novel techniques, the concentrations of ammunition-related compounds in the surrounding seabed and in the seawater were analyzed at 15 different locations. In the direct vicinity of ammunition, elevated concentrations of ammunition-related compounds (both metals and organic substances) were found. Concentrations of energetic compounds ranged from below the limit of detection (LoD) up to the low two-digit ng/L range in water samples, and from below the LoD up to the one-digit ng/g dry weight range in sediment samples. Concentrations of metals were found up to the low microgram/L range in water and up the low ng/g dry weight in sediment. However, even though the water and sediment samples were collected as close to the ammunition items as possible, the concentrations of these compounds were low and, as far as available, no quality standards or limits were exceeded. The presence of fouling, the low solubility of the energetic compounds, and dilution by the high local water current were concluded to be the main causes for the absence of high concentrations of ammunition-related compounds. As a conclusion, these new analytical methods should be applied to continuously monitor the Eastern Scheldt munitions dump site.},
note = {Online available at: \url{https://doi.org/10.3390/toxics11030238} (DOI). den Otter, J.; Pröfrock, D.; Bünning, T.; Strehse, J.; Van der Heijden, A.; Maser, E.: Release of Ammunition-Related Compounds from a Dutch Marine Dump Site. Toxics. 2023. vol. 11, no. 3, 238. DOI: 10.3390/toxics11030238}}
@misc{wippermann_potential_of_2023, 
author={Wippermann, D.,Zonderman, A.,Ebeling, A.,Klein, O.,Hans-Burkhard, E.,Zimmermann, T.,Pröfrock, D.},
title={Potential of ICP-MS/MS to study the impact of trace metals released from offshore wind farm corrosion protection on marine biota},
year={2023},
howpublished = {conference poster: Ljubljana (SVN); 29.01.2023 - 03.02.2023},
note = {Online available at: \url{} (DOI). Wippermann, D.; Zonderman, A.; Ebeling, A.; Klein, O.; Hans-Burkhard, E.; Zimmermann, T.; Pröfrock, D.: Potential of ICP-MS/MS to study the impact of trace metals released from offshore wind farm corrosion protection on marine biota. In: European Winter Conference on Plasma Spectrochemistry. Ljubljana (SVN). 2023.}}
@misc{prfrock_new_applications_2023, 
author={Pröfrock, D.,Przibilla, A.,Klein, O.,Hildebrandt, L.,Ebeling, A.,el Gareb, F.,Rohrweber, A.,Witthoff, C.,Zimmermann, T.},
title={New Applications of ICP-MS/MS and MC ICP-MS to study the chemical anthropocene},
year={2023},
howpublished = {conference lecture: Ljubljana (SVN); 28.01.2023 - 03.02.2023},
note = {Online available at: \url{} (DOI). Pröfrock, D.; Przibilla, A.; Klein, O.; Hildebrandt, L.; Ebeling, A.; el Gareb, F.; Rohrweber, A.; Witthoff, C.; Zimmermann, T.: New Applications of ICP-MS/MS and MC ICP-MS to study the chemical anthropocene. European Winter Conference on Plasma Spectrochemistry. Ljubljana (SVN), 2023.}}
@misc{przibilla_impact_of_2023, 
author={Przibilla, A.,Iwainski, S.,Zimmermann, T.,Pröfrock, D.},
title={Impact of storage temperature and filtration method on dissolved trace metal concentrations in coastal water samples},
year={2023},
howpublished = {journal article},
doi = {https://doi.org/10.1002/wer.10922},
abstract = {Trace elements play a major role in biogeochemical cycles and oceanographic processes. To determine trace element concentrations, the dissolved and particulate phase are usually separated by filtration. However, the frequently used membrane filtration as well as sample storage can bias the dissolved elemental concentrations by adsorption or desorption/contamination. We present a comparison of two filtration methods for coastal and estuarine water samples (pressure filtration with Nuclepore™ polycarbonate filters, vacuum filtration with DigiFILTER™s) applied to aliquots of a large-volume coastal water sample that were stored at -18 °C or 4 °C for up to nine weeks. The filtrates were analyzed by seaFAST-ICP-MS for dissolved Cd, Ce, Co, Cu, Dy, Er, Eu, Fe, Ho, La, Mn, Mo, Nd, Pb, Pr, Sm, Tb, U, V, W, Y and Zn. The filtration blanks of DigiFILTER™s (0.0006 ± 0.0010 ng L-1 for Ho to 110 ± 180 ng L-1 for Zn) were sufficiently low for quantification of all analyzed elements with good repeatability, enabling a fast and reliable filtration of large sample sets of coastal water. However, the findings also highlight the need to measure procedural blanks including the filtration instead of only the instrument blanks to validate results. Measured concentrations of both filtration methods did not differ significantly for Cd, Cu, Mo, U, V, W, Zn but for other investigated elements, the ratio between both methods was up to 1.8 for Ce and 4.1 for Fe. Within nine weeks of storage, the elemental concentrations decreased significantly, resulting in losses of 20 % Mn in frozen samples and 63 % Pb, 64 % Co and 93 % Mn in cooled samples.},
note = {Online available at: \url{https://doi.org/10.1002/wer.10922} (DOI). Przibilla, A.; Iwainski, S.; Zimmermann, T.; Pröfrock, D.: Impact of storage temperature and filtration method on dissolved trace metal concentrations in coastal water samples. Water Environment Research. 2023. vol. 95, no. 9, e10922. DOI: 10.1002/wer.10922}}
@misc{prfrock_offshore_windfarms_2023, 
author={Pröfrock, D.,Ebeling, A.,Wippermann, D.,Klein, O.,Zimmermann, T.},
title={Offshore Windfarms als potentielle Punktquellen für Schadstoffe in der Marinen Umwelt},
year={2023},
howpublished = {conference lecture: Virtual; 24.01.2023 - 24.01.2023},
note = {Online available at: \url{} (DOI). Pröfrock, D.; Ebeling, A.; Wippermann, D.; Klein, O.; Zimmermann, T.: Offshore Windfarms als potentielle Punktquellen für Schadstoffe in der Marinen Umwelt. Workshop des AK Umweltmonitorings der GDCH. Virtual, 2023.}}
@misc{ebeling_korrosionsschutz_und_2023, 
author={Ebeling, A.,Wippermann, D.,Zonderman, A.,Klein, O.,Erbslöh, B.,Kirchgeorg, T.,Weinberg, I.,Hasenbein, S.,Zimmermann, T.,Pröfrock, D.},
title={Korrosionsschutz und dessen Umweltauswirkung am Beispiel von Offshore Windkraftanlagen},
year={2023},
howpublished = {conference lecture: Hamburg (DEU); 11.07.2023},
note = {Online available at: \url{} (DOI). Ebeling, A.; Wippermann, D.; Zonderman, A.; Klein, O.; Erbslöh, B.; Kirchgeorg, T.; Weinberg, I.; Hasenbein, S.; Zimmermann, T.; Pröfrock, D.: Korrosionsschutz und dessen Umweltauswirkung am Beispiel von Offshore Windkraftanlagen. Künstliche Intelligenz vs. Maritime Korrosion - Where do we go?. Hamburg (DEU), 2023.}}
@misc{hoppe_how_pollutants_2023, 
author={Hoppe, P.,Zimmermann, T.,Pröfrock, D.},
title={How pollutants are transported - Distribution of organic and inorganic pollutants in different Elbe compartments},
year={2023},
howpublished = {conference lecture: Berlin (DEU); 15.11.2023 - 17.11.2023},
note = {Online available at: \url{} (DOI). Hoppe, P.; Zimmermann, T.; Pröfrock, D.: How pollutants are transported - Distribution of organic and inorganic pollutants in different Elbe compartments. 7th PhD Seminar of the German Working Group for Analytical Spectroscopy (DAAS) in the GDCh Division of Analytical Chemistry. Berlin (DEU), 2023.}}
@misc{ebeling_from_rivers_2023, 
author={Ebeling, A.,Klein, O.,Zimmermann, T.,Rust, B.,Wippermann, D.,Faust, S.,Irrgeher, J.,Pröfrock, D.},
title={From rivers to the sea: determination and tracing of TCEs in natural waters},
year={2023},
howpublished = {conference lecture: Berlin (DEU); 03.09.2023 - 07.09.2023},
note = {Online available at: \url{} (DOI). Ebeling, A.; Klein, O.; Zimmermann, T.; Rust, B.; Wippermann, D.; Faust, S.; Irrgeher, J.; Pröfrock, D.: From rivers to the sea: determination and tracing of TCEs in natural waters. GeoBerlin 2023 - Geosciences Beyond Boundaries - Research, Society, Future. Berlin (DEU), 2023.}}
@misc{rohrweber_the_spatial_2023, 
author={Rohrweber, A.,Przibilla, A.,Ebeling, A.,Zimmermann, T.,Pröfrock, D.},
title={The spatial distribution of trace metals in North Sea and Baltic Sea - defining a baseline to study effects of potential ocean alkalinity enhancement activities},
year={2023},
howpublished = {conference poster: Lyon (FRA); 09.07.2023 - 14.07.2023},
note = {Online available at: \url{} (DOI). Rohrweber, A.; Przibilla, A.; Ebeling, A.; Zimmermann, T.; Pröfrock, D.: The spatial distribution of trace metals in North Sea and Baltic Sea - defining a baseline to study effects of potential ocean alkalinity enhancement activities. In: Goldschmidt2023 Conference. Lyon (FRA). 2023.}}
@misc{prfrock_grain_size_2023, 
author={Pröfrock, D.,Zimmermann, T.,von der Au, M.,Dutschke, F.,Ercegovac, M.,Irrgeher, J.,Ruhnau, C.,Schrödl, S.,Erbslöh, H.B.,Pieper, A.},
title={Grain size distribution for the sediment sample stations of the Elbe river campaign LP201508 in 2015},
year={2023},
howpublished = {Other: dataset},
doi = {https://doi.org/10.1594/PANGAEA.954520},
abstract = {Transport, distribution and remobilization processes of sediments and suspended matter of the Wadden Sea or within the marine areas have a major influence on the pollution situation of the these areas. The combined analysis of element fingerprints and isotope ratios of selected elements is suitable to provide valuable insights into the origin, transport pathways and distribution of sediments and suspended sediments within the study area. Thus, sediment and freshwater samples were taken from the German part of the Elbe river and its tributaries in August and October 2015 to identify their elemental and isotopic fingerprint and to investigate potential inputs of this major river system into the German Bight. All sediment samples were taken using a box grab and were analyzed for their grain size distribution by laser diffraction.},
note = {Online available at: \url{https://doi.org/10.1594/PANGAEA.954520} (DOI). Pröfrock, D.; Zimmermann, T.; von der Au, M.; Dutschke, F.; Ercegovac, M.; Irrgeher, J.; Ruhnau, C.; Schrödl, S.; Erbslöh, H.; Pieper, A.: Grain size distribution for the sediment sample stations of the Elbe river campaign LP201508 in 2015. PANGEA. 2023. DOI: 10.1594/PANGAEA.954520}}
@misc{ebeling_oceanographic_parameters_2023, 
author={Ebeling, A.,Klein, O.,El Gareb, F.R.,Erbslöh, H.B.,Pröfrock, D.},
title={Oceanographic parameters for the sample stations of Ludwig Prandtl cruise LP20200629},
year={2023},
howpublished = {Other: dataset},
doi = {https://doi.org/10.1594/PANGAEA.963874},
abstract = {Offshore wind energy is a steadily growing sector contributing to the worldwide energy production. The impact of these offshore constructions on the marine environment, however, remains unclear in many aspects. In fact, little is known about potential emissions from corrosion protection systems such as organic coatings or galvanic anodes composed of Al and Zn alloys, used to protect offshore structures. In order to assess potential chemical emissions from offshore wind farms and their impact on the marine environment water and sediment samples were taken in and around offshore wind farms of the German Bight between 22.07.2020 and 25.07.2020 within the context of the Hereon-BSH project OffChEm. At every sampling station oceanographic parameters were measured directly on board with respective probes of a multimeter for pH, dissolved oxygen, temperature and conductivity. Additionally the current associated weather conditions (temperature in air, wind speed, air pressure) were noted from the ship system.},
note = {Online available at: \url{https://doi.org/10.1594/PANGAEA.963874} (DOI). Ebeling, A.; Klein, O.; El Gareb, F.; Erbslöh, H.; Pröfrock, D.: Oceanographic parameters for the sample stations of Ludwig Prandtl cruise LP20200629. PANGEA. 2023. DOI: 10.1594/PANGAEA.963874}}
@misc{ebeling_metal_distribution_2023, 
author={Ebeling, A.,Petrauskas, C.,Kruse, M.,Rust, B.,Pieper, A.,Klein, O.,El Gareb, F.R.,Erbslöh, H.B.,Pröfrock, D.},
title={Metal distribution for sediment samples of Ludwig Prandtl cruise LP20200629},
year={2023},
howpublished = {Other: dataset},
doi = {https://doi.org/10.1594/PANGAEA.963886},
abstract = {Offshore wind energy is a steadily growing sector contributing to the worldwide energy production. The impact of these offshore constructions on the marine environment, however, remains unclear in many aspects. In fact, little is known about potential emissions from corrosion protection systems such as organic coatings or galvanic anodes composed of Al and Zn alloys, used to protect offshore structures. In order to assess potential chemical emissions from offshore wind farms and their impact on the marine environment water and sediment samples were taken in and around offshore wind farms of the German Bight between 22.07.2020 and 25.07.2020 within the context of the Hereon-BSH project OffChEm. The surface sediment samples were taken by a box grab, homogenized, freeze-dried and wet-sieved to gain the <20 µm grain size fraction. The <20 µm grain size fraction was acid digested and measured by ICP-MS/MS for their (trace) metal mass fractions.},
note = {Online available at: \url{https://doi.org/10.1594/PANGAEA.963886} (DOI). Ebeling, A.; Petrauskas, C.; Kruse, M.; Rust, B.; Pieper, A.; Klein, O.; El Gareb, F.; Erbslöh, H.; Pröfrock, D.: Metal distribution for sediment samples of Ludwig Prandtl cruise LP20200629. PANGEA. 2023. DOI: 10.1594/PANGAEA.963886}}
@misc{ebeling_metal_distribution_2023, 
author={Ebeling, A.,Voigt, N.,Pehlke, C.,Rust, B.,Pieper, A.,Zimmermann, T.,Pröfrock, D.},
title={Metal distribution and Sr and Pb stable isotope ratios for sediment samples of ATAIR cruise AT261},
year={2023},
howpublished = {Other: dataset},
doi = {https://doi.org/10.1594/PANGAEA.956893},
abstract = {Offshore wind energy is a steadily growing sector contributing to the worldwide energy production. The impact of these offshore constructions on the marine environment, however, remains unclear in many aspects. In fact, little is known about potential emissions from corrosion protection systems such as organic coatings or galvanic anodes composed of Al and Zn alloys, used to protect offshore structures. In order to assess potential chemical emissions from offshore wind farms and their impact on the marine environment water and sediment samples were taken in the surrounding and within different wind farms of the German Bight in April 2018 within the context of the Hereon-BSH project OffChEm. The surface sediment samples were taken by a box grab, homogenized, freeze-dried and wet-sieved to gain the <20 µm grain size fraction. The <20 µm grain size fraction was acid digested and measured by ICP-MS/MS for their (trace) metal mass fractions. The Sr and Pb isotope ratios were measured by MC ICP-MS after an automated matrix separation with a prepFAST MC system.},
note = {Online available at: \url{https://doi.org/10.1594/PANGAEA.956893} (DOI). Ebeling, A.; Voigt, N.; Pehlke, C.; Rust, B.; Pieper, A.; Zimmermann, T.; Pröfrock, D.: Metal distribution and Sr and Pb stable isotope ratios for sediment samples of ATAIR cruise AT261. PANGEA. 2023. DOI: 10.1594/PANGAEA.956893}}
@misc{ebeling_metal_distribution_2023, 
author={Ebeling, A.,Voigt, N.,Petrauskas, C.,Ludwig, J.,Rust, B.,Pieper, A.,Zimmermann, T.,Klein, O.,Pröfrock, D.},
title={Metal distribution and Sr and Pb stable isotope ratios for sediment samples of Atair cruise AT275},
year={2023},
howpublished = {Other: dataset},
doi = {https://doi.org/10.1594/PANGAEA.963966},
abstract = {Offshore wind energy is a steadily growing sector contributing to the worldwide energy production. The impact of these offshore constructions on the marine environment, however, remains unclear in many aspects. In fact, little is known about potential emissions from corrosion protection systems such as organic coatings or galvanic anodes composed of Al and Zn alloys, used to protect offshore structures. In order to assess potential chemical emissions from offshore wind farms and their impact on the marine environment water and sediment samples were taken in and around offshore wind farms of the German Bight between 06.03.2019 and 24.03.2019 within the context of the Hereon-BSH project OffChEm. The surface sediment samples were taken by a box grab, homogenized, freeze-dried and wet-sieved to gain the <20 µm grain size fraction. The <20 µm grain size fraction was acid digested and measured by ICP-MS/MS for their (trace) metal mass fractions. The Sr and Pb isotope ratios were measured by MC ICP-MS after an automated matrix separation with a prepFAST MCTM system.},
note = {Online available at: \url{https://doi.org/10.1594/PANGAEA.963966} (DOI). Ebeling, A.; Voigt, N.; Petrauskas, C.; Ludwig, J.; Rust, B.; Pieper, A.; Zimmermann, T.; Klein, O.; Pröfrock, D.: Metal distribution and Sr and Pb stable isotope ratios for sediment samples of Atair cruise AT275. PANGEA. 2023. DOI: 10.1594/PANGAEA.963966}}
@misc{wippermann_determination_of_2023, 
author={Wippermann, D.,Zonderman, A.,Zimmermann, T.,Pröfrock, D.},
title={Determination of technology-critical elements in seafood reference materials by inductively coupled plasma-tandem mass spectrometry},
year={2023},
howpublished = {journal article},
doi = {https://doi.org/10.1007/s00216-023-05081-z},
abstract = {The certified reference materials (CRMs) BCR-668 (mussel tissue), NCS ZC73034 (prawn), NIST SRM 1566a (oyster tissue) and NIST SRM 2976 (mussel tissue) were analyzed for their mass fractions of 23 elements using inductively coupled plasma tandem-mass spectrometry (ICP-MS/MS). This study focused on the quantification of selected technology-critical elements (TCEs), specifically rare earth elements (REE) and the less studied TCEs Ga, Ge, Nb, In and Ta. Microwave assisted closed vessel digestion using an acid mixture of HNO3, HCl and H2O2 was applied to varying sample masses and two different microwave systems. Recoveries of 76% (Gd, NCS ZC73034) to 129% (Lu, BCR-668) were obtained for the REE and 83% (Ge, NCS ZC73034) to 127% (Nb, NCS ZC73034) for the less studied TCEs across all analyzed CRMs (compared to certified values) using the best-performing parameters. Mass fractions for all analyzed, non-certified elements are suggested and given with a combined uncertainty U (k = 2), including mass fractions for Ga (11 µg kg-1 ± 9 µg kg-1 to 67 µg kg-1 ± 8 µg kg-1) and In (0.4 µg kg-1 ± 0.3 µg kg-1 to 0.8 µg kg-1 ± 0.7 µg kg-1). This study provides mass fractions of possible new emerging contaminants and addresses the relevant challenges in quantification of less studied TCEs, thus allowing the application of existing CRMs for method validation in studies dealing with the determination of TCEs in seafood or other biota.},
note = {Online available at: \url{https://doi.org/10.1007/s00216-023-05081-z} (DOI). Wippermann, D.; Zonderman, A.; Zimmermann, T.; Pröfrock, D.: Determination of technology-critical elements in seafood reference materials by inductively coupled plasma-tandem mass spectrometry. Analytical and Bioanalytical Chemistry. 2023. DOI: 10.1007/s00216-023-05081-z}}
@misc{zonderman_validated_particulate_2023, 
author={Zonderman, A.},
title={Validated Particulate Sampling Workflow Applied to Offshore Wind Farm Areas in the North Sea},
year={2023},
howpublished = {conference poster: Ascona (CHE); 12.11.2023 - 17.11.2023},
note = {Online available at: \url{} (DOI). Zonderman, A.: Validated Particulate Sampling Workflow Applied to Offshore Wind Farm Areas in the North Sea. In: Microplastics Workshop for Early Career Researchers. Ascona (CHE). 2023.}}
@misc{wippermann_the_ongoing_2023, 
author={Wippermann, D.,Klein, O.,Zonderman, A.,Ebeling, A.,Zimmermann, T.,Pröfrock, D.},
title={The ongoing race between emerging contaminants and analytical chemistry: New approaches in ICP-MS/MS and determination of technology-critical elements in marine biota reference materials},
year={2023},
howpublished = {conference lecture: Berlin (DEU); 03.09.2023 - 07.09.2023},
note = {Online available at: \url{} (DOI). Wippermann, D.; Klein, O.; Zonderman, A.; Ebeling, A.; Zimmermann, T.; Pröfrock, D.: The ongoing race between emerging contaminants and analytical chemistry: New approaches in ICP-MS/MS and determination of technology-critical elements in marine biota reference materials. GeoBerlin 2023 – Geosciences Beyond Boundaries - Research, Society, Future. Berlin (DEU), 2023.}}
@misc{zonderman_anemoi_investigating_2023, 
author={Zonderman, A.},
title={Anemoi: Investigating Chemical Emissions from Offshore Wind Farms in the North Sea},
year={2023},
howpublished = {conference lecture: Ascona (CHE); 12.11.2023 - 17.11.2023},
note = {Online available at: \url{} (DOI). Zonderman, A.: Anemoi: Investigating Chemical Emissions from Offshore Wind Farms in the North Sea. Microplastics Workshop for Early Career Researchers. Ascona (CHE), 2023.}}
@misc{ebeling_from_offshore_2023, 
author={Ebeling, A.,Wippermann, D.,Zonderman, A.,Zimmermann, T.,Klein, O.,Erbslöh, H.,Kirchgeorg, T.,Weinberg, I.,Pröfrock, D.},
title={From offshore wind to green Power-to-X products – how ICP-MS can help to monitor potential emerging chemical emissions},
year={2023},
howpublished = {conference poster: Ljubljana (SVN); 29.01.2023 - 03.02.2023},
note = {Online available at: \url{} (DOI). Ebeling, A.; Wippermann, D.; Zonderman, A.; Zimmermann, T.; Klein, O.; Erbslöh, H.; Kirchgeorg, T.; Weinberg, I.; Pröfrock, D.: From offshore wind to green Power-to-X products – how ICP-MS can help to monitor potential emerging chemical emissions. In: European Winter Conference on Plasma Spectrochemistry 2023. Ljubljana (SVN). 2023.}}
@misc{wippermann_using_icpmsms_2023, 
author={Wippermann, D.,Ebeling, A.,Zimmermann, T.,Pröfrock, D.},
title={Using ICP-MS/MS to study the impact of offshore wind farms on the marine environment.},
year={2023},
howpublished = {conference lecture: Berlin (DEU); 15.11.2023 - 17.11.2023},
note = {Online available at: \url{} (DOI). Wippermann, D.; Ebeling, A.; Zimmermann, T.; Pröfrock, D.: Using ICP-MS/MS to study the impact of offshore wind farms on the marine environment.. 7th PhD Seminar of the German Working Group for Analytical Spectroscopy (DAAS) in the GDCh Division of Analytical Chemistry. Berlin (DEU), 2023.}}
@misc{hildebrandt_the_standardized_2023, 
author={Hildebrandt, L.,Pohl, F.,Mitrano, D.,Zimmermann, T.},
title={The standardized Micro- and Nanoplastic Planet: Degradation; Fragmentation and Leaching},
year={2023},
howpublished = {conference lecture: Louisville (USA); 12.11.2023 - 16.11.2023},
note = {Online available at: \url{} (DOI). Hildebrandt, L.; Pohl, F.; Mitrano, D.; Zimmermann, T.: The standardized Micro- and Nanoplastic Planet: Degradation; Fragmentation and Leaching. SETAC North America 44th Annual Meeting. Louisville (USA), 2023.}}
@misc{hildebrandt_release_of_2023, 
author={Hildebrandt, L.,Pröfrock, D.},
title={Release of plastic additives and microplastic particles from different consumer products into water under accelerated UV weathering conditions},
year={2023},
howpublished = {conference lecture: Online; 05.10.2023 - 05.10.2023},
note = {Online available at: \url{} (DOI). Hildebrandt, L.; Pröfrock, D.: Release of plastic additives and microplastic particles from different consumer products into water under accelerated UV weathering conditions. Agilent Microplastics Virtual Symposium 2023. Online, 2023.}}
@misc{hildebrandt_development_and_2023, 
author={Hildebrandt, L.,Pröfrock, D.},
title={Development and validation of methods for the sampling; extraction and analysis of marine microplastics},
year={2023},
howpublished = {Other: online contribution},
note = {Online available at: \url{} (DOI). Hildebrandt, L.; Pröfrock, D.: Development and validation of methods for the sampling; extraction and analysis of marine microplastics. Agilent LDIR 8700 User Community Meeting 2023. 2023.}}
@misc{hildebrandt_bestimmung_elementarer_2023, 
author={Hildebrandt, L.,Fensky, F.,Klein, O.,Zimmermann, T.,Pröfrock, D.},
title={Bestimmung elementarer Fingerabdrücke von Korrosionsschutzbeschichtungen mittels ICP-MS/MS als wichtiger Baustein für die Mikroplastikanalytik},
year={2023},
howpublished = {conference lecture: Augsburg (DEU); 15.05.2023 - 17.05.2023},
note = {Online available at: \url{} (DOI). Hildebrandt, L.; Fensky, F.; Klein, O.; Zimmermann, T.; Pröfrock, D.: Bestimmung elementarer Fingerabdrücke von Korrosionsschutzbeschichtungen mittels ICP-MS/MS als wichtiger Baustein für die Mikroplastikanalytik. Wasser 2023 - Jahrestagung der Wasserchemischen Gesellschaft. Augsburg (DEU), 2023.}}
@misc{pohl_the_submarine_2023, 
author={Pohl, F.,Hildebrandt, L.,O’Dell, J.,Talling, P.,Baker, M.,El Gareb, F.,La Nasa, J.,De Falco, F.,Mattonai, M.,Ruffell, S.,Eggenhuisen, J.,Modugno, F.,Pröfrock, D.,Pope, E.,Silva Jacinto, R.,Heijnen, M.,Hage, S.,Simmons, S.,Hasenhündl, M.,Heerema, C.},
title={The submarine Congo Canyon as a conduit for microplastics to the deep sea},
year={2023},
howpublished = {conference lecture: Utrecht (NLD); 17.04.2023 - 21.04.2023},
note = {Online available at: \url{} (DOI). Pohl, F.; Hildebrandt, L.; O’Dell, J.; Talling, P.; Baker, M.; El Gareb, F.; La Nasa, J.; De Falco, F.; Mattonai, M.; Ruffell, S.; Eggenhuisen, J.; Modugno, F.; Pröfrock, D.; Pope, E.; Silva Jacinto, R.; Heijnen, M.; Hage, S.; Simmons, S.; Hasenhündl, M.; Heerema, C.: The submarine Congo Canyon as a conduit for microplastics to the deep sea. Bouma Deep Water Geoscience Conference. Utrecht (NLD), 2023.}}
@misc{zimmermann_elemental_fingerprint_2023, 
author={Zimmermann, T.,Hildebrandt, L.,Fensky, F.,Pröfrock, D.},
title={Elemental fingerprint analysis of (micro) plastics via ICP-MS/MS – A possible tool for source tracing?},
year={2023},
howpublished = {conference lecture: Ljubljana (SVN); 29.01.2023 - 03.02.2023},
note = {Online available at: \url{} (DOI). Zimmermann, T.; Hildebrandt, L.; Fensky, F.; Pröfrock, D.: Elemental fingerprint analysis of (micro) plastics via ICP-MS/MS – A possible tool for source tracing?. European Winter Conference on Plasma Spectrochemistry. Ljubljana (SVN), 2023.}}
@misc{klein_using_icpmsms_2023, 
author={Klein, O.,Zimmermann, T.,Hildebrandt, L.,Pröfrock, D.},
title={Using ICP-MS/MS in complex environments - spatial distribution and possible sources of technology-critical elements},
year={2023},
howpublished = {conference poster: Ljubljana (SVN); 29.01.2023 - 03.02.2023},
note = {Online available at: \url{} (DOI). Klein, O.; Zimmermann, T.; Hildebrandt, L.; Pröfrock, D.: Using ICP-MS/MS in complex environments - spatial distribution and possible sources of technology-critical elements. In: European Winter Conference on Plasma Spectrochemistry. Ljubljana (SVN). 2023.}}
@misc{zonderman_investigation_of_2022, 
author={Zonderman, A.},
title={Investigation of trace metal patterns in mussels (Mytilus edulis) from North Sea Offshore Wind Farms},
year={2022},
howpublished = {master thesis: Universität Hamburg},
note = {Online available at: \url{} (DOI). Zonderman, A.: Investigation of trace metal patterns in mussels (Mytilus edulis) from North Sea Offshore Wind Farms. Universität Hamburg, 2022.}}
@misc{rohrweber_optimized_analysis_2022, 
author={Rohrweber, A.},
title={Optimized analysis of Pu-239 and Pu-240 in geological samples via ICP–MS/MS for use as a tracer for soil erosion rates},
year={2022},
howpublished = {master thesis: Universität Hamburg},
note = {Online available at: \url{} (DOI). Rohrweber, A.: Optimized analysis of Pu-239 and Pu-240 in geological samples via ICP–MS/MS for use as a tracer for soil erosion rates. Universität Hamburg, 2022.}}
@misc{petrauskas_metal_distribution_2022, 
author={Petrauskas, C.,Ebeling, A.,Zimmermann, T.,Pieper, A.,Irrgeher, J.,Pröfrock, D.},
title={Metal distribution for sediment samples of the Ludwig Prandtl cruise LP20160725},
year={2022},
howpublished = {Other: dataset},
doi = {https://doi.org/10.1594/PANGAEA.951081},
abstract = {Offshore wind energy is a steadily growing sector contributing to the worldwide energy production. The impact of these offshore constructions on the marine environment, however, remains unclear in many aspects. In fact, little is known about potential emissions from corrosion protection systems such as organic coatings or galvanic anodes composed of Al and Zn alloys, used to protect offshore structures. In order to assess potential chemical emissions from offshore wind farms and their impact on the marine environment water and sediment samples were taken in the surroundings of offshore wind farms of the German Bight between 25.07.2016 and 02.08.2016. The surface sediment samples were taken by a box grab, homogenized, freeze-dried and wet-sieved to gain the <20 µm grain size fraction. The <20 µm grain size fraction was acid digested and measured by ICP-MS/MS for their (trace) metal mass fractions.},
note = {Online available at: \url{https://doi.org/10.1594/PANGAEA.951081} (DOI). Petrauskas, C.; Ebeling, A.; Zimmermann, T.; Pieper, A.; Irrgeher, J.; Pröfrock, D.: Metal distribution for sediment samples of the Ludwig Prandtl cruise LP20160725. PANGEA. 2022. DOI: 10.1594/PANGAEA.951081}}
@misc{logemann_determination_of_2022, 
author={Logemann, A.,Reininghaus, M.,Schmidt, M.M.,Ebeling, A.,Zimmermann, T.,Wolschke, H.,Friedrich, J.,Brockmeyer, B.,Pröfrock, D.,Witt, G.},
title={Determination of inorganic and organic pollutants in a dated sediment core of the Skagerrak (North Sea)},
year={2022},
howpublished = {Other: dataset},
doi = {https://doi.org/10.1594/PANGAEA.944390},
abstract = {We investigated 90 contaminants covering inorganic and organic pollutants analyzed in a set of sediment cores taken in the North Sea (Skagerrak). The cores were taken by the German Federal Maritime and Hydrographic Agency (BSH) in August 2017 on the RV CelticExplorer (Cruise CE17013a) using a multi corer (MUC, Oktopus, Kiel, Germany) at 57° 49.8 N and 7° 59.9 E at 520 m water depth. Samples were radiometrically dated and analyzed for the mass fractions of eight elements, as well as Pb isotope ratios by (MC) ICP-MS. Analysis of 61 HOCs was carried out using accelerated solvent extraction followed by GC–MS/MS analysis. Determination of 21 PFAS was carried out following DIN 38414-14, 2011, using LC-MS/MS. Furthermore, concentrations of 12 PAHs and 7 PCBs in porewaters were determined using equilibrium passive sampling and GC-MS analysis. Determined mass fractions decreased towards more recent deposited sediment for most analyzed contaminants. These trends could be linked to the time of introductions of restrictions and bans. Therefore, our results confirm, amongst possible other factors, the effectiveness of environmental legislation by revealing a successive change in contamination levels over the decades.},
note = {Online available at: \url{https://doi.org/10.1594/PANGAEA.944390} (DOI). Logemann, A.; Reininghaus, M.; Schmidt, M.; Ebeling, A.; Zimmermann, T.; Wolschke, H.; Friedrich, J.; Brockmeyer, B.; Pröfrock, D.; Witt, G.: Determination of inorganic and organic pollutants in a dated sediment core of the Skagerrak (North Sea). PANGEA. 2022. DOI: 10.1594/PANGAEA.944390}}
@misc{voigt_grain_size_2022, 
author={Voigt, N.,Ebeling, A.,Klein, O.,Pröfrock, D.},
title={Grain size distribution for sediment samples of the cruise AT275},
year={2022},
howpublished = {Other: dataset},
doi = {https://doi.org/10.1594/PANGAEA.946482},
abstract = {Offshore wind energy is a steadily growing sector contributing to the worldwide energy production. The impact of these offshore constructions on the marine environment, however, remains unclear in many aspects. In fact, little is known about potential emissions from corrosion protection systems such as organic coatings or galvanic anodes composed of Al and Zn alloys, used to protect offshore structures. In order to assess potential chemical emissions from offshore wind farms and their impact on the marine environment water and sediment samples were taken in and around offshore wind farms of the German Bight between 06.03.2019 and 24.03.2019. The sediment samples were taken by a box grab and analyzed for their grain size distribution by laser diffraction.},
note = {Online available at: \url{https://doi.org/10.1594/PANGAEA.946482} (DOI). Voigt, N.; Ebeling, A.; Klein, O.; Pröfrock, D.: Grain size distribution for sediment samples of the cruise AT275. PANGEA. 2022. DOI: 10.1594/PANGAEA.946482}}
@misc{hildebrandt_nano_microplastics_2022, 
author={Hildebrandt, L.,El Gareb, F.,Nack, F.,Zimmermann, T.,Pröfrock, D.},
title={Nano-; microplastics and metals - how are they related?},
year={2022},
howpublished = {lecture: Friedrich-Schiller-Universität Jena; 11.01.2022},
note = {Online available at: \url{} (DOI). Hildebrandt, L.; El Gareb, F.; Nack, F.; Zimmermann, T.; Pröfrock, D.: Nano-; microplastics and metals - how are they related?. Friedrich-Schiller-Universität Jena, 2022.}}
@misc{hildebrandt_mikroplastikpartikel_als_2022, 
author={Hildebrandt, L.,Nack, F.,Zimmermann, T.,Pröfrock, D.},
title={Mikroplastikpartikel als Sorbens für Metall- und Halbmetallionen},
year={2022},
howpublished = {conference lecture: Wiesbaden (DEU); 23.05.2022 - 25.05.2022},
note = {Online available at: \url{} (DOI). Hildebrandt, L.; Nack, F.; Zimmermann, T.; Pröfrock, D.: Mikroplastikpartikel als Sorbens für Metall- und Halbmetallionen. Wasser 2022 - Jahrestagung der Wasserchemischen Gesellschaft. Wiesbaden (DEU), 2022.}}
@misc{klein_technologiekritische_elemente_2022, 
author={Klein, O.,Zimmermann, T.,Ebeling, A.,Kruse, M.,Kirchgeorg, T.,Pröfrock, D.},
title={Technologie-kritische Elemente - Entwicklung und Anwendung einer ICP-MS/MS basierten Methode zur Messung ihrer zeitlichen Variationen in Nordsee Sedimenten},
year={2022},
howpublished = {conference lecture: Wiesbaden (DEU); 23.05.2022 - 25.05.2022},
note = {Online available at: \url{} (DOI). Klein, O.; Zimmermann, T.; Ebeling, A.; Kruse, M.; Kirchgeorg, T.; Pröfrock, D.: Technologie-kritische Elemente - Entwicklung und Anwendung einer ICP-MS/MS basierten Methode zur Messung ihrer zeitlichen Variationen in Nordsee Sedimenten. Wasser 2022 - Jahrestagung der Wasserchemischen Gesellschaft. Wiesbaden (DEU), 2022.}}
@misc{elgareb_analyse_des_2022, 
author={El Gareb, F.,Hildebrandt, L.,Zimmermann, T.,Klein, O.,Kerstan, A.,Emeis, K.,Pröfrock, D.},
title={Analyse des Vorkommens und der Verteilung von Mikrokunststoffen im tropischen Indischen Ozean mittels Laser Direct Infrared (LDIR) Chemical Imaging und mikrowellenunterstützter Probenaufbereitung},
year={2022},
howpublished = {conference lecture: Wiesbaden (DEU); 23.05.2022 - 25.05.2022},
note = {Online available at: \url{} (DOI). El Gareb, F.; Hildebrandt, L.; Zimmermann, T.; Klein, O.; Kerstan, A.; Emeis, K.; Pröfrock, D.: Analyse des Vorkommens und der Verteilung von Mikrokunststoffen im tropischen Indischen Ozean mittels Laser Direct Infrared (LDIR) Chemical Imaging und mikrowellenunterstützter Probenaufbereitung. Wasser 2022 - Jahrestagung der Wasserchemischen Gesellschaft. Wiesbaden (DEU), 2022.}}
@misc{elgareb_investigation_of_2022, 
author={El Gareb, F.,Hildebrandt, L.,Kerstan, A.,Zimmermann, T.,Emeis, K.,Pröfrock, D.},
title={Investigation of microplastics in the tropical Indian Ocean using Laser Direct Infrared (LDIR) Chemical Imaging and microwave-assisted sample preparation},
year={2022},
howpublished = {conference poster: Kopenhagen (DNK); 15.05.2022 - 19.05.2022},
note = {Online available at: \url{} (DOI). El Gareb, F.; Hildebrandt, L.; Kerstan, A.; Zimmermann, T.; Emeis, K.; Pröfrock, D.: Investigation of microplastics in the tropical Indian Ocean using Laser Direct Infrared (LDIR) Chemical Imaging and microwave-assisted sample preparation. In: SETAC Europe 2022 - annual meeting Copenhagen. Kopenhagen (DNK). 2022.}}
@misc{logemann_assessing_the_2022, 
author={Logemann, A.,Reininghaus, M.,Schmidt, M.,Ebeling, A.,Zimmermann, T.,Wolschke, H.,Friedrich, J.,Brockmeyer, B.,Pröfrock, D.,Witt, G.},
title={Assessing the chemical anthropocene – Development of the legacy pollution fingerprint in the North Sea during the last century},
year={2022},
howpublished = {journal article},
doi = {https://doi.org/10.1016/j.envpol.2022.119040},
abstract = {The North Sea and its coastal zones are heavily impacted by anthropogenic activities, which has resulted in significant chemical pollution ever since the beginning of the industrialization in Europe during the 19th century. In order to assess the chemical Anthropocene, natural archives, such as sediment cores, can serve as a valuable data source to reconstruct historical emission trends and to verify the effectiveness of changing environmental legislation. In this study, we investigated 90 contaminants covering inorganic and organic pollutant groups analyzed in a set of sediment cores taken in the North Seas' main sedimentation area (Skagerrak). We thereby develop a chemical pollution fingerprint that records the constant input of pollutants over time and illustrates their continued great relevance for the present. Additionally, samples were radiometrically dated and PAH and PCB levels in porewater were determined using equilibrium passive sampling. Furthermore, we elucidated the origin of lead (Pb) contamination utilizing non-traditional stable isotopic analysis. Our results reveal three main findings: 1. for all organic contaminant groups covered (PAHs, OCPs, PCBs, PBDEs and PFASs) as well as the elements lead (Pb) and titanium (Ti), determined concentrations decreased towards more recent deposited sediment. These decreasing trends could be linked to the time of introductions of restrictions and bans and therefor our results confirm, amongst possible other factors, the effectiveness of environmental legislation by revealing a successive change in contamination levels over the decades. 2. concentration trends for ΣPAH and ΣPCB measured in porewater correspond well with the ones found in sediment which suggests that this method can be a useful expansion to traditional bulk sediment analysis to determine the biologically available pollutant fraction. 3. Arsenic (As) concentrations were higher in younger sediment layers, potentially caused by emissions of corroded warfare material disposed in the study area after WW II.},
note = {Online available at: \url{https://doi.org/10.1016/j.envpol.2022.119040} (DOI). Logemann, A.; Reininghaus, M.; Schmidt, M.; Ebeling, A.; Zimmermann, T.; Wolschke, H.; Friedrich, J.; Brockmeyer, B.; Pröfrock, D.; Witt, G.: Assessing the chemical anthropocene – Development of the legacy pollution fingerprint in the North Sea during the last century. Environmental Pollution. 2022. vol. 302, 119040. DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2022.119040}}
@misc{ebeling_analysis_of_2022, 
author={Ebeling, A.,Zimmermann, T.,Klein, O.,Irrgeher, J.,Pröfrock, D.},
title={Analysis of Seventeen Certified Water Reference Materials for Trace and Technology-Critical Elements},
year={2022},
howpublished = {journal article},
doi = {https://doi.org/10.1111/ggr.12422},
abstract = {Concentrations of elements in the aquatic environment are a key parameter for various scientific fields such as biogeochemistry, biology and environmental science. Within this context, the scientific community asks for new analytical protocols to be able to quantify more and more elements of the periodic table. Therefore, the requirements for aqueous reference materials have increased drastically. Even though a wide variety of CRMs of different water matrices are available, certified values of many elements (e.g., rare earth elements, technology-critical elements, such as Ga and In, and generally those elements which are not part of current monitoring regulations) do not yet exist. Therefore, the scientific community relies on published elemental concentrations of many CRMs provided by other researchers. Some elements of interest, such as the rare earth elements, are well studied and plenty of literature values exist. However, less studied elements, such as Ga and In, are rarely studied. In this study, an 'externally' calibrated quantification method based on an optimised online pre-concentration method, coupled with ICP-MS/MS, is used for the quantification of thirty-four elements. The method is applied to seventeen water CRMs covering freshwater, brackish water and seawater. The measured data is combined with a comprehensive literature review on non-certified values in selected water CRMs and new consensus values are suggested for various non-certified elements.},
note = {Online available at: \url{https://doi.org/10.1111/ggr.12422} (DOI). Ebeling, A.; Zimmermann, T.; Klein, O.; Irrgeher, J.; Pröfrock, D.: Analysis of Seventeen Certified Water Reference Materials for Trace and Technology-Critical Elements. Geostandards and Geoanalytical Research. 2022. vol. 46, no. 2, 351-378. DOI: 10.1111/ggr.12422}}
@misc{pieper_grain_size_2022, 
author={Pieper, A.,Zimmermann, T.,Irrgeher, J.,Pröfrock, D.},
title={Grain size distribution for sediment samples of Ludwig Prandtl cruise LP20160725},
year={2022},
howpublished = {Other: dataset},
doi = {https://doi.org/10.1594/PANGAEA.943761},
abstract = {Offshore wind energy is a steadily growing sector contributing to the worldwide energy production. The impact of these offshore constructions on the marine environment, however, remains unclear in many aspects. In fact, little is known about potential emissions from corrosion protection systems such as organic coatings or galvanic anodes composed of Al and Zn alloys, used to protect offshore structures. In order to assess potential chemical emissions from offshore wind farms and their impact on the marine environment water and sediment samples were taken in the surroundings of offshore wind farms of the German Bight between 25.07.2016 and 02.08.2016. The sediment samples were taken by a box grab and were analyzed for their grain size distribution by laser diffraction.},
note = {Online available at: \url{https://doi.org/10.1594/PANGAEA.943761} (DOI). Pieper, A.; Zimmermann, T.; Irrgeher, J.; Pröfrock, D.: Grain size distribution for sediment samples of Ludwig Prandtl cruise LP20160725. PANGEA. 2022. DOI: 10.1594/PANGAEA.943761}}
@misc{hildebrandt_mikroplastik_als_2022, 
author={Hildebrandt, L.,Nack, F.,Zimmermann, T.,El Gareb, F.,Pröfrock, D.},
title={Mikroplastik als Trojanisches Pferd für Spurenmetalle},
year={2022},
howpublished = {journal article},
abstract = {Lange Zeit galten Kunststoffpartikel als inert gegenüber Metall-,ionen. Es wurde jedoch eine signifikante Metallsorption an,Mikroplastik bei neutralem pH-Wert und anschließende Frei-,setzung in eine die gastrointestinale Chemie simulierende,Lösung nachgewiesen. Kompetitive Ionenaustausch-Inkuba-,tionsexperimente umfassten 55 Metalle und Halbmetalle. Die,untersuchten Metall- und Halbmetallkationen zeigten,signifikante Unterschiede im Sorptionsausmaß. Hierbei wurde,eine schnelle Kinetik beobachtet, wobei 45 % bis 75 % von As,,Be, Bi, Cr, Fe, In, Pb, Th, Sn und den Seltenen Erden nach 1h,sorbiert waren. Mikroplastik ist mithin nicht nur eine potenzielle,Gefahr für aquatisches und menschliches Leben, sondern fun-,giert auch als Trojanisches Pferd für gelöste Metallkationen.},
note = {Online available at: \url{} (DOI). Hildebrandt, L.; Nack, F.; Zimmermann, T.; El Gareb, F.; Pröfrock, D.: Mikroplastik als Trojanisches Pferd für Spurenmetalle. Mitteilungen der Fachgruppe Umweltchemie und Oekotoxikologie. 2022. vol. 28, no. 1, 7-10.}}
@misc{hildebrandt_microplastic_compendium_2022, 
author={Hildebrandt, L.,El Gareb, F.,Hansen, J.,Takyar, H.,Lange, M.,Zimmermann, T.,Jahnke, A.,Bergmann, M.,Peeken, I.,Tekman, M.,Gerdts, G.,Bellou, N.,Pohl, F.,Baldewein, L.,Pröfrock, D.,Ebinghaus, R.},
title={Microplastic Compendium},
year={2022},
howpublished = {Other: online contribution},
abstract = {The Microplastic Compendium (MPC) serves as digital source of information and platform on different aspects of microplastic pollution. It targets various interest groups, both interested readers without scientific background and people with relevant scientific questions. Most importantly, users can find aggregated information on various aspects of this highly relevant environmental problem. Extensive information was gathered on the scope and consequences of microplastic pollution, as well as possible measures and solutions tackling the issue from a policy- and industry perspective. For early starts in the scientific field, the most relevant reviews are linked. Additionally, recommendations for suitable chemical-analytical workflows are included. The MPC does not claim to be complete. Content selection of reviews and recommendations are based on authors’ point of view on personal expert knowledge. The contents are therefore subjective. They are largely extracted from the theses by Fadi El Gareb, Jeannette Hansen and Lars Hildebrandt. Experts from Hereon, the Helmholtz Centre for Environmental Research (UFZ), the Alfred Wegener Institute (AWI) and the University of Plymouth have kindly contributed special articles. Special thanks to Hatef Takyar for the development and maintenance of the portal.,The MPC has been developed in the context and is part of the Coastal Pollution Toolbox (URL: www.coastalpollutiontoolbox.org), a knowledge hub and digital working environment and tool set to study contaminant, nutrient and carbon dynamics in temperate and polar coastal zones.,URL: www.microplastic-compendium.eu},
note = {Online available at: \url{} (DOI). Hildebrandt, L.; El Gareb, F.; Hansen, J.; Takyar, H.; Lange, M.; Zimmermann, T.; Jahnke, A.; Bergmann, M.; Peeken, I.; Tekman, M.; Gerdts, G.; Bellou, N.; Pohl, F.; Baldewein, L.; Pröfrock, D.; Ebinghaus, R.: Microplastic Compendium. Coastal Pollution Toolbox. 2022.}}
@misc{zimmermann_icpmsbasierte_elementanalytik_2022, 
author={Zimmermann, T.,Hildebrandt, L.,El Gareb, F.,Mitrano, D.,Pröfrock, D.},
title={ICP-MS-basierte Elementanalytik zur Entwicklung neuer Probenahmetechniken für die Mikroplastikanalytik},
year={2022},
howpublished = {conference lecture: Leoben (AUT); 05.09.2022 - 09.09.2022},
note = {Online available at: \url{} (DOI). Zimmermann, T.; Hildebrandt, L.; El Gareb, F.; Mitrano, D.; Pröfrock, D.: ICP-MS-basierte Elementanalytik zur Entwicklung neuer Probenahmetechniken für die Mikroplastikanalytik. 28. ICP-MS Anwender*innentreffen und 14. Symposium massenspektrometrische Verfahren der Elementspurenanalyse. Leoben (AUT), 2022.}}
@misc{vonderau_characteristic_regional_2022, 
author={von der Au, M.,Zimmermann, T.,Kleeberg, U.,von Tümpling, W.,Pröfrock, D.},
title={Characteristic regional differences in trace element pattern of 2014 German North Sea surface Wadden sediments – A judge and assessment},
year={2022},
howpublished = {journal article},
doi = {https://doi.org/10.1016/j.marpolbul.2022.114208},
abstract = {The European Marine Strategy Framework Directive (MSFD) requires good ecological status of the marine environment. This also includes the Wadden Sea located in the southeastern part of the North Sea and its chemical status of sediments. Based on results from campaigns conducted in the 1980s, 32 surface sediment samples were taken in 2014 to check whether the sampling strategy required for characterizing the trace element content in sediments is representative and to determine the degree of pollution and potential changes over the last decades. For this purpose the elemental mass fractions of 42 elements were assessed in the ≤20 μm grain size fraction of the surface sediments.},
note = {Online available at: \url{https://doi.org/10.1016/j.marpolbul.2022.114208} (DOI). von der Au, M.; Zimmermann, T.; Kleeberg, U.; von Tümpling, W.; Pröfrock, D.: Characteristic regional differences in trace element pattern of 2014 German North Sea surface Wadden sediments – A judge and assessment. Marine Pollution Bulletin. 2022. vol. 184, 114208. DOI: 10.1016/j.marpolbul.2022.114208}}
@misc{zonderman_turbinecolonizing_mussels_2022, 
author={Zonderman, A.,Wippermann, D.,Ebeling, A.,Klein, O.,Erbslöh, H.,Zimmermann, T.,Pröfrock, D.},
title={Turbine-colonizing mussels (Mytilus edulis) as an indicator for environmental impacts of offshore wind farms in the North Sea},
year={2022},
howpublished = {conference poster: Berlin (DEU); 11.10.2022 - 14.10.2022},
note = {Online available at: \url{} (DOI). Zonderman, A.; Wippermann, D.; Ebeling, A.; Klein, O.; Erbslöh, H.; Zimmermann, T.; Pröfrock, D.: Turbine-colonizing mussels (Mytilus edulis) as an indicator for environmental impacts of offshore wind farms in the North Sea. In: YOUMARES 13. Berlin (DEU). 2022.}}
@misc{ebeling_oceanographic_parameters_2022, 
author={Ebeling, A.,Klein, O.,Voigt, N.,de la Granda Grandoso, F.,Tewes, S.,Kirchgeorg, T.,Weinberg, I.,Pröfrock, D.},
title={Oceanographic parameters for the sample stations of the cruise AT275},
year={2022},
howpublished = {Other: dataset},
doi = {https://doi.org/10.1594/PANGAEA.943296},
abstract = {Offshore wind energy is a steadily growing sector contributing to the worldwide energy production. The impact of these offshore constructions on the marine environment, however, remains unclear in many aspects. In fact, little is known about potential emissions from corrosion protection systems such as organic coatings or galvanic anodes composed of Al and Zn alloys, used to protect offshore structures. In order to assess potential chemical emissions from offshore wind farms and their impact on the marine environment water and sediment samples were taken in and around offshore wind farms of the German Bight between 06.03.2019 and 24.03.2019.},
note = {Online available at: \url{https://doi.org/10.1594/PANGAEA.943296} (DOI). Ebeling, A.; Klein, O.; Voigt, N.; de la Granda Grandoso, F.; Tewes, S.; Kirchgeorg, T.; Weinberg, I.; Pröfrock, D.: Oceanographic parameters for the sample stations of the cruise AT275. PANGEA. 2022. DOI: 10.1594/PANGAEA.943296}}
@misc{vandam_benthic_alkalinity_2022, 
author={Van Dam, B.,Lehmann, N.,Zeller, M.,Neumann, A.,Pröfrock, D.,Lipka, M.,Thomas, H.,Böttcher, M.},
title={Benthic alkalinity fluxes from coastal sediments of the Baltic and North seas: comparing approaches and identifying knowledge gaps},
year={2022},
howpublished = {journal article},
doi = {https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-19-3775-2022},
abstract = {Benthic alkalinity production is often suggested as a major driver of net carbon sequestration in continental shelf ecosystems. However, information on and direct measurements of benthic alkalinity fluxes are limited and are especially challenging when biological and dynamic physical forcing causes surficial sediments to be vigorously irrigated. To address this shortcoming, we quantified net sediment–water exchange of alkalinity using a suite of complementary methods, including (1) 224Ra budgeting, (2) incubations with 224Ra and Br− as tracers, and (3) numerical modeling of porewater profiles. We choose a set of sites in the shallow southern North Sea and western Baltic Sea, allowing us to incorporate frequently occurring sediment classes ranging from coarse sands to muds and sediment–water interfaces ranging from biologically irrigated and advective to diffusive into the investigations. Sediment–water irrigation rates in the southern North Sea were approximately twice as high as previously estimated for the region, in part due to measured porewater 224Ra activities higher than previously assumed. Net alkalinity fluxes in the Baltic Sea were relatively low, ranging from an uptake of −35 to a release of 53 , and in the North Sea they were from 1 to 34 . Lower-than-expected apparent nitrate consumption (potential denitrification), across all sites, is one explanation for our small net alkalinity fluxes measured. Carbonate mineral dissolution and potentially precipitation, as well as sulfide re-oxidation, also appear to play important roles in shaping net sediment–water fluxes at locations in the North Sea and Baltic Sea.},
note = {Online available at: \url{https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-19-3775-2022} (DOI). Van Dam, B.; Lehmann, N.; Zeller, M.; Neumann, A.; Pröfrock, D.; Lipka, M.; Thomas, H.; Böttcher, M.: Benthic alkalinity fluxes from coastal sediments of the Baltic and North seas: comparing approaches and identifying knowledge gaps. Biogeosciences. 2022. vol. 19, no. 16, 3775-3789. DOI: 10.5194/bg-19-3775-2022}}
@misc{klein_occurrence_and_2022, 
author={Klein, O.,Zimmermann, T.,Ebeling, A.,Kruse, M.,Kirchgeorg, T.,Pröfrock, D.},
title={Occurrence and Temporal Variation of Technology-Critical Elements in North Sea Sediments - A Determination of Preliminary Reference Values},
year={2022},
howpublished = {journal article},
doi = {https://doi.org/10.1007/s00244-022-00929-4},
abstract = {As interest in the investigation of possible sources and environmental sinks of technology-critical elements (TCEs) continues to grow, the demand for reliable background level information of these elements in environmental matrices increases. In this study, a time series of ten years of sediment samples from two different regions of the German North Sea were analyzed for their mass fractions of Ga, Ge, Nb, In, REEs, and Ta (grain size fraction < 20 µm). Possible regional differences were investigated in order to determine preliminary reference values for these regions. Throughout the investigated time period, only minor variations in the mass fractions were observed and both regions did not show significant differences. Calculated local enrichment factors ranging from 0.6 to 2.3 for all TCEs indicate no or little pollution in the investigated areas. Consequently, reference values were calculated using two different approaches (Median + 2 median absolute deviation (M2MAD) and Tukey inner fence (TIF)). Both approaches resulted in consistent threshold values for the respective regions ranging from 158 µg kg−1 for In to 114 mg kg−1 for Ce. As none of the threshold values exceed the observed natural variation of TCEs in marine and freshwater sediments, they may be considered baseline values of the German Bight for future studies.},
note = {Online available at: \url{https://doi.org/10.1007/s00244-022-00929-4} (DOI). Klein, O.; Zimmermann, T.; Ebeling, A.; Kruse, M.; Kirchgeorg, T.; Pröfrock, D.: Occurrence and Temporal Variation of Technology-Critical Elements in North Sea Sediments - A Determination of Preliminary Reference Values. Archives of Environmental Contamination and Toxicology. 2022. vol. 82, no. 4, 481-492. DOI: 10.1007/s00244-022-00929-4}}
@misc{zimmermann_oceanographic_parameters_2022, 
author={Zimmermann, T.,Pieper, A.,Irrgeher, J.,Pröfrock, D.},
title={Oceanographic parameters for the sample stations of Ludwig Prandtl cruise LP20160725},
year={2022},
howpublished = {Other: dataset},
doi = {https://doi.org/10.1594/PANGAEA.943759},
abstract = {Offshore wind energy is a steadily growing sector contributing to the worldwide energy production. The impact of these offshore constructions on the marine environment, however, remains unclear in many aspects. In fact, little is known about potential emissions from corrosion protection systems such as organic coatings or galvanic anodes composed of Al and Zn alloys, used to protect offshore structures. In order to assess potential chemical emissions from offshore wind farms and their impact on the marine environment water and sediment samples were taken in the surroundings of offshore wind farms of the German Bight between 25.07.2016 and 02.08.2016. At every sampling station oceanographic parameters were measured directly on board with respective probes of a multimeter covering pH, dissolved oxygen, temperature and conductivity.},
note = {Online available at: \url{https://doi.org/10.1594/PANGAEA.943759} (DOI). Zimmermann, T.; Pieper, A.; Irrgeher, J.; Pröfrock, D.: Oceanographic parameters for the sample stations of Ludwig Prandtl cruise LP20160725. PANGEA. 2022. DOI: 10.1594/PANGAEA.943759}}
@misc{prfrock_more_than_2022, 
author={Pröfrock, D.,Przibilla, A.,Klein, O.,Hildebrandt, L.,Ebeling, A.,El Gareb, F.,Zimmermann, T.},
title={More than trace elements – New Applications for ICP-MS to investigate the chemical anthropocene},
year={2022},
howpublished = {conference lecture (invited): Leoben (AUT); 05.09.2022 - 08.09.2022},
note = {Online available at: \url{} (DOI). Pröfrock, D.; Przibilla, A.; Klein, O.; Hildebrandt, L.; Ebeling, A.; El Gareb, F.; Zimmermann, T.: More than trace elements – New Applications for ICP-MS to investigate the chemical anthropocene. 28. ICP-MS Anwender*innentreffen und 14. Symposium massenspektrometrische Verfahren der Elementspurenanalyse. Leoben (AUT), 2022.}}
@misc{wippermann_analytik_von_2022, 
author={Wippermann, D.,Ebeling, A.,Przibilla, A.,Zimmermann, T.,Pröfrock, D.},
title={Analytik von Meerwasserproben aus Offshore Windparks mittels ICP-MS unter Verwendung des Aufkonzentrierungssystems seaFAST®},
year={2022},
howpublished = {conference lecture: Leoben (AUT); 05.09.2022 - 08.09.2022},
note = {Online available at: \url{} (DOI). Wippermann, D.; Ebeling, A.; Przibilla, A.; Zimmermann, T.; Pröfrock, D.: Analytik von Meerwasserproben aus Offshore Windparks mittels ICP-MS unter Verwendung des Aufkonzentrierungssystems seaFAST®. 28. ICP-MS Anwender*innentreffen und 14. Symposium massenspektrometrische Verfahren der Elementspurenanalyse. Leoben (AUT), 2022.}}
@misc{klein_erschlieung_der_2022, 
author={Klein, O.,Stefan Kremmler, T.,Zimmermann, T.,Pröfrock, D.},
title={Erschließung der „urbanen Miene“ – Entwicklung einer Aufschlussmethode für Leiterplatinen zur Bestimmung der Metallgehälter mittels ICP-MS/MS},
year={2022},
howpublished = {conference lecture: Leoben (AUT); 05.09.2022 - 08.09.2022},
note = {Online available at: \url{} (DOI). Klein, O.; Stefan Kremmler, T.; Zimmermann, T.; Pröfrock, D.: Erschließung der „urbanen Miene“ – Entwicklung einer Aufschlussmethode für Leiterplatinen zur Bestimmung der Metallgehälter mittels ICP-MS/MS. ICP-MS Anwender*innen Treffen. Leoben (AUT), 2022.}}
@misc{klein_technologycritical_elements_2022, 
author={Klein, O.,Zimmermann, T.,Hildebrandt, L.,Pröfrock, D.},
title={Technology-critical elements in Rhine sediments - A case study on occurrence and spatial distribution},
year={2022},
howpublished = {journal article},
doi = {https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2022.158464},
abstract = {Despite their presence in almost every technical device, little is known about the occurrence, distribution, and fate of technology-critical elements (TCEs) within the environment. Due to high economic demands and short product lifespans as well as low recycling rates, many TCEs appear to become emerging contaminants.,Within the scope of this work, 57 sediment samples from the German part of the Rhine river, as well as various tributaries, were collected to study the occurrence and distribution of TCEs. This specific catchment area has consistently been subjected to strong anthropogenic influences over the last century. Hierarchical Cluster analysis, as well as principal component analysis were used to gain first insights into the spatial distribution and possible sources of TCEs along the Rhine.,Obtained mass fractions in conjunction with corresponding geoaccumulation indices (Igeo) provide first indications of a possible enrichment along the Rhine for the TCEs of interest (Ga, Ge, Nb, In, Te, rare earth elements, and Ta). Especially the mass fractions of Zn, Ge, In, La, Sm, and Gd exhibit significant anthropogenic inputs. For stations characterized by high Ge and In mass fractions, element fingerprints imply possible atmospheric deposition stemming from e.g. combustion processes. Distinct anomalies of La and Sm most likely originate from discharges located at the city of Worms into the Upper Rhine. Statistical analysis of all analyzed 55 elemental mass fractions revealed similar behavior of TCEs compared to classical heavy metals. Diffuse as well as point sources of TCEs are likely. As a result, this study provides further insight into the role of TCEs as potential emerging contaminants in the environment.},
note = {Online available at: \url{https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2022.158464} (DOI). Klein, O.; Zimmermann, T.; Hildebrandt, L.; Pröfrock, D.: Technology-critical elements in Rhine sediments - A case study on occurrence and spatial distribution. Science of the Total Environment. 2022. vol. 852, 158464. DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2022.158464}}
@misc{przibilla_aufbereitung_von_2022, 
author={Przibilla, A.,Iwainski, S.,Zimmermann, T.,Pröfrock, D.},
title={Aufbereitung von Meerwasserproben für die Messung der Metallgehalte mittels seaFAST-ICP-MS: Einfluss von Filtrationsmethode und Lagerung auf die Ergebnisse},
year={2022},
howpublished = {conference lecture: Leoben (AUT); 05.09.2022 - 08.09.2022},
note = {Online available at: \url{} (DOI). Przibilla, A.; Iwainski, S.; Zimmermann, T.; Pröfrock, D.: Aufbereitung von Meerwasserproben für die Messung der Metallgehalte mittels seaFAST-ICP-MS: Einfluss von Filtrationsmethode und Lagerung auf die Ergebnisse. ICP-MS Anwender*innen Treffen. Leoben (AUT), 2022.}}
@misc{prfrock_icpmsms_and_2022, 
author={Pröfrock, D.,Hildebrandt, L.,El Gareb, F.,Nack, F.,Zimmermann, T.,Klein, O.},
title={ICP-MS/MS and LDIR as complementary technique in small micro- and nanoplastic Research - From method optimization to the study of environmentally relevant polymers as vector for trace metals},
year={2022},
howpublished = {conference lecture (invited): München (DEU); 21.06.2022 - 24.06.2022},
note = {Online available at: \url{} (DOI). Pröfrock, D.; Hildebrandt, L.; El Gareb, F.; Nack, F.; Zimmermann, T.; Klein, O.: ICP-MS/MS and LDIR as complementary technique in small micro- and nanoplastic Research - From method optimization to the study of environmentally relevant polymers as vector for trace metals. Analytic Conference. München (DEU), 2022.}}
@misc{hildebrandt_spatial_distribution_2022, 
author={Hildebrandt, L.,El Gareb, F.,Zimmermann, T.,Klein, O.,Kerstan, A.,Emeis, K.,Pröfrock, D.},
title={Spatial distribution of microplastics in the tropical Indian Ocean based on laser direct infrared imaging and microwave-assisted matrix digestion},
year={2022},
howpublished = {journal article},
doi = {https://doi.org/10.1016/j.envpol.2022.119547},
abstract = {Suspended particulate matter was collected from subsurface (6 m) water along an E-W transect through the tropical Indian Ocean using a specialized inert (plastic free) fractionated filtration system. The samples were subjected to a new microwave-assisted “one-pot” matrix removal (efficiency: 94.3% ± 0.3% (1 SD, n = 3)) and microplastic extraction protocol (recovery: 95% ± 4%). The protocol enables a contamination-minimized digestion and requires only four filtration steps. In comparison, classical sample processing approaches involve up to eight filtration steps until the final analysis. Microplastics were identified and physically characterized by means of a novel quantum cascade laser-based imaging routine.,LDIR imaging facilitates the analysis of up to 1000 particles/fibers (<300 μm) within approximately 1–2 h. In comparison to FTIR and Raman imaging, it can help to circumvent uncertainties, e. g. from subsampling strategies due to long analysis and post-processing times of large datasets. Over 97% of all particles were correctly identified by the automated routine - without spectral reassignments. Moreover, 100% agreement was obtained between ATR-FTIR and LDIR-based analysis regarding particles and fibers >300 μm.,The mean microplastic concentration of the analyzed samples was 50 ± 30 particles/fibers m−3 (1 SD, n = 21). Number concentrations ranged from 8 to 132 particles/fibers m−3 (20–300 μm). The most abundant polymer clusters were acrylates/polyurethane/varnish (49%), polyethylene terephthalate (26%), polypropylene (8%), polyethylene (4%) and ethylene-vinyl acetate (4%). 96% of the microplastic particles had a diameter <100 μm. Though inter-study comparison is difficult, the investigated area exhibits a high contamination with particulate plastics compared to other open ocean regions. A distinct spatial trend was observed with an increasing share of the size class 20–50 μm from east to west.},
note = {Online available at: \url{https://doi.org/10.1016/j.envpol.2022.119547} (DOI). Hildebrandt, L.; El Gareb, F.; Zimmermann, T.; Klein, O.; Kerstan, A.; Emeis, K.; Pröfrock, D.: Spatial distribution of microplastics in the tropical Indian Ocean based on laser direct infrared imaging and microwave-assisted matrix digestion. Environmental Pollution. 2022. vol. 307, 119547. DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2022.119547}}
@misc{hildebrandt_comparison_and_2021, 
author={Hildebrandt, L.,Zimmermann, T.,Primpke, S.,Fischer, D.,Gerdts, G.,Pröfrock, D.},
title={Comparison and uncertainty evaluation of two centrifugal separators for microplastic sampling},
year={2021},
howpublished = {journal article},
doi = {https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jhazmat.2021.125482},
abstract = {For commonly applied microplastic sampling approaches based on filtration, high throughput and no size-discrimination are conflicting goals. Therefore, we propose two efficient centrifugal separators for small microplastic sampling, namely the utilization of a hydrocyclone as well as a continuous flow centrifuge. Thorough method optimization was followed by application in an extensive sampling study to investigate the separators’ retention behavior for particulate plastics from estuarine waters. Microplastic concentrations ranged from 193 to 2072 particles m-3. The most dominant identified polymer types were polypropylene, acrylates, polyvinyl chloride and polyethylene. More than 95% of particles were < 100 µm.,For the first time in microplastic research, an expanded uncertainty was calculated according to the “Guide to the expression of Uncertainty in Measurement” (JCGM 100:2008). Bottom-up uncertainty evaluation revealed the different sampling methods (~ 44%), sample replicates (~ 26%) and the different detection techniques (~ 16%) as the major sources of uncertainty. Depending on the number of particles detected in the samples, the relative expanded uncertainty (Urel (k =2)) ranged from 24% up to > 200% underpinning tremendous importance of sound uncertainty evaluation. Our results indicate that scientist should rethink many “observed patterns” in the literature due to being insignificant and herewith not real.},
note = {Online available at: \url{https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jhazmat.2021.125482} (DOI). Hildebrandt, L.; Zimmermann, T.; Primpke, S.; Fischer, D.; Gerdts, G.; Pröfrock, D.: Comparison and uncertainty evaluation of two centrifugal separators for microplastic sampling. Journal of Hazardous Materials. 2021. vol. 414, 125482. DOI: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2021.125482}}
@misc{hildebrandt_nano_und_2021, 
author={Hildebrandt, L.,El Gareb, F.,Pröfrock, D.},
title={Nano- und Mikroplastik-Analytik mittels ICP-MS/MS und LDIR Imaging - Zwei Anwendungsbeispiele},
year={2021},
howpublished = {conference lecture: Virtual; 26.05.2021 - 27.05.2021},
note = {Online available at: \url{} (DOI). Hildebrandt, L.; El Gareb, F.; Pröfrock, D.: Nano- und Mikroplastik-Analytik mittels ICP-MS/MS und LDIR Imaging - Zwei Anwendungsbeispiele. Agilent Analytik-Forum 2021. Virtual, 2021.}}
@misc{ebeling_corrosion_protection_2021, 
author={Ebeling, A.,Voigt, N.,Obergfäll, D.,Zimmermann, T.,Erbsloeh, H.,Kirchgeorg, T.,Weinberg, I.,Irrgeher, J.,Proefrock, D.},
title={Corrosion protection of offshore wind farms: An emerging contamination source for the marine environment?},
year={2021},
howpublished = {conference lecture: Virtual; 17.05.2021 - 21.05.2021},
note = {Online available at: \url{} (DOI). Ebeling, A.; Voigt, N.; Obergfäll, D.; Zimmermann, T.; Erbsloeh, H.; Kirchgeorg, T.; Weinberg, I.; Irrgeher, J.; Proefrock, D.: Corrosion protection of offshore wind farms: An emerging contamination source for the marine environment?. The 52nd International Liège colloquium on ocean dynamics. Virtual, 2021.}}
@misc{hildebrandt_nano_microplastics_2021, 
author={Hildebrandt, L.,Zimmermann, T.,Nack, F.,El Gareb, F.,Mitrano, D.,Pröfrock, D.},
title={Nano-; microplastics and metals - how are they related?},
year={2021},
howpublished = {lecture: Montanuniversität Leoben; 28.05.2021},
note = {Online available at: \url{} (DOI). Hildebrandt, L.; Zimmermann, T.; Nack, F.; El Gareb, F.; Mitrano, D.; Pröfrock, D.: Nano-; microplastics and metals - how are they related?. Montanuniversität Leoben, 2021.}}
@misc{clases_quantitative_speciation_2021, 
author={Clases, D.,Ueland, M.,Gonzalez de Vega, R.,Doble, P.,Pröfrock, D.},
title={Quantitative speciation of volatile sulphur compounds from human cadavers by GC-ICP-MS},
year={2021},
howpublished = {journal article},
doi = {https://doi.org/10.1016/j.talanta.2020.121424},
abstract = {This work demonstrates the first forensic application of GC-ICP-MS for improved investigations of volatile organic compounds originating from a decomposing body. Volatile organic compounds were extracted from the headspace of human remains using sorbent tubes over a total time of 39 days. To account for naturally abundant species, control sites were prepared and sampled accordingly. All samples were spiked with an internal standard to minimise drift effects and errors during sample preparation and further analysis. Compound independent quantification was possible from a single chromatogram with a standard mix containing volatile pesticide compounds representing different mass fractions of target elements for calibration. Phosphorus, sulphur and chlorine were investigated as biologically relevant elements, which potentially form detectable volatile species during decomposition. The limits of detection of these elements in the headspace were 0.7, 5.4 and 1.6 ng/L, respectively. For sulphur, we identified abundant species which increased in concentrations of up to 1310 ng/L in the headspace above the remains. The concentrations were time dependent and show potential as forensic markers to determine post-mortem intervals or decomposition states. The universal quantification, standardisation and the high sensitivity of GC-ICP-MS augments traditional GC-MS analyses.},
note = {Online available at: \url{https://doi.org/10.1016/j.talanta.2020.121424} (DOI). Clases, D.; Ueland, M.; Gonzalez de Vega, R.; Doble, P.; Pröfrock, D.: Quantitative speciation of volatile sulphur compounds from human cadavers by GC-ICP-MS. Talanta. 2021. vol. 221, 121424. DOI: 10.1016/j.talanta.2020.121424}}
@misc{klein_enhanced_detection_2021, 
author={Klein, O.,Zimmermann, T.,Pröfrock, D.},
title={Enhanced detection of technologically critical elements in sediment digestions via ICP-MS/MS utilizing N2O as a reaction gas},
year={2021},
howpublished = {conference lecture: Virtual; 20.09.2021 - 21.09.2021},
note = {Online available at: \url{} (DOI). Klein, O.; Zimmermann, T.; Pröfrock, D.: Enhanced detection of technologically critical elements in sediment digestions via ICP-MS/MS utilizing N2O as a reaction gas. 6. Doktorandenseminar des DAAS. Virtual, 2021.}}
@misc{vetere_qualitative_and_2021, 
author={Vetere, A.,Pröfrock, D.,Schrader, W.},
title={Qualitative and Quantitative Evaluation of Sulfur-Containing Compound Types in Heavy Crude Oil and Its Fractions},
year={2021},
howpublished = {journal article},
doi = {https://doi.org/10.1021/acs.energyfuels.1c00491},
abstract = {Detailed molecular analysis of complex mixtures such as crude oil and its fractions has been successfully covered by a number of groups during the past two decades. On the other side, the most glaring need is some type of method that allows quantitative analysis of a single class, compound species, or even individual compounds. Here, the problem is being complicated by the complexity of the sample and the need for individual response factors necessary for the analysis of single compounds in almost all analytical methods. This can be circumvented by using a method with uniform response like inductively coupled plasma-mass spectrometry. Sulfur is one of the most important heteroelements present in crude oil and its products due to stringent regulations. Quantification of sulfur by means of mass spectrometry has always been a challenging task. Here, we present the combination of a sulfur-selective chromatographic separation of crude oil and its fractions on a Pd-coated stationary phase with two-dimensional detection. Qualitative analysis by ultrahigh-resolution Orbitrap mass spectrometry allows a detailed understanding of individual compositions after chromatographic separation, while the quantitative data from inductively coupled plasma tandem mass spectrometry details the quantities of each part of the chromatogram. The combination of the results from both methods allows assigning three different types of sulfur species and their quantitative determination in extremely complex heavy crude oil fractions.},
note = {Online available at: \url{https://doi.org/10.1021/acs.energyfuels.1c00491} (DOI). Vetere, A.; Pröfrock, D.; Schrader, W.: Qualitative and Quantitative Evaluation of Sulfur-Containing Compound Types in Heavy Crude Oil and Its Fractions. Energy & Fuels. 2021. vol. 35, no. 10, 8723-8732. DOI: 10.1021/acs.energyfuels.1c00491}}
@misc{deng_using_srndpb_2021, 
author={Deng, F.,Hellmann, S.,Zimmerman, T.,Pröfrock, D.},
title={Using Sr-Nd-Pb isotope systems to trace sources of sediment and trace metals to the Weser River system (Germany) and assessment of input to the North Sea},
year={2021},
howpublished = {journal article},
doi = {https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2021.148127},
abstract = {In order to trace the sources of sediment materials and trace metals in the Weser River system (Germany), and the riverine input to the North Sea, Sr, Nd and Pb isotopes, together with multi-elemental compositions, were measured for sediments collected over the entire Weser River Basin, from headwaters to the estuary. Mass fractions of metals, including Ag, Cd, and Pb, and of one metalloid, Sb, higher than their crustal abundance, were observed within the entire Weser Basin. Isotope-amount ratio n(87Sr)/n(86Sr) and εNd ranged from 0.71182 ± 0.00005 to 0.72880 ± 0.00009 and −11.3 ± 0.3 to −21.0 ± 0.3, respectively. n(206Pb)/n(204Pb), n(207Pb)/n(204Pb), and n(208Pb)/n(204Pb) ranged from 18.226 ± 0.008 to 18.703 ± 0.012, 15.613 ± 0.007 to 15.653 ± 0.012 and 38.14 ± 0.02 to 38.84 ± 0.02, respectively. Sr and Nd isotope compositions reflected primarily a mixture of natural materials derived from the Weser Basin. Pb isotope signatures indicated strong anthropogenic influences in the middle-lower Weser region. Pb isotopic compositions in the sediments from the Aller (tributary of the Weser) and its tributary suggested influence from historical Pb-Zn ore mining in the Harz Mountains that might contribute to the observed elevated mass fractions of Ag, Cd, Sb and Pb in that region. K-means cluster and principal component analysis of the Sr, Nd, and Pb isotope data yielded results consistent with their isotope systematics, supporting statistical analysis as an unsupervised tool in isotope fingerprinting studies. Sr, Nd, and Pb isotopic signatures in the sediments of the Weser were distinctively different from those of another major river discharging into the North Sea, the Elbe. This suggested that this Sr, Nd, and Pb isotope dataset can be used to distinguish riverine input of sediment materials and metals between the two rivers, thereby assessing their individual contribution to materials transported into the North Sea.},
note = {Online available at: \url{https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2021.148127} (DOI). Deng, F.; Hellmann, S.; Zimmerman, T.; Pröfrock, D.: Using Sr-Nd-Pb isotope systems to trace sources of sediment and trace metals to the Weser River system (Germany) and assessment of input to the North Sea. Science of the Total Environment. 2021. vol. 791, 148127. DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2021.148127}}
@misc{hildebrandt_microplastics_as_2021, 
author={Hildebrandt, L.,Nack, F.,Zimmermann, T.,Pröfrock, D.},
title={Microplastics as a Trojan horse for trace metals},
year={2021},
howpublished = {journal article},
doi = {https://doi.org/10.1016/j.hazl.2021.100035},
abstract = {Due to an assumed lack of anionic binding sites (most plastics are non-polar), scientists long considered virgin particulate plastics inert towards metal ions. However, we proved significant metal sorption to microplastics at neutral pH and release in a solution mimicking gastrointestinal chemistry serving as a proof-of-principle for environmental and human bioavailability. Competitive ion-exchange incubation experiments comprised 55 metals and metalloids. Fast kinetics were observed with 45 %–75 % of As, Be, Bi, Cr, Fe, In, Pb, Th, Sn and the rare-earth element ions being sorbed after 1 h. The investigated metal and metalloid cations showed significant differences in the extent of sorption, based upon which a distinct categorization was possible. Microplastics are not only a potential danger for aquatic and human life, but - as demonstrated in this paper - also serve as a Trojan Horse for dissolved metal cations. The corresponding effects on aquatic and human health will gain higher importance in the near future due to the predicted increases of marine plastic litter and microplastic sorbents.},
note = {Online available at: \url{https://doi.org/10.1016/j.hazl.2021.100035} (DOI). Hildebrandt, L.; Nack, F.; Zimmermann, T.; Pröfrock, D.: Microplastics as a Trojan horse for trace metals. Journal of Hazardous Materials Letters. 2021. vol. 2, 100035. DOI: 10.1016/j.hazl.2021.100035}}
@misc{deng_srndpb_isotope_2021, 
author={Deng, F.,Hellmann, S.,Zimmerman, T.,Pröfrock, D.},
title={Sr-Nd-Pb isotope fingerprint analysis of sediment from the river Weser (Germany) and its implication to trace human and climate-induced impacts},
year={2021},
howpublished = {conference lecture: Virtual; 04.05.2020 - 08.07.2021},
doi = {https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-egu2020-13793},
abstract = {River systems in Germany are under an increasing pressure due to human activities and the changing global climate in the recent decade. Human activities, such as agriculture and industrial manufacturing, for instance have supplied contaminates to many rivers, which has greatly affected the river ecosystem. Extreme events, as a result of the changing global climate, such as the more frequent extraordinary floods and droughts, are playing an increasingly significant role in the chemical compositions of the different river systems. To protect these unique river ecosystems, it is important to identify the contribution of these various sources of pressure and quantitatively assess their relative impacts on the different river systems.,Here, we will explore the potential of using the Sr, Nd, and Pb isotopes as a fingerprinting tool to quantify the relative contributions from both natural and anthropogenic sources supplying the materials to the river system. Sediment samples were collected from the river Weser, the longest river that lies entirely within Germany. The river Weser is formed by the junction of two rivers, Werra and Fulda, and flows towards its estuary in the North Sea. With a mean discharge of 327 m3/s, it is one of the main rivers discharging into the North Sea. With its two headwaters and tributaries also sampled, sampling locations cover a geographical area of agricultural land and industrial sites, and expand to coastal areas of the North Sea. It is therefore ideal to evaluate the impact of various sources of human activities and the changing climate on the river system, and to provide insight into the contribution of river system to the ocean.,Sediment samples were analysed for their elemental compositions to evaluate the load of each chemical composition in the river Weser. Isotopic ratios of Sr, Nd, and Pb were measured on MC-ICP-MS (Multi-collector-Inductively Coupled Plasma-Mass Spectrometry) with the newly-developed automated prepFAST sample purification method (Retzmann et al., 2017). The Sr, Nd and Pb isotope results reported here are the first such dataset obtained from the river Weser sediment. Combined with the statistical analysis, such as the principal component analysis, the dataset allows the evaluation of the contribution of various sources to the load of the river Weser, and enables the quantification of the flux of the river to the North Sea, and an estimate of the contribution of the river system to contaminants transported into the coastal zone. These estimates will also be of interest to stakeholders and governments for targeted management interventions of the socio-economically important Weser river system},
note = {Online available at: \url{https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-egu2020-13793} (DOI). Deng, F.; Hellmann, S.; Zimmerman, T.; Pröfrock, D.: Sr-Nd-Pb isotope fingerprint analysis of sediment from the river Weser (Germany) and its implication to trace human and climate-induced impacts. EGU General Assembly 2020. Virtual, 2021. DOI: 10.5194/egusphere-egu2020-13793}}
@misc{deng_srndpb_isotope_2021, 
author={Deng, F.,Hellmann, S.,Zimmermann, T.,Pröfrock, D.},
title={Sr-Nd-Pb isotope systems as fingerprinting tools to trace anthropogenic controls on the Weser river system (Germany)},
year={2021},
howpublished = {conference lecture: Virtual; 21.06.2021 - 26.06.2021},
abstract = {Human  activities,  such  as  agriculture  and  industrial,manufacturing,  have  supplied  contaminants  to  the  river,systems,  and  are  changing  their biogeochemical  propertities,and ecosystems. These human-induced impacts have put river,systems  under  great  pressure  in  the  recent  decade.  It  has,therefore  become  increasingly  important  to  evaluate  the,anthropogenic controls and quantitatively assess their relative,impacts  on  the  river  systems.  In  this  study,  we  explore  the,potential  of  the  Sr,  Nd,  and  Pb  isotope  systems  as  a,fingerprinting  tool  to  trace  anthropogenic  controls  on,historically heavily contaminated river Weser in Germany.,Sediment  samples  were  collected  along  the  river  Weser,and  its  tritutaries,  covering  areas  of  agricultural  land  and,industrial sites, and expanding to coastal areas of the North,Sea. Isotopic ratios of Sr, Nd, and Pb were measured on MC-,ICP-MS  (Multi-collector-Inductively  Coupled  Plasma-Mass,Spectrometry)  with  the  newly-developed  automated,prepFAST sample purification method [1]. The Sr, Nd and Pb,isotope results reported here are the first such dataset obtained,from the sediment of the river Weser. Using mixing models,,we  demonstrate  the  great  potential  of  the  Sr,  Nd  and  Pb,isotope systems as fingerprinting tools to identify the sources,of contaminants and to evaluate anthropogenic controls on the,load  of  contaminants  in  the  sediment.  Coupled  with,measurement of elemental compositions in the sediment and,the  principal  component  analysis,  we  further  provide  an,evaluation of  the  relative  contribution  of  various  sources  to,the  load  of  contaminants  in  the  river  Weser.  An  attempt  is,also made to quantify the flux of the river to the North Sea,,providing an insight into the contribution of the river system,to contaminants transported into the coastal zone.},
note = {Online available at: \url{} (DOI). Deng, F.; Hellmann, S.; Zimmermann, T.; Pröfrock, D.: Sr-Nd-Pb isotope systems as fingerprinting tools to trace anthropogenic controls on the Weser river system (Germany). Goldschmidt2020. Virtual, 2021.}}
@misc{hildebrandt_nano_and_2021, 
author={Hildebrandt, L.,Zimmermann, T.,El Gareb, F.,Pröfrock, D.},
title={Nano- and Microplastics Analysis via LDIR and ICP-MS},
year={2021},
howpublished = {conference lecture: Virtual; 30.09.2021},
note = {Online available at: \url{} (DOI). Hildebrandt, L.; Zimmermann, T.; El Gareb, F.; Pröfrock, D.: Nano- and Microplastics Analysis via LDIR and ICP-MS. Agilent - Microplastics in the Environment Virtual Symposium. Virtual, 2021.}}
@misc{klein_improved_determination_2021, 
author={Klein, O.,Zimmermann, T.,Pröfrock, D.},
title={Improved determination of technologically critical elements in sediment digests by ICP-MS/MS using N2O as a reaction gas},
year={2021},
howpublished = {journal article},
doi = {https://doi.org/10.1039/D1JA00088H},
abstract = {The investigation of technologically critical elements (TCEs) as emerging pollutants is a constantly growing field of environmental research and societal concern. Nevertheless, existing data for most TCEs are still unsatisfactory for an accurate assessment of their potential (eco)toxicological effects on humans and the environment. The limited availability of data mainly results from the technically challenging analysis of selected TCEs. Low concentrations of TCEs in environmental matrices (μg kg−1 or lower) and the associated complex and time-consuming sample preparation pose the greatest challenges. This work aims at developing a new ICP-MS/MS-based multi-elemental approach targeting the analysis of all major TCEs (Sc, Ga, Ge, Nb, In, Te, La, Ce, Pr, Nd, Sm, Eu, Gd, Tb, Dy, Yb, Lu, and Ta) in sediment, which represents one of the most important matrices for environmental research. N2O is applied as a reaction gas to overcome possible spectral interferences during ICP-MS/MS analysis. The use of N2O as a reaction gas for ICP-MS/MS analysis enabled higher oxide-product ion yields for many TCEs in comparison to the frequently used O2 cell gas. Hence, the selectivity and sensitivity of the method were improved. The presented multi-element method using N2O as a reaction gas achieved LODs between 0.00023 μg L−1 (Eu) and 0.13 μg L−1 (Te) for all analyzed TCEs. Likewise, for all analyzed elements, except for Te, recoveries between 80% and 112% were obtained for at least one of the analyzed reference materials (GBW 07313, GBW 07311, and BCR-2).},
note = {Online available at: \url{https://doi.org/10.1039/D1JA00088H} (DOI). Klein, O.; Zimmermann, T.; Pröfrock, D.: Improved determination of technologically critical elements in sediment digests by ICP-MS/MS using N2O as a reaction gas. Journal of Analytical Atomic Spectrometry. 2021. vol. 36, no. 7, 1524-1532. DOI: 10.1039/D1JA00088H}}
@misc{vandam_calcificationdriven_co2_2021, 
author={Van Dam, B.,Zeller, M.,Lopes, C.,Smyth, A.,Böttcher, M.,Osburn, C.,Zimmerman, T.,Pröfrock, D.,Fourqurean, J.,Thomas, H.},
title={Calcification-driven CO2 emissions exceed “Blue Carbon” sequestration in a carbonate seagrass meadow},
year={2021},
howpublished = {journal article},
doi = {https://doi.org/10.1126/sciadv.abj1372},
abstract = {Long-term “Blue Carbon” burial in seagrass meadows is complicated by other carbon and alkalinity exchanges that shape net carbon sequestration. We measured a suite of such processes, including denitrification, sulfur, and inorganic carbon cycling, and assessed their impact on air-water CO2 exchange in a typical seagrass meadow underlain by carbonate sediments. Eddy covariance measurements reveal a consistent source of CO2 to the atmosphere at an average rate of 610 ± 990 μmol m−2 hour−1 during our study and 700 ± 660 μmol m−2 hour−1 (6.1 mol m−2 year−1) over an annual cycle. Net alkalinity consumption by ecosystem calcification explains >95% of the observed CO2 emissions, far exceeding organic carbon burial and anaerobic alkalinity generation. We argue that the net carbon sequestration potential of seagrass meadows may be overestimated if calcification-induced CO2 emissions are not accounted for, especially in regions where calcification rates exceed net primary production and burial.},
note = {Online available at: \url{https://doi.org/10.1126/sciadv.abj1372} (DOI). Van Dam, B.; Zeller, M.; Lopes, C.; Smyth, A.; Böttcher, M.; Osburn, C.; Zimmerman, T.; Pröfrock, D.; Fourqurean, J.; Thomas, H.: Calcification-driven CO2 emissions exceed “Blue Carbon” sequestration in a carbonate seagrass meadow. Science Advances. 2021. vol. 7, no. 51, eabj1372. DOI: 10.1126/sciadv.abj1372}}
@misc{hildebrandt_first_labscale_2020, 
author={Hildebrandt, L.,Zimmermann, T.,Mitrano, D.,Proefrock, D.},
title={First lab-scale feasibility study on the enrichment of nanoplastic particles from water samples by continuous flow centrifugation using metal-doped nanoplastics and ICP-MS/MS detection},
year={2020},
howpublished = {conference lecture: Dublin (IRL); 03.05.2020 - 07.05.2020},
note = {Online available at: \url{} (DOI). Hildebrandt, L.; Zimmermann, T.; Mitrano, D.; Proefrock, D.: First lab-scale feasibility study on the enrichment of nanoplastic particles from water samples by continuous flow centrifugation using metal-doped nanoplastics and ICP-MS/MS detection. SETAC Europe Meeting. Dublin (IRL), 2020.}}
@misc{hildebrandt_a_nanoplastic_2020, 
author={Hildebrandt, L.,Mitrano, D.,Zimmermann, T.,Pröfrock, D.},
title={A Nanoplastic Sampling and Enrichment Approach by Continuous Flow Centrifugation},
year={2020},
howpublished = {journal article},
doi = {https://doi.org/10.3389/fenvs.2020.00089},
abstract = {Substantial efforts have been undertaken to isolate and characterize plastic contaminants in different sample matrices in the last years as the ubiquitous presence of particulate plastic in the environment has become evident. In comparison, plastic particles <1 µm (nanoplastic) in the environment remain mostly unexplored. Adequate techniques for the enrichment, as well as the detection of nanoplastic, are lacking but are urgently needed to assess the full scope of (potential) nanoplastic pollution. Use of Pd-doped nanoplastic particles constitutes a powerful tool to develop new analytical approaches, as they can be traced accurately and with ease in a variety of complex matrices by highly sensitive, time-efficient and robust ICP-MS(/MS) techniques. In this lab-scale study, for the first time, the capability of continuous flow centrifugation to retain nanoplastic particles (∼160 nm) from ultrapure water, as well as from filtered and unfiltered water from the German Elbe River was evaluated. Depending on the pump rate, the retention efficiency for the nanoplastic particles in ultrapure water ranged from 92% ± 8% (1 L h−1) to 53% ± 5% (5 L h−1) [uc (n = 3)] and from 75% ± 5% to 65% ± 6% (uc) (2.5 L h−1) in river water. Recirculating the water through the system two and three times at the highest tested flow rate led to retention efficiencies >90%. In a proof-of-principle setup, it was demonstrated that operating two continuous flow centrifuges sequentially at different rotational speeds bears the potential to enable size- and density-selective sampling of the colloidal fraction. A significant fraction of the spiked nanoplastic particles [76% ± 5% (uc)] could be separated from a model mixture of natural particles with a well-defined mean size of approximately 3 µm. While the certified reference plankton material used here was quantitatively retained in the first centrifuge rotor together with 23.0% ± 2.2% of the effective dose of the spiked nanoplastic, the remaining fraction of the nanoplastic could be recovered in the second rotor (53% ± 5%) and the effluent [24.4% ± 2.4% (uc)]. Based on the good retention efficiencies and the demonstrated separation potential, continuous flow centrifugation has proven to be a very promising technique for nanoplastic sampling and enrichment from natural water samples.},
note = {Online available at: \url{https://doi.org/10.3389/fenvs.2020.00089} (DOI). Hildebrandt, L.; Mitrano, D.; Zimmermann, T.; Pröfrock, D.: A Nanoplastic Sampling and Enrichment Approach by Continuous Flow Centrifugation. Frontiers in Environmental Science. 2020. vol. 8, 89. DOI: 10.3389/fenvs.2020.00089}}
@misc{reese_characterization_of_2020, 
author={Reese, A.,Voigt, N.,Zimmermann, T.,Irrgeher, J.,Proefrock, D.},
title={Characterization of alloying components in galvanic anodes as potential environmental tracers for heavy metal emissions from offshore wind structures},
year={2020},
howpublished = {journal article},
doi = {https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chemosphere.2020.127182},
abstract = {The impact of offshore constructions on the marine environment is unknown in many aspects. The application of Al- and Zn-based galvanic anodes as corrosion protection results in the continuous emission of inorganic matter (e.g. >80 kg Al-anode material per monopile foundation and year) into the marine environment. To identify tracers for emissions from offshore wind structures, anode materials (Al-based and Zn-based) were characterized for their elemental and isotopic composition. An acid digestion and analysis method for Al and Zn alloys was adapted and validated using the alloy CRMs ERM®-EB317 (AlZn6CuMgZr) and ERM®-EB602 (ZnAl4Cu1). Digests were measured for their elemental composition by ICP-MS/MS and for their Pb isotope ratios by MC ICP-MS. Ga and In were identified as potential tracers. Moreover, a combined tracer approach of the elements Al, Zn, Ga, Cd, In and Pb together with Pb isotope ratios is suggested for a reliable identification of offshore-wind-farm-induced emissions. In the Al anodes, the mass fractions were found to be >94.4% of Al, >26200 mg kg−1 of Zn, >78.5 mg kg−1 of Ga, >0.255 mg kg−1 of Cd, >143 mg kg−1 of In and >6.7 mg kg−1 of Pb. The Zn anodes showed mass fractions of >2160 mg kg−1 of Al, >94.5% of Zn, >1.31 mg kg−1 of Ga, >254 mg kg−1 of Cd, >0.019 mg kg−1 of In and >14.1 mg kg−1 of Pb. The n(208Pb)/n(206Pb) isotope ratios in Al anodes range from 2.0619 to 2.0723, whereas Zn anodes feature n(208Pb)/n(206Pb) isotope ratios ranging from 2.0927 to 2.1263.},
note = {Online available at: \url{https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chemosphere.2020.127182} (DOI). Reese, A.; Voigt, N.; Zimmermann, T.; Irrgeher, J.; Proefrock, D.: Characterization of alloying components in galvanic anodes as potential environmental tracers for heavy metal emissions from offshore wind structures. Chemosphere. 2020. vol. 257, 127182. DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2020.127182}}
@misc{zimmermann_substituting_hf_2020, 
author={Zimmermann, T.,von der Au, M.,Reese, A.,Klein, O.,Hildebrandt, L.,Pröfrock, D.},
title={Substituting HF by HBF4 – an optimized digestion method for multi-elemental sediment analysis via ICP-MS/MS},
year={2020},
howpublished = {journal article},
doi = {https://doi.org/10.1039/D0AY01049A},
abstract = {Determination of elemental mass fractions in sediments plays a major role in evaluating the environmental status of aquatic ecosystems. Herewith, the optimization of a new total digestion protocol and the subsequent analysis of 48 elements in different sediment reference materials (NIST SRM 2702, GBW 07313, GBW 07311 and JMC-2) based on ICP-MS/MS detection is presented. The developed method applies microwave acid digestion and utilizes HBF4 as fluoride source for silicate decomposition. Similar to established protocols based on HF, HBF4 ensures the dissolution of the silicate matrix, as well as other refractory oxides. As HBF4 is not acutely toxic; no special precautions have to be made and digests can be directly measured via ICP-MS without specific sample inlet systems, evaporation steps or the addition of e.g. H3BO3, in order to mask excess HF. Different acid mixtures with and without HBF4 were evaluated in terms of digestion efficiency based on the trace metal recovery. The optimized protocol (5 mL HNO3, 2 mL HCL, 1 mL HBF4) allows a complete dissolution of the analyzed reference materials, as well as quantitative recoveries for a wide variety of certified analytes. Low recoveries for e.g. Sr, Ba and rare earth elements due to fluoride precipitation of HF-based digestions protocols, can be avoided by the usage of HBF4 instead. Based on the usage of high purity HBF4 all relevant trace, as well as matrix elements can be analyzed with sufficiently low LOQs (0.002 μg L−1 for U up to 6.7 μg L−1 for Al). In total, 34 elements were within a recovery range of 80%–120% for all three analyzed reference materials GBW 07313, GBW 07311 and JMC-2. 14 elements were outside a recovery range of 80%–120% for at least one of the analyzed reference materials.},
note = {Online available at: \url{https://doi.org/10.1039/D0AY01049A} (DOI). Zimmermann, T.; von der Au, M.; Reese, A.; Klein, O.; Hildebrandt, L.; Pröfrock, D.: Substituting HF by HBF4 – an optimized digestion method for multi-elemental sediment analysis via ICP-MS/MS. Analytical Methods. 2020. vol. 12, no. 30, 3778-3787. DOI: 10.1039/D0AY01049A}}
@misc{zimmermann_boron_and_2020, 
author={Zimmermann, T.,Klein, O.,Reese, A.,Irrgeher, J.,Pröfrock, D.},
title={Boron and strontium isotope ratio analysis of the Rhine river – tracer for anthropogenic boron emissions?},
year={2020},
howpublished = {conference lecture: Münster (DEU); 01.03.2020 - 04.03.2020},
abstract = {Environmental monitoring of complex ecosystems requires reliable and sensitive techniques in order to identify the source, fate and sink of anthropogenic contaminants in e.g. aquatic ecosystems. Within this context, the analysis of stable isotope ratios has been proved a valuable tool. Amongst other applications, the analysis of B and Sr isotope ratios has evolved as promising tracer to differentiate water bodies of different origin and their corresponding mixing processes of e.g. freshwater and seawater.,Due to its versatile use in industries e.g. as sodium perborate, or more recently as dopant for semiconductors, analysis if boron isotope ratios may be of value as a new tracer for anthropogenic B emissions into the aquatic environment.,This contribution aims to investigate, whether it is possible to distinguish between the different discharges of a river on the basis of their B and Sr isotopic signatures, in order to distinguish between natural and human input sources of B into the aquatic environment. Therefore, 76 freshwater samples from one of the most anthropogenically influenced rivers in Germany, the Rhine, were analyzed for their Sr and B isotopic composition. The B isotope composition assessed in the Rhine River shows a large variability of δ11B/10BNIST951a of ca. 30‰, and a B concentration ranging from 11.6 µg L-1 ± 1.3 µg L-1 to 65 µg L-1 ± 6 µg L-1. In contrast to that. the Rhine tributaries are characterized by significantly higher B loads. Additionally, tributaries are characterized by Sr concentrations and Sr isotope ratios significantly different from those of the Rhine.,The combination of Sr and B isotopic compositions can be used to distinguish different inputs into a complex river system, and can therefore provide a better insight into possible sources and distribution of anthropogenic B inputs.},
note = {Online available at: \url{} (DOI). Zimmermann, T.; Klein, O.; Reese, A.; Irrgeher, J.; Pröfrock, D.: Boron and strontium isotope ratio analysis of the Rhine river – tracer for anthropogenic boron emissions?. 53rd Annual Conference of the German Society for Mass Spectrometry DGMS including 27th ICP-MS User´s Meeting. Münster (DEU), 2020.}}
@misc{zimmermann_zinc_isotopic_2020, 
author={Zimmermann, T.,Mohammed, F.,Reese, A.,Wieser, M.,Kleeberg, U.,Pröfrock, D.,Irrgeher, J.},
title={Zinc isotopic variation of water and surface sediments from the German Elbe River},
year={2020},
howpublished = {journal article},
doi = {https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2019.135219},
abstract = {Recent studies suggested the use of the isotopic composition of Zn as a possible tracer for anthropogenic Zn emissions. Nevertheless, studies mainly focused on sampling areas of a few km2 with well-characterized anthropogenic Zn emissions. In contrast, this study focused on analyzing a large sample set of water and sediment samples taken throughout the course of the Elbe River, a large, anthropogenically impacted river system located in Central Europe. The primary objective was to evaluate the use of the isotopic composition of Zn to trace anthropogenic Zn emission on a large regional scale. In total 18 water and 26 surface sediment samples were investigated, covering the complete course of over 700 km of the German Elbe between the German/Czech border and the German North Sea, including six tributaries. Stable isotope abundance ratios of Zn were assessed by multi-collector inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry (MC ICP-MS) in water filtrates (<0.45 µm) and total digests of the sieved surface sediment fraction (<63 µm) after analyte/matrix separation using Bio-Rad AG MP-1 resin via a micro-column approach and application of a 64Zn/67Zn double spike. Measured isotopic compositions of δ66Zn/64ZnIRMM-3702 ranged from −0.10 ‰ to 0.32 ‰ for sediment samples, and from −0.51 ‰ to 0.45 ‰ for water samples. In comparison to historical data some tributaries still feature high mass fractions of anthropogenic Zn (e.g. Mulde, Triebisch) combined with δ66Zn/64ZnIRMM-3702 values higher than the lithogenic background. The dissolved δ66Zn/64ZnIRMM-3702 values showed a potential correlation with pH. Our results indicate that biogeochemical processes like absorption may play a key role in natural Zn isotopic fractionation making it difficult to distinguish between natural and anthropogenic processes.},
note = {Online available at: \url{https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2019.135219} (DOI). Zimmermann, T.; Mohammed, F.; Reese, A.; Wieser, M.; Kleeberg, U.; Pröfrock, D.; Irrgeher, J.: Zinc isotopic variation of water and surface sediments from the German Elbe River. Science of the Total Environment. 2020. vol. 707, 135219. DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2019.135219}}
@misc{hildebrandt_a_metrologically_2020, 
author={Hildebrandt, L.,von der Au, M.,Zimmermann, T.,Reese, A.,Ludwig, J.,Pröfrock, D.},
title={A metrologically traceable protocol for the quantification of trace metals in different types of microplastic},
year={2020},
howpublished = {journal article},
doi = {https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0236120},
abstract = {The presence of microplastic (MP) particles in aquatic environments raised concern about possible enrichment of organic and inorganic pollutants due to their specific surface and chemical properties. In particular the role of metals within this context is still poorly understood. Therefore, the aim of this work was to develop a fully validated acid digestion protocol for metal analysis in different polymers, which is a prerequisite to study such interactions. The proposed digestion protocol was validated using six different certified reference materials in the microplastic size range consisting of polyethylene, polypropylene, acrylonitrile butadiene styrene and polyvinyl chloride. As ICP-MS/MS enabled time-efficient, sensitive and robust analysis of 56 metals in one measurement, the method was suitable to provide mass fractions for a multitude of other elements beside the certified ones (As, Cd, Cr, Hg, Pb, Sb, Sn and Zn). Three different microwaves, different acid mixtures as well as different temperatures in combination with different hold times were tested for optimization purposes. With the exception of Cr in acrylonitrile butadiene styrene, recovery rates obtained using the optimized protocol for all six certified reference materials fell within a range from 95.9% ± 2.7% to 112% ± 7%. Subsequent optimization further enhanced both precision and recoveries ranging from 103% ± 5% to 107 ± 4% (U; k = 2 (n = 3)) for all certified metals (incl. Cr) in acrylonitrile butadiene styrene. The results clearly show the analytical challenges that come along with metal analysis in chemically resistant plastics. Addressing specific analysis tools for different sorption scenarios and processes as well as the underlying kinetics was beyond this study’s scope. However, the future application of the two recommended thoroughly validated total acid digestion protocols as a first step in the direction of harmonization of metal analysis in/on MP will enhance the significance and comparability of the generated data. It will contribute to a better understanding of the role of MP as vector for trace metals in the environment.},
note = {Online available at: \url{https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0236120} (DOI). Hildebrandt, L.; von der Au, M.; Zimmermann, T.; Reese, A.; Ludwig, J.; Pröfrock, D.: A metrologically traceable protocol for the quantification of trace metals in different types of microplastic. PLoS One. 2020. vol. 15, no. 7, e0236120. DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0236120}}
@misc{elgareb_microplastics_in_2020, 
author={El Gareb, F.,Hildebrandt, L.,Kerstan, A.,Zimmermann, T.,Emeis, K.,Pröfrock, D.},
title={Microplastics in the Indian Ocean - Analyzed by Quantum Cascade laser- based infrared imaging},
year={2020},
howpublished = {conference lecture: Virtual; 13.10.2020 - 16.10.2020},
note = {Online available at: \url{} (DOI). El Gareb, F.; Hildebrandt, L.; Kerstan, A.; Zimmermann, T.; Emeis, K.; Pröfrock, D.: Microplastics in the Indian Ocean - Analyzed by Quantum Cascade laser- based infrared imaging. YOUMARES 11. Virtual, 2020.}}
@misc{zimmermann_nontraditional_stable_2020, 
author={Zimmermann, T.,Klein, O.,Reese, A.,Wieser, M.,Mohamed, F.,Irrgeher, J.,Pröfrock, D.},
title={“Non-Traditional” Stable Isotope Analysis as Tracer so Identify Sources and Sinks of Inorganic Contaminants in Riverine Environments},
year={2020},
howpublished = {conference lecture: Virtual; 21.06.2020 - 26.06.2020},
doi = {https://doi.org/10.46427/gold2020.3228},
abstract = {Environmental monitoring of complex ecosystems requires reliable and sensitive techniques in order to identify the source, fate and sink of inorganic, anthropogenic contaminants in e.g. aquatic ecosystems.,This contribution presents large scale isotopic data of B, Zn, Sr, Nd and Pb, measured via MC ICP-MS, for water and sediment samples of two major Europaen rivers (Rhine, Elbe). The aim was to apply stable isotope analysis as new, potential tracer to elucidate processes involving anthropogenic metal emissions, as well as to characterize the catchment areas for further studies.,Within this context we analyzed the Zn isotopic composition, to potentially trace anthropogenic Zn emission on a large regional scale. The combination of dissolved B and Sr isotopic compositions may be used to distinguish different inputs into river systems, and provide insight into possible sources of B inputs. Furthermore, Sr, Nd and Pb isotope data can give valuable information for source attribution of sediment masses,Our results clearly indicate that the exclusive focus on the quantitative analysis of metal contamination within the context of environmental research provides only limited information. The progress achieved in isotope ratio analysis over the last decade therefore opens valuable additional information for environmental scientists.},
note = {Online available at: \url{https://doi.org/10.46427/gold2020.3228} (DOI). Zimmermann, T.; Klein, O.; Reese, A.; Wieser, M.; Mohamed, F.; Irrgeher, J.; Pröfrock, D.: “Non-Traditional” Stable Isotope Analysis as Tracer so Identify Sources and Sinks of Inorganic Contaminants in Riverine Environments. Goldschmidt 2020. Virtual, 2020. DOI: 10.46427/gold2020.3228}}
@misc{hildebrandt_fast_automated_2020, 
author={Hildebrandt, L.,El Gareb, F.,Zimmermann, T.,Klein, O.,Emeis, K.,Pröfrock, D.,Kerstan, A.},
title={Fast, Automated Microplastics Analysis Using Laser Direct  Chemical Imaging : Characterizing and quantifying microplastics in water samples from marine environments},
year={2020},
howpublished = {Other: other},
abstract = {It is estimated that more than 75% of the 8.3 billion metric tons of plastic produced over the last 65 years have turned into waste (1). Up to 13 million metric tons of this waste ends up in the ocean every year (2) and recent calculations estimate that more than 5.25 trillion plastic particles float in the world’s oceans (3). Scientists have demonstrated the alarming environmental ubiquity and persistence of particulate plastic in aquatic ecosystems (4). Models predict that approximately 14% of the plastic debris in the ocean surface layer can be classified as so-called microplastics (often referred to as particles between 1 μm and 5 mm in size) (5).  These ingestible and potentially harmful particles have been formed by UV-induced, mechanical, or biological degradation of larger debris items (6). To verify the estimates and to meet upcoming regulatory measures (e.g., California Senate  Bill 1422) and directives (MSFD, 2008/56/EC), accurate, time-efficient, and robust analytical workflows and techniques are required.},
note = {Online available at: \url{} (DOI). Hildebrandt, L.; El Gareb, F.; Zimmermann, T.; Klein, O.; Emeis, K.; Pröfrock, D.; Kerstan, A.: Fast, Automated Microplastics Analysis Using Laser Direct  Chemical Imaging : Characterizing and quantifying microplastics in water samples from marine environments. 2020.}}
@misc{silvacampos_effect_of_2020, 
author={Silva Campos, M.R.,Blawert, C.,Mendis, C.L.,Mohedano, M.,Zimmermann, T.,Proefrock, D.,Zheludkevich, M.L.,Kainer, K.U.},
title={Effect of Heat Treatment on the Corrosion Behavior of Mg-10Gd Alloy in 0.5% NaCl Solution},
year={2020},
howpublished = {journal article},
doi = {https://doi.org/10.3389/fmats.2020.00084},
abstract = {In 0.5 wt.% NaCl aqueous solution, Mg-10Gd alloy shows promising corrosion resistance. The microstructure of this alloy was modified via heat treatments to understand the effect of accompanying microstructural changes on the corrosion resistance. It was found that corrosion performance depends both on the amount and the distribution of the cathodic intermetallic phases. The T4 heat treatment (24 h at 540°C) caused the Gd to distribute uniformly in the matrix, which had positive effect on corrosion resistance showing a delay in the time required for the first observation of localized corrosion. The T4 heat treated specimens, specimens aged at 200°C and 300°C, showed relatively uniform degradation and thus these heat treatments are not detrimental in terms of corrosion resistance. In contrast, heat treatment at 400°C seems to increase the formation of small cuboidal particles rich in Gd, most likely to be GdH2 particles, in the matrix, resulting in a detrimental effect on the corrosion behavior.},
note = {Online available at: \url{https://doi.org/10.3389/fmats.2020.00084} (DOI). Silva Campos, M.; Blawert, C.; Mendis, C.; Mohedano, M.; Zimmermann, T.; Proefrock, D.; Zheludkevich, M.; Kainer, K.: Effect of Heat Treatment on the Corrosion Behavior of Mg-10Gd Alloy in 0.5% NaCl Solution. Frontiers in Materials. 2020. vol. 7, 84. DOI: 10.3389/fmats.2020.00084}}